Differential Calculus

Syllabus:

Taylor’s and Maclaurin’s expansions, Maxima and minima for function of one variable, functions of
two or more variables, partial derivative and total derivative, homogeneous functions and Euler’s
theorem

Teaching Schedule:

Lecture Weightage
Topic Sub-topics/ Key Points
No. (%)
Maclaurin’s and Taylor’s Expansion
Maxima and minima
Partial Differentiation :
Differential
18-27 functions of two or more variables
Calculus 20
Partial derivatives
Homogeneous function & Euler’s Theorem
Total derivative

Basic Requirement :

Function , Types of Function , Limit, Continuity, Differentiation , Derivative by Method of first

principle, , Rules of Differentiation , chain rule , Formulae for derivative of some standard functions,
1. Maclaurin’s and Taylor’s Expansion

Maclaurin’s Series :

Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a function of x and possess successive derivatives can be expanded as an infinite series
in ascending powers of x, i.e
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑥𝑓 ′ (0) + 𝑓 ′′ (0) + 𝑓 ′′′ (0) + ⋯ … . . + 𝑛! 𝑓 𝑛 (0) + ⋯ … ∞
2! 3!

is known as Maclaurin’s series.

Expansion of Standard functions :

𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
1. 𝑒 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 + + + + ⋯ … . . ∞ i.e contains all powers of x with sign
2! 3! 4!

𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7
2. sin 𝑥 = 𝑥 − + − + ⋯ … . . ∞ i.e contains only odd powers of x with alternate + and – sign
3! 5! 7!

𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6
3. cos 𝑥 = 1 − + − + ⋯ … . . ∞ i.e contains only even powers of x with alternate + and – sign
2! 4! 6!

𝑥3 2
4. tan 𝑥 = 𝑥 + + 15 𝑥 5 + ⋯ … . . ∞ i.e contains only odd powers of x with + sign
3

𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7
5. sinh 𝑥 = 𝑥 + + + + ⋯ … . . ∞ i.e contains only odd powers of x with all + sign
3! 5! 7!

𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6
6. cosh 𝑥 = 1 + + + + ⋯ … . . ∞ i.e contains only even powers of x with all + sign
2! 4! 6!

𝑥3 2
7. tanh 𝑥 = 𝑥 − + 15 𝑥 5 − ⋯ … . . ∞ i.e contains only odd powers of x with alternate + and – sign
3

𝑥3 𝑥5
8. tan−1 𝑥 = 𝑥 − + + ⋯…..∞
3 5

𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥5
9. log(1 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 − + − + − ⋯…..∞
2 3 4 5

𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥5
9. log(1 − 𝑥) = −𝑥 − − − − − ⋯…..∞
2 3 4 5

1 1+𝑥 𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7
10. tanh−1 𝑥 = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1−𝑥) = 𝑥 + + + + ⋯………
3 5 7

𝑛(𝑛−1) 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)
11. (1 + 𝑥)𝑛 = 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥 3 + ⋯ … . ∞ , known as Binomial Series
2! 3!

1
12. 1+𝑥 = (1 + 𝑥)−1 = 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 5 + ⋯ … .. for |𝑥| < 1

1
13. 1−𝑥 = (1 − 𝑥)−1 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 5 + ⋯ … ..
1. Expansion of 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 :

Let (𝑥) = sin 𝑥 , 𝑓(0) = sin 0 = 0

𝑓′(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 , 𝑓′(0) = cos 0 = 1

𝑓 ′′(𝑥) = − sin 𝑥 , 𝑓′′(0) = −sin 0 = 0

𝑓′′′(𝑥) = −cos 𝑥 , 𝑓′′′(0) = −cos 0 = −1

𝑓 𝑖𝑣 (𝑥) = sin 𝑥 , 𝑓(0) = sin 0 = 0

𝑓 𝑣 (𝑥) = cos 𝑥 , 𝑓 𝑣 (0) = cos 0 = 1

……………….. and so on

By Maclaurin’s Series,
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑥𝑓 ′ (0) + 𝑓 ′′ (0) + 𝑓 ′′′ (0) + ⋯ … . . + 𝑛! 𝑓 𝑛 (0) + ⋯ … ∞
2! 3!

𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟓 𝒙𝟕
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 = 𝒙 − + − + ⋯…..∞
𝟑! 𝟓! 𝟕!

Expansion of sin 𝑥 contains only odd powers of x with alternate positive and negative sign

2. Expansion of sinh 𝑥 :

Let (𝑥) = sinh 𝑥 , 𝑓(0) = sinh 0 = 0

𝑓′(𝑥) = cosh 𝑥 , 𝑓′(0) = cosh 0 = 1

𝑓 ′′(𝑥) = sinh 𝑥 , 𝑓′′(0) = sinh 0 = 0

𝑓′′′(𝑥) = cosh 𝑥 , 𝑓′′′(0) = cosh 0 = 1

𝑓 𝑖𝑣 (𝑥) = sinh 𝑥 , 𝑓(0) = sinh 0 = 0

𝑓 𝑣 (𝑥) = cosh 𝑥 , 𝑓 𝑣 (0) = cosh 0 = 1

……………….. and so on

By Maclaurin’s Series,
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑥𝑓 ′ (0) + 𝑓 ′′ (0) + 𝑓 ′′′ (0) + ⋯ … . . + 𝑛! 𝑓 𝑛 (0) + ⋯ … ∞
2! 3!

𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟓 𝒙𝟕
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 = 𝒙 + + 𝟓! + + ⋯…..∞
𝟑! 𝟕!

Expansion of sin 𝑥 contains only odd powers of x with positive sign

Examples:

Methods of expansion of functions:

The expansion of function in ascending powers of x by Maclaurin’s series requires successive

differentiation, which may not be always convenient.

Other methods of expansion of function may be classified as follows:

1. Use of Standard Expansions.

2. Use of Differentiation and Integration.

3. Use of Substitution.

4. Use of Complex Numbers.

1. Expansion by Use of Standard Expansion :

When we require only first few terms of an expansion , it is often convenient to use standard
expansion.

2. Use of Differentiation and Integration:

When on differentiating or Integrating the given function, it leads to the function of which the series
is known or can be found easily.

3. Use of Substitution.

When by substitution it is easy to reduce the given function to the function of which the series is
known or can be found easily.
Examples:

2
19. sec 2 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 + ⋯ … …
3

𝑥2 𝑥3
20. 𝑎 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 log 𝑎 + (log 𝑎)2 + (log 𝑎)3 + ⋯ ….
2! 3!
Taylor’s Series:

Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a function of x and possess successive derivatives, then 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) can be expanded as an
infinite series in ascending powers of h as
ℎ2 ℎ3 ℎ𝑛
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑓(𝑥) + ℎ𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) + 𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) + ⋯ … . . + 𝑛! 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑥) + ⋯ … ∞ ---- (1)
2! 3!

is known as Taylor’s series.

Observations:

1. By interchanging x and h in (1) above, 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) can be expanded as an infinite series in ascending

powers of x also as below

𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥𝑛
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑓(ℎ) + 𝑥𝑓 ′ (ℎ) + 𝑓 ′′ (ℎ) + 𝑓 ′′′ (ℎ) + ⋯ … . . + 𝑛! 𝑓 𝑛 (ℎ) + ⋯ … ∞ ----(2)
2! 3!

2. Putting h = 0 in (2) we get

𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑥𝑓 ′ (0) + 𝑓 ′′ (0) + 𝑓 ′′′ (0) + ⋯ … . . + 𝑛! 𝑓 𝑛 (0) + ⋯ … ∞
2! 3!

Hence Macularin’s Series can be deduced from Taylor’s Series.

