Cracking Vocabulary

Instructor: Tanveer Ahmed

Experience: 12 Years
Mnemonics English
 Mnemonics

" Acrimonious " (bitter, spiteful, rancorous)

Mnemonic: A crime on us. “jab tum dill dukhany wali

bat krty ho tau hum par crime krty ho.

Meaning: (typically of speech or discussion) angry and

bitter:
 Mnemonics

"Abnegation" (renunciation, rejection, refusal, )

Mnemonic: Ab negation he ho gi
Meaning: To reject.
 Mnemonics

“Abysmal” (terrible, dreadful, awful)

Mnemonic: “is ki performance both buri hy ab sir is kay

Abba sy milain gy”

Meaning: Extremely bad or of very low standard

 Mnemonics

“Audacious" (bold, daring, fearless, impudent)

Mnemonic: “How dare she is!” Kitni Bahadur (bold) hay

Meaning:
showing a willingness to take surprisingly bold risks:
 Mnemonics

"Bizarre" (very strange)

Mnemonic: "Bazar mein ajeeb cheez" → Bazar mein

bilkul ajeeb-o-gharib cheez mil gayi!

Meaning: Very odd or strange.

 Mnemonics

"Disdain" (to look down upon, hate)

Mnemonic: "This daain!" → Is daain ko dekh kar nafrat

aati hai!

Meaning: Disrespect or hate.

 Mnemonics

"Impeccable" (perfect, without any mistake)

Mnemonic: "Impact able" → Jo itna perfect hai ke sab

pe impact daal de.

Meaning: Flawless.
 Mnemonics

"Elated" (extremely happy)

Mnemonic: "Elaichi wala mood" → Elaichi kha ke banda

bohat khush ho gaya.

Meaning: Joyful or thrilled.

 Mnemonics

"Jubilant" (very happy)

Mnemonic: "Jubilee wala mood" → Jaise Jubilee pe log

khushi mana rahe hon!

Meaning: Extremely joyful and cheerful.

 Mnemonics

"Eloquent" (fluent and expressive in speaking)

Mnemonic: "Elegant bolna" → Jo banda elegantly baat

karta hai.

Meaning: Fluent and persuasive speaker.

 Mnemonics

"Timid" (shy, lacking confidence)

Mnemonic: "Tameezid" → Bohat tameezdaar lekin

bohat sharmaata hai.

Meaning: Shy or easily scared.

 Mnemonics

"Conspicuous" (easily seen or noticed)

Mnemonic: "Kaan sun paye us?" → It was so obvious,

even kaan (ears) could notice!

Meaning: Something very noticeable or visible.

 English
Morphology

Instructor: Tanveer Ahmad

 Morphology
Morphology is the study of structure of words.
 Morphemes
Morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or
grammatical function.
 Morpheme

Free Bound

Lexical Functional Derivational Inflectional

 Free

Lexical Functional

Open class of words Close class of words

▪ Noun ▪ Conjunctions
▪ Adjective ▪ Determiners/Articles
▪ Prepositions
▪ Verb ▪ Pronouns
▪ Adverb ▪ Question words
▪ Auxiliaries/ [Link]
 Bound

Derivational Inflectional

▪ Prefixes -s, -en, -ed, -er, -est, -ing, ‘s

▪ Suffixes
 Inflectional Morphemes

All those morphemes that are used to indicate aspect of

grammar.
With Nouns
1. ‘s (possession) Ali’s book
2. s (plural) Boy, Boys
 Inflectional Morphemes

All those morphemes that are used to indicate aspect of

grammar.
With Verbs
1. -ing (present participle) going, sleeping
2. -s (3rd person singular) eats, sleeps, writes
3. -ed (past tense) called, played
4. -en (past participle) forgotten
 Inflectional Morphemes

All those morphemes that are used to indicate aspect of

grammar.
With Adjectives/Adverbs
1. -er (Comparative Degree) earlier, faster
2. -est (Superlative Degree) earliest, fastest
 Derivational Morphemes

All those morphemes we use to make new words or change

category of the stem are called derivational morphemes.

Prefixes
Come before a word.
Suffixes
Come after a word
 Prefixes

Prefixes come before a word and they either

change the polarity of the stem or affect its
intensity.

Pure Impure
Satisfaction Dissatisfaction
 Suffixes

Suffixes come after a stem to form new words or to

change the category of the stem.

Comfort comfortable
Implement implementation
Friend friendly
 Prefix

monologue,
single speech, one
monopoly,
seller, belief in one
mono- one monotheism,
God, one rail, one-
monorail,
sound word
monosyllable
 Prefix

multicultural,
many cultures, many
multivitamin,
vitamins, many
multi- many multitask,
tasks, many media
multimedia,
types, many
multiple
 Prefix

interact, act between,

internet, network between,
between /
inter- international, between nations,
among
intersection, where roads cross,
interview between people
 Prefix

transport,
carry across, move
transfer,
across / across, change
trans- translate,
through language, send
transmit,
across, move organ
transplant
 Prefix

superstar,
great star, above-
superman,
above / man, powerful state,
super- superpower,
beyond oversee, beyond
supervise,
human
superhuman
 Prefix

cooperate,
work together, write
coauthor,
with / together, live
co- coexist,
together together, organize
coordinate,
with, workmate
coworker
 Prefix

illegal, illogical,
not legal, not logical,
illiterate,
il- not can't read/write,
illegible,
unreadable, not valid
illegitimate
 Prefix

amoral, without morals, not

atypical, typical, not
not /
a- asymmetry, symmetrical,
without
atheism, without religion,
apolitical without politics
 Prefix

autograph,
self-written, self-life
autobiography,
story, self-operating,
auto- self automatic,
self-flying, self-
autopilot,
moving
automobile
 Suffixes

claustrophobia, fear of closed

acrophobia, spaces,
-phobia fear of xenophobia, heights,
hydrophobia, foreigners,
arachnophobia water, spiders
 Suffixes

one who
creates art,
artist, scientist,
studies
-ist person who dentist, journalist,
science,
typist
treats teeth,
writes, types
 Suffixes

darkness,
state of dark,
kindness,
-ness state/condition kind, weak,
weakness,
happy, sick
happiness, illness
 Suffixes

movement, act of moving,

development, growing,
-ment action/process punishment, punishing,
agreement, agreeing,
enjoyment enjoying
 Suffixes

act/state of
action, doing,
-tion/- expression, expressing,
state of
sion vision, creation, seeing,
decision creating,
deciding
 Suffixes

activity, ability, being active,

-ity/-ty state/quality reality, loyalty, able, real,
honesty loyal, honest
 Suffixes

full of danger,
dangerous,
-ous/- curiosity,
full of curious, famous,
ious fame, anger,
furious, delicious
taste
 Suffixes

readable, can be read,

-able/-
can be breakable, visible, broken, seen,
ible
edible, possible eaten, done
 Suffixes

hopeless, without hope,

fearless, fear, power,
-less without
powerless, care,
careless, tireless tiredness
 Suffixes

related to
natural, cultural, nature,
-al relating to personal, musical, culture,
historical person,
music, history
 Suffixes

being
creative, active, creative,
having quality sensitive, active,
-ive
of supportive, sensitive,
attractive helpful,
appealing
 Suffixes

booklet, piglet, small book,

-let small droplet, pig, drop,
streamlet, leaflet stream, leaf
 Suffixes

freedom,
state of being
kingdom,
free, royal,
-dom state/realm wisdom,
wise, bored,
boredom,
martyr
martyrdom
 Suffixes

freedom,
state of being
kingdom,
free, royal,
-dom state/realm wisdom,
wise, bored,
boredom,
martyr
martyrdom
 Root Words

1. bio (life)
• Biology – study of life
• Biography – life story
• Biohazard – dangerous to life
• Biodegradable – breaks down naturally
• Biosphere – life-supporting layer of
Earth
 Root Words

2. dict (say, speak)

• Predict – say before
• Dictionary – word meanings
• Verdict – spoken decision
• Dictate – command or speak aloud
• Contradict – speak against
 Root Words

3. scrib/script (write)
• Describe – to write or tell
• Manuscript – handwritten piece
• Scripture – holy writing
• Transcribe – write down spoken words
• Prescription – written medical order
 Root Words

4. port (carry)
• Transport – carry across
• Import – bring in
• Export – send out
• Portable – easy to carry
• Deport – send out of country
 Root Words

5. aud (hear)
• Audio – sound
• Audible – can be heard
• Audience – listeners
• Auditorium – place to hear shows
• Audition – test performance
 Root Words

6. vis/vid (see)
• Vision – ability to see
• Video – moving image
• Visible – can be seen
• Visual – related to seeing
• Evidence – proof you can see
 Root Words

7. phon (sound)
• Telephone – distant sound
• Symphony – sounds together
• Phonics – sounds of letters
• Microphone – sound amplifier
• Cacophony – harsh sounds
 Root Words

8. struct (build)
• Construct – to build
• Structure – something built
• Destruction – breaking down
• Instruct – teach/build knowledge
• Infrastructure – base structure
 Root Words

9. mal (bad)
• Malfunction – bad function
• Malnutrition – bad diet
• Malpractice – bad practice
• Malice – bad intent
• Malformed – badly shaped
 Root Words

10. bene (good, well)

• Benefit – good result
• Benefactor – helper
• Benevolent – kind/good
• Benediction – blessing
• Beneficiary – one who receives good
 Root Words

11. therm (heat)

• Thermometer – measures heat
• Thermostat – controls heat
• Thermal – related to heat
• Thermodynamics – heat & motion study
• Geothermal – Earth’s heat
 Root Words

12. ped/pod (foot)

• Pedal – foot lever
• Pedestrian – walker
• Tripod – three-footed stand
• Podiatrist – foot doctor
• Centipede – hundred-footed insect
 Root Words

12. Dext (hand)

dexterous – Skillful, especially with hands or body
ambidextrous – Able to use both hands equally well
dexterity – Skill and ease in using hands or body;
mental quickness
dextrocardia – A rare condition where the heart is on
the right side of the chest
dexterous – Skillful; clever