STAT 010 Final Exam Answer Key
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vab71027STAT 010 Final Exam Answer Key
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vab71027Common questions
Powered by AIThe 90th percentile is determined by finding the z-score corresponding to the 0.90 probability from the standard normal distribution table, then applying it in the formula: X = μ + z·σ. This value signifies that 90% of the observations fall below this threshold. In the document, the 90th percentile for a distribution with μ = 75 and σ = 8 is approximately 85.24 .
To assess independence between two events, compare P(A ∩ B) to P(A) × P(B). If they are equal, the events are independent. Alternatively, compare conditional probabilities – if P(A|B) equals P(A), then A and B are independent. In the document, events B and C were evaluated using both methods, showing they are not independent .
The confidence interval for a proportion is calculated using p̂ ± z × SE, where p̂ is the sample proportion, z is the z-score for the confidence level, and SE is the standard error, calculated as √[p̂ (1-p̂ )/n]. It represents the range within which the true population proportion is expected to lie with a certain level of confidence, informing decision-making by providing a probable range for true parameter values. In the document, a 99% CI for a proportion was calculated as (0.5028, 0.6172).
The expected value E(X) of a discrete random variable is calculated as Σ x·p(x), and the variance V(X) is calculated as E(X²) - [E(X)]², where E(X²) = Σ x²·p(x). The expected value provides a measure of the central tendency, and variance measures the spread of the probability distribution. For example, in the document, E(X) is 2.65 and V(X) is 1.7275 .
In the p-value approach, after computing the test statistic, you compare the p-value to the significance level α. If p-value < α, reject the null hypothesis H₀; otherwise, do not reject H₀. This implies that the data provides enough evidence to support the alternative hypothesis if the null is rejected. In the document, a p-value less than α led to rejecting H₀ .
Permutations are calculated when the order of selection matters, using the formula P(n,k) = n!/(n-k)!. Combinations are used when the order does not matter, calculated by C(n,k) = n!/(k!(n-k)!). In the document, a permutation example with P(8,4) results in 1680, and a combination example with C(24,8) results in 735,471 .
The probability of the union of two events A and B is calculated using the formula P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B). Events A and B are independent if and only if P(A ∩ B) = P(A) × P(B). In the document, it is shown that P(A ∪ B) = 0.75 , and for events B and C, they are not independent since P(B ∩ C) ≠ P(B) × P(C).
To calculate a confidence interval for a mean, you need to determine the sample mean (x̄), standard deviation (s), and sample size (n). Using these, the margin of error is calculated: t × (s/√n), where t is the value from the t-distribution for the desired confidence level. The confidence interval is then x̄ ± margin of error. It represents the range within which we are confident the true population mean lies. In the document, the 95% CI for mean thickness is (2.4824, 2.5976).
Data is considered paired if each data point in one sample is uniquely matched with a data point in another sample, often because measurements are taken on the same subjects under different conditions. This affects hypothesis testing as it typically involves using the differences between pairs, reducing variability. The document indicates paired data because the same athletes are measured before and after training, affecting the analysis method .
A binomial distribution models the number of successes in n independent trials with constant probability p of success on each trial. The expected value E(X) is calculated as np, and the variance V(X) is calculated as np(1-p). In the example given, with n = 20 and p = 0.35, E(X) equals 7 and V(X) equals 4.55 .