3. Replacing x by a and h by (x-a) in Taylors’s series (1) we get

(𝑥−𝑎)2 (𝑥−𝑎)3 (𝑥−𝑎)𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎) + (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑓 ′ (𝑎) + 𝑓 ′′ (𝑎) + 𝑓 ′′′ (𝑎) + ⋯ + 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑎) + ⋯ ∞
2! 3! 𝑛!

which gives the expansion for 𝑓(𝑥) in series of ascending powers of (𝒙 − 𝒂)

Examples:

𝑥−2 (𝑥−2)2 (𝑥−2)3

32. Prove that log 𝑥 = log 2 + − + … … ..
2 8 24
Examples:
2. Maxima and minima for function of one variable:
3. Partial Differentiation :

Functions of two variables:

A symbol z which has a definite value for every pair of values of x and y is called a function of two
independent variables x and y.

We write 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑜𝑟 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦)

Examples:

1. Area of rectangle is 𝐴 = 𝑙 × 𝑏 = 𝑓(𝑙, 𝑏)

2. Volume of right circular cylinder 𝑣 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 𝑓(𝑟, ℎ)

Similarly,

when z is function of three or more variables x,y,t,…. It is denoted by 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡, … … . )

Example: Volume of parallelepiped 𝑉 = 𝑥𝑦ℎ = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, ℎ)

Partial derivative or Partial Differential coefficient:

Let 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) be function of two independent variable x and y,

1. The derivative of z with respect to x , keeping y as constant, is called partial derivative of z

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑓
with respect to x and is denoted by 𝜕𝑥 , 𝜕𝑥 , 𝑓𝑥 , 𝐷𝑥 𝑓
𝝏𝒛 𝒇(𝒙+𝜹𝒙 , 𝒚)−𝒇(𝒙,𝒚)
Thus , 𝝏𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝜹𝒙→𝟎 𝜹𝒙
2. The derivative of z with respect to y, keeping x as constant, is called partial derivative of z
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑓
with respect to y and is denoted by 𝜕𝑦 , 𝜕𝑦 , 𝑓𝑦 , 𝐷𝑦 𝑓
𝝏𝒛 𝒇(𝒙 ,𝒚+𝜹𝒚)−𝒇(𝒙,𝒚)
Thus , 𝝏𝒚 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝜹𝒚
𝜹𝒚→𝟎

Note:
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
1. 𝒐𝒓 𝒇𝒙 and 𝒐𝒓 𝒇𝒚 are called first order partial derivatives of z which are again
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
functions of x and y.
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
2. 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑥 and 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑦 are functions of x and y , hence can be partially differentiated to get
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
second order partial derivative of z
Thus,
𝜕 𝜕𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑓
a) ( ) = 𝜕𝑥 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑟
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕 𝜕𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑓
b) ( ) = 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑥𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑠
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝜕𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑓
c) ( ) = 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑦𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑠
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝜕𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑓
d) ( ) = 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑡
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
3. Hence function of two variable has : 2 First order derivatives,
22 = 4 Second order derivatives
 23 = 8 Third order derivatives and so on
4. In all ordinary cases , we have
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
= 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 or 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
5. Sometimes following notations are also used
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
=𝑝, =𝑞, =𝑟, =𝑠, =𝑡
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2

Summary :

𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)

w.r.t x w.r.t. y 1st Odrer

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑓
, 𝜕𝑥 , 𝑓𝑥 , 𝐷𝑥 𝑓 , 𝜕𝑦 , 𝑓𝑦 , 𝐷𝑦 𝑓
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

w.r.t x w.r.t y w.r.t x w.r.t y 2nd order

𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑓
𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑥𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑦𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑦𝑦
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2

Examples:

This equation is known as wave equation.

Note: A function satisfying the Laplace equation is said to be a Harmonic Function
Homogeneous Functions:

Definition 1.:

An expression of the form 𝑎0 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑦 + 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑛−2 𝑦 2 +. . . . . +𝑎𝑛 𝑦 𝑛 in which every term

is of the nth degree, is called a homogenous function of degree n.

Re-writing the above equation we have

𝑦 𝑦 2 𝑦 𝑛 𝑦
𝑥 𝑛 [𝑎0 + 𝑎1 (𝑥 ) + 𝑎2 (𝑥 ) +. . . . . +𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 ) ] = 𝑥 𝑛 𝜑 (𝑥 )

Definition 2:
𝑦
Any function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is which can be expressed in the form 𝑥 𝑛 𝜑 (𝑥 ) is called a homogenous
function of degree n in x and y.

Definition 3:

An alternative test for a function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) to be homogenous of degree n in x and y is that

𝑓(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦) = 𝑡 𝑛 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)

Euler’s Theorem on Homogenous Function:

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
If u is a homogenous function of degree n in x and y then 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑛. 𝑢

Proof:

Since u is homogenous function of degree n in x and y , by definition we can write,

𝑦
𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ------------- (1)

Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. x and y we get,

𝜕𝑢 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
= 𝑛𝑥 (𝑛−1) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 𝑥 𝑛 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) (− 𝑥 2 ) = 𝑛𝑥 (𝑛−1) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) − 𝑦𝑥 (𝑛−2) 𝑓′ (𝑥 )
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑢 𝑦 1 𝑦
And = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) (𝑥) = 𝑥 (𝑛−1) 𝑓′ (𝑥 )
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛 𝑓 (𝑥 ) − 𝑦𝑥 (𝑛−1) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) + 𝑦𝑥 (𝑛−1) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑛𝑢

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Hence 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑛. 𝑢

Observation:

1. In general , if u is homogenous function of degree n in x, y, z, t, ….. then

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 +𝑡 + ⋯ … = 𝑛. 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡

Examples:
 1. If z is homogenous function of degree n in x and y, show that
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2 = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑧
Sol:
Since z is homogenous function of degree n in x and y, by Euler’s Theorem,
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑛. 𝑧 ------------------- (1)

Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. x , we get,

𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 = 𝑛. 𝜕𝑥

𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 = (𝑛 − 1). 𝜕𝑥 ---------- (2)

Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. y , we get,

𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 = 𝑛. 𝜕𝑦

𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 = (𝑛 − 1). 𝜕𝑦 ---------- (3)

Multiplying (2) by x and (3) by y and adding , we get,

𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 = (𝑛 − 1). (𝑥 +𝑦 ) = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑧 by (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑧

Example :
Total Derivative:

If 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) , where 𝑥 = 𝜙(𝑡) and 𝑦 = Ψ(𝑡) , then u can be expressed as a function of t alone by
substituting values of x and y in 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦). i.e 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓{𝜙(𝑡), Ψ(𝑡)} , so that derivative of u
𝑑𝑢
with respect to t is ordinary differential coefficient which is called the Total Derivative .
𝑑𝑡

𝒅𝒖
Chain Rule: (To Find Total Differential Coefficient ):
𝒅𝒕

Let u be a composite function of t given by the relation

𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) , where 𝑥 = 𝜙(𝑡) and = Ψ(𝑡) , ---------------- 〈∵ 𝑢 → 𝑥, 𝑦 → 𝑡〉

𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Then = . + . called as Total derivative ------- (1)
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡

Formula (1) can be written in terms of differential only can be written as

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = . 𝑑𝑥 + . 𝑑𝑦 called as total differential.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Observations:

1. If = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) , where x,y,z are all the functions of t, then by chain rule
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑧
= . + . + .
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
2. Taking = 𝑥 , i. e 𝑢 → 𝑥, 𝑦 → 𝑥 Total derivative (1) becomes = + .
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥

Tree Diagram

𝑢 → 𝑥, 𝑦 → 𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑑𝑢
x y
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

t
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Total Derivative = . + .
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Total Differential 𝑑𝑢 = . 𝑑𝑥 + . 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Differentiation of Implicit Function :

If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐 be an implicit relation between x and y which defines the function of x, i.e. 𝑓 →
𝑑𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝑑𝑦
𝑥, 𝑦 → 𝑥 , then by total derivative 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 . 𝑑𝑥 = 0

𝒅𝒚 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇
This gives =− ⁄ for the first differential coefficient of an implicit function.
𝒅𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚

Observation:

1. Second differential coefficient of an implicit function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 is

𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒒𝟐 𝒓−𝟐𝒑𝒒𝒔+𝒑𝟐 𝒕
=−
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒒𝟑

Note: Remember this formula as below

2
𝑟 𝑠 𝑝
𝑑 𝑦
𝑞 3 𝑑𝑥 2 = |𝑠 𝑡 𝑞|
𝑝 𝑞 0

Examples: