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EEE 439: Communication Systems II
Course Teacher: Dr. Md. Saifur Rahman
Professor
Department of EEE, BUET
Source Coding
Basic Elements of a Digital Communication System
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Source & Line Coding
Source Coding
Source coding is the signal conversion part at the source of a
communication system and may include bit rate compression,
and representation of a digital signal by digital symbols (voltage
waveforms).
Line Coding and Basic Line Codes
Line Coding
Binary 1’s and 0’s, such as in PCM signalling, may be represented
in various serial-bit signalling formats called line codes. Some of
the popular line codes are shown on next page.
Line Coding
Line Coding and Basic Line Codes
There are two major categories:
Return-to-Zero (RZ) and
NonReturn-to-Zero (NRZ).
With RZ coding, the waveform
returns to a zero-volt level for
a portion (usually one-half) of
the bit interval.
The waveforms for the line
code may be further classified
according to the rule that is
used to assign voltage levels
to represent the binary data.
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Line Coding
Line Coding and Basic Line Codes
Some examples include:
Unipolar Signalling: In
positive-logic unipolar
signalling, the binary 1 is
represented by a high level
(+A volts) and a binary 0 by a
zero level. This type of
signalling is also called on-off
keying (OOK).
Polar Signalling: Binary 1’s
and 0’s are represented by
equal positive and negative
levels.
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Line Coding
Line Coding and Basic Line Codes
Bipolar (Pseudoternary)
Signalling: Binary 1’s are
represented by alternating
positive or negative values. The
binary 0 is represented by a
zero level.
The term Pseudoternary
refers to the use of 3
encoded signal levels to
represent two-level
(binary) data.
This is also called Alternate
Mark Inversion (AMI)
signalling. 6
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Line Coding
Line Coding and Basic Line Codes
Manchester Signalling: Each
binary 1 is represented by a
positive half bit period pulse
followed by a negative half-
bit period pulse. Similarly, a
binary 0 is represented by a
negative half-bit period pulse
followed by a positive half-bit
period pulse.
This type of signalling is
also called split-phase
encoding.
Line Coding
Line Coding and Basic Line Codes
The line codes shown here are
also known by other names:
Polar NRZ: Also called NRZ-L,
where L denotes the normal
Logic Level assignment.
Bipolar RZ: Also called RZ-AMI,
where AMI denotes Alternate
Mark (binary 1) Inversion.
Bipolar NRZ: Also called NRZ-M,
where M denotes inversion on
Mark (binary 1).
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Line Coding
Properties of Line Codes
Each line code has advantages and disadvantages.
For example, the unipolar NRZ line code has the advantage of
using circuits that require only one power supply, but it has the
disadvantage of requiring channels that are DC coupled (i.e. with
frequency response down to f=0), because the waveform has a
non-zero DC value.
The polar NRZ line code does not require a DC coupled channel,
provided that the data toggles between binary 1’s and 0’s often
and that equal numbers of 1’s and 0’s are sent.
However, the circuitry that produces the polar NRZ signal requires
a negative voltage power supply as well as the positive voltage
power supply.
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Line Coding
Properties of Line Codes
The Manchester NRZ line code has the advantage of always having a
0 DC value, regardless of the data sequence, but it has twice the
bandwidth of the unipolar NRZ or polar NRZ code because the
pulses are half the width.
Desirable Properties of Line Codes
The following are some of the desirable properties of a line code:
Self-Synchronization: There is enough timing information built
into the code so that bit synchronizers can extract the timing or
clock signal.
A long series of binary 1’s or 0’s should not cause a problem in
time recovery.
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Line Coding
Desirable Properties of Line Codes
Low Probability of Bit Error: Receivers can be designed that will
recover the binary data with a low probability of bit error when the
input data is corrupted by noise or ISI.
A Spectrum that is Suitable for the Channel: For example, if the
channel is AC coupled, the PSD of the line code signal should be
negligible at frequencies near zero. In addition, the signal
bandwidth needs to be sufficiently small compared to the channel
bandwidth, so that ISI will not be a problem.
Transmission Bandwidth: This should be as small as possible.
Error Detection Capability: It should be possible to implement this
feature easily by the addition of channel encoders and decoders, or
the feature should be incorporated into the line code.
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Line Coding
Differential Encodiing
When serial data is passed through many circuits along a
communication channel, the waveform is often unintentionally
inverted (i.e. Data complemented). This result can occur in a twisted
pair transmission line channel just by switching the 2 leads at a
connection point when a polar line code is used. (Note: such
switching would not affect the data of a bipolar signal).
To eliminate this problem differential encoding is often employed.
Each digit in a differential encoded sequence is obtained by
comparing the present input bit with the past encoded bit. A
binary 1 is encoded if the present input bit and the past
encoded bit are of opposite state. A binary 0 is encoded if the
states are the same.
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Line Coding
Differential Encodiing
Differential coding is often used with Manchester coding. The
diagram next shows the Manchester coding and the differential
Manchester coding for a sequence of bits.
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Line Coding
LAN Codes
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Line Coding
LAN Codes
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Line Coding
LAN Codes
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Line Coding
LAN Codes
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Line Coding
LAN Codes
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Line Coding
LAN Codes
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Line Coding
LAN Codes
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Line Coding
WAN Codes
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Line Coding
WAN Codes
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Line Coding
WAN Codes
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Line Coding
WAN Codes
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