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Probability and Statistics Problem Set

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8 views2 pages

Probability and Statistics Problem Set

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xsdfsdfs
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PROBABILITY, STATISTICS AND RANDOM PROCESSES

PROBLEM SET1 – Durga Sivakumar

1.

2. List the elements of the random experiment of tossing a coin until a tail or 3 heads
appear.

3. A six sided die is loaded in such a way that each even face is twice as likely as each
odd face. All the even faces are equally likely as all odd faces. Construct a probability
model for a single roll of this die and find the probability that the outcome is less than
4.

4. Your current wardrobe consists of eleven different outfits. 3 pairs of shoes, 2 pairs of
pants and 6 different shirts. Your mom offered to buy you a new shirt or a new pair of
shoes. Which item should you opt for, to have maximum total number of outfits?

5. A shipment of 1500 washers contains 400 defective and 1100 non-defective items. 200
whashers are chosen at random (without replacement) and classified.
i) What is the probability that exactly 90 are defective?
ii) What is the probability that 0 or 1 are defective?

6. I have n students in my class and distribute answer sheets randomly for peer grading.
i) How many different ways the answersheets can be handed over?
ii) What is the probability that a student gets her own paper for grading?

7. There are 2000 different numbers in a hat. We desire to determine the probability that
the first digit of a number select at random will be the digit 1.

8. There are 20 computers in a store. Among them, 15 are brand new and 5 are
refurbished. Six computers are purchased for a student lab. From the first look, they are
indistinguishable, so the six computers are selected at random. Compute the probability
that among the chosen computers, two are refurbished.

9. A coin is tossed three times. Let us assign equal probability to each of the 2^3
elementary events of the sample space. Find the probability of the event at least one
head shows up in three throws.

10. In a certain population, 10% of the people are rich, 5% are famous and 3% are rich and
famous. For a person picked at random from this population
i) What is the chance that the person is not rich?
ii) What is the chance that the person is rich but not famous?
iii) What is the chance that the person either rich or famous?

11. A collection of 100 computer programs was examined for various types of errors
(bugs). It was found that 20 of them had syntax errors, 10 had input/output (I/O) errors
that were not syntactical, five had other types of errors, six programs had both syntax
errors and I/O errors, three had both syntax errors and other errors, two had both I/O
and other errors, while one had all three types of error. A program is selected at random
from this collection, that is, it is selected in such a way that each program is equally
likely to be chosen. Find
i) The probability that the selected program has errors in syntax or I/O errors
ii) The probability that it has some error.

12. A drug for the relief of asthma can be purchased from 5 different manufacturers in
liquid, tablet, or capsule form, all of which come in regular and extra strength. How
many different ways can a doctor prescribe the drug for a patient suffering from
asthma?

13. If a multiple-choice test consists of 5 questions, each with 4 possible answers of which
only 1 is correct,
(i) in how many different ways can a student check off one answer to each question?
(ii) in how many ways can a student check off one answer to each question and get all
the answers wrong?

14. It is common in many industrial areas to use a filling machine to fill boxes full of
product. This occurs in the food industry as well as other areas in which the product is
used in the home, for example, detergent. These machines are not perfect, and indeed
they may A, fill to specification, B, underfill, and C, overfill. Generally, the practice of
underfilling is that which one hopes to avoid. Let P(B) = 0.001 while P(A) = 0.990.
(i) Give P(C).
(ii) What is the probability that the machine does not underfill?
(iii) What is the probability that the machine either overfills or underfills?

15. A new car is equipped with dual airbags. Suppose they fail independently with
probability p. What is the probability that at least one airbag functions properly?

Common questions

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Use set union probability. Let A be syntax errors, B be I/O errors, and C be other errors. Using the principle of inclusion-exclusion: P(A or B or C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - P(A and B) - P(A and C) - P(B and C) + P(A and B and C). Compute using the given frequencies and normalize by dividing by 100 (total programs).

The probability that the machine does not underfill is simply 1 - P(underfill) = 1 - 0.001 = 0.999 .

The total number of ways to prescribe is found by multiplying the options: manufacturers * forms * strengths = 5 * 3 * 2 = 30 ways .

The calculation involves the hypergeometric distribution. For no defective washer, the probability is given by C(1100,200)/C(1500,200). For exactly one defective washer, use C(400,1)*C(1100,199)/C(1500,200). Compute these separately and then sum the probabilities to find P(0 or 1 defective).

To set up the probability model, assign probabilities to each face of the die such that even numbers (2, 4, 6) have a higher probability compared to odd numbers (1, 3, 5). Assign probability x to each odd number, making each even number have a probability of 2x. Since the total probability must be 1, the equation is 3x + 3(2x) = 1, resulting in x = 1/9. Thus, P(1) = P(3) = P(5) = 1/9 and P(2) = P(4) = P(6) = 2/9. The probability of a roll being less than 4 is P(1) + P(2) + P(3) = 1/9 + 2/9 + 1/9 = 4/9 .

Using the hypergeometric distribution, the probability is calculated with P(X=2) = [C(5,2) * C(15,4)] / C(20,6). This computes as P(X=2) = [10 * 1365] / 38760 = 0.3523 .

Use the principle of inclusion-exclusion. If P(Rich) = 0.1, P(Famous) = 