# STAT 010 Fall 2025 Comprehensive Practice Final Exam
**Instructions:** You must show your work to receive credit. This exam has 8
sections with a total of 120 points. Keep four decimal places where necessary.
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## Section 1: Probability Theory (18 points)
A tech company analyzes user engagement. Let A = {user watches videos}, B = {user
posts comments}, and C = {user shares content}.
Given: P(A) = 0.50, P(B) = 0.40, P(C) = 0.30, P(A ∩ B) = 0.20, P(A ∩ C) = 0.18, P(B
∩ C) = 0.15, P(A ∩ B ∩ C) = 0.10
**(3 pts) a.** Calculate P(A ∪ B ∪ C).
**(3 pts) b.** Find P(A^c ∩ B^c).
**(3 pts) c.** Calculate P(B|A).
**(3 pts) d.** Calculate P(A|C).
**(3 pts) e.** Are events A and B independent? Justify your answer using two
different methods.
**(3 pts) f.** Given that a user posts comments, what is the probability they share
content but do not watch videos?
---
## Section 2: Combinatorics (16 points)
A restaurant offers a prix fixe menu with 5 appetizers, 8 entrees, 6 desserts, and
4 beverages.
**(4 pts) a.** If a customer must select exactly one item from each category and
the order of selection matters for the chef's preparation, how many different ways
can the customer make their selections?
**(4 pts) b.** A food critic wants to review 10 items total from all 23 items on
the menu. How many ways can the critic select 10 items if order doesn't matter?
**(4 pts) c.** If 10 items are randomly selected for a promotional taste test, how
many ways can the selection include exactly 2 appetizers, 3 entrees, 3 desserts,
and 2 beverages?
**(4 pts) d.** What is the probability that a random selection of 10 items results
in the distribution from part (c)?
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## Section 3: Discrete Random Variables & Distributions (20 points)
### Part A: General Discrete RV (10 points)
The number of emergency calls X received at a fire station during a shift has the
following distribution:
| x | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p(x) | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.20 | ? | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.07 |
**(2 pts) a.** Find p(3).
**(2 pts) b.** Calculate P(X ≤ 2).
**(2 pts) c.** Calculate P(2 ≤ X < 5).
**(2 pts) d.** Calculate E(X) and V(X).
**(2 pts) e.** If each call costs $500 to respond to, find E(500X + 200) and V(500X
+ 200).
### Part B: Binomial Distribution (10 points)
A pharmaceutical company claims that 80% of patients experience relief from a new
medication. A hospital tests the medication on 30 randomly selected patients.
**(2 pts) f.** State the distribution of X (number of patients experiencing relief)
with all parameters.
**(2 pts) g.** What is the probability that exactly 25 patients experience relief?
**(2 pts) h.** What is the probability that at least 27 patients experience relief?
**(2 pts) i.** What is the probability that between 20 and 25 patients (inclusive)
experience relief?
**(2 pts) j.** Calculate E(X), V(X), σ, and E(X²).
---
## Section 4: Normal Distribution (16 points)
The battery life of a smartphone model is normally distributed with μ = 18 hours
and σ = 2.5 hours.
**(3 pts) a.** What is the probability that a randomly selected phone has a battery
life between 16 and 21 hours? Show standardization.
**(3 pts) b.** What is the probability that the battery life exceeds 22 hours?
**(3 pts) c.** Find the battery life that represents the 25th percentile.
**(3 pts) d.** What battery life values contain the middle 90% of all phones?
**(2 pts) e.** What is the probability that the battery life is within 1.5 standard
deviations of the mean?
**(2 pts) f.** If a phone's battery life is more than 2.5 standard deviations below
the mean, it's considered defective. What percentage of phones are defective?
---
## Section 5: Normal Approximation & Sampling Distributions (12 points)
**(6 pts) a.** According to a survey, 65% of teenagers use social media daily. In a
random sample of 200 teenagers, use normal approximation to find the probability
that between 120 and 140 (inclusive) use social media daily. First verify
conditions, then calculate.
**(6 pts) b.** The heights of adult women are normally distributed with μ = 64
inches and σ = 2.8 inches. If we take a random sample of 40 women, what is the
probability that the sample mean height is between 63.5 and 65 inches?
---
## Section 6: Confidence Intervals (18 points)
### Part A: Mean Confidence Interval (9 points)
A researcher measures the reaction time (milliseconds) for 36 participants in a
psychology experiment. The sample mean is 285 ms and the sample standard deviation
is 42 ms.
**(5 pts) a.** Calculate and interpret a 95% confidence interval for the true mean
reaction time.
**(4 pts) b.** If the researcher wants the margin of error to be no more than 10 ms
with 95% confidence, what sample size is needed? Assume σ ≈ 42 ms.
### Part B: Proportion Confidence Interval (9 points)
A poll of 800 likely voters found that 456 support a proposed tax reform.
**(5 pts) c.** Calculate and interpret a 99% confidence interval for the true
proportion of all voters who support the reform.
**(4 pts) d.** What sample size would be required to achieve a margin of error of
0.02 (2%) with 95% confidence? Assume no prior estimate of p.
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## Section 7: Hypothesis Testing - One Population (20 points)
### Part A: Test for Mean (10 points)
A car manufacturer advertises that their new model gets an average of 32 mpg on the
highway. A consumer group suspects the true average is less than advertised. They
test 25 cars and find x̄ = 30.8 mpg with s = 3.2 mpg. Test at α = 0.05.
**(2 pts) a.** State the null and alternative hypotheses.
**(2 pts) b.** Is this a left-tailed, right-tailed, or two-tailed test?
**(3 pts) c.** Calculate the test statistic.
**(2 pts) d.** Using the t-table with df = 24, determine the p-value range.
**(1 pt) e.** State your decision and conclusion in context.
### Part B: Test for Proportion (10 points)
A university claims that 70% of its graduates find employment within 6 months. A
researcher believes this percentage has changed. She surveys 200 recent graduates
and finds that 128 found employment within 6 months. Test at α = 0.05.
**(2 pts) f.** State the null and alternative hypotheses.
**(2 pts) g.** Is this a left-tailed, right-tailed, or two-tailed test?
**(3 pts) h.** Calculate the test statistic.
**(2 pts) i.** Find the p-value.
**(1 pt) j.** State your decision and conclusion in context.
---
## Section 8: Two-Sample Inference (20 points)
### Part A: Paired Data (10 points)
A fitness trainer wants to test if a 4-week training program reduces body fat
percentage. She measures 10 participants before and after the program:
| Participant | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
|-------------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|-----|
| Before (%) | 22.5 | 19.8 | 25.3 | 21.2 | 18.5 | 23.7 | 20.1 | 24.5 | 19.3 | 22.0
|
| After (%) | 21.8 | 18.9 | 24.5 | 20.5 | 17.8 | 22.9 | 19.5 | 23.7 | 18.8 | 21.3 |
The differences (Before - After) have: d̄ = 0.82, s_d = 0.35
**(2 pts) a.** Explain why this should be analyzed as paired data rather than
unpaired.
**(2 pts) b.** State the null and alternative hypotheses for testing if the program
reduces body fat.
**(3 pts) c.** Calculate the test statistic and determine the p-value range using
df = 9, α = 0.05.
**(1 pt) d.** State your decision and conclusion.
**(2 pts) e.** Construct a 95% confidence interval for the mean reduction in body
fat percentage.
### Part B: Unpaired Data (10 points)
A nutritionist wants to compare the effectiveness of two different diets. Group 1
(Diet A) has n₁ = 15 participants with x̄ ₁ = 8.5 lbs lost and s₁ = 2.1 lbs. Group 2
(Diet B) has n₂ = 18 participants with x̄ ₂ = 7.2 lbs lost and s₂ = 2.4 lbs. Test if
Diet A results in greater weight loss than Diet B at α = 0.05.
**(2 pts) f.** State the null and alternative hypotheses.
**(4 pts) g.** Calculate the pooled variance and the test statistic.
**(2 pts) h.** With df = 31, determine if you reject or fail to reject H₀ using α =
0.05 (one-tailed, t₀.₀₅ ≈ 1.696).
**(2 pts) i.** Construct a 95% confidence interval for (μ₁ - μ₂). Use t₃₁,₀.₀₂₅ ≈
2.040.
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**End of Exam**
Total Points: 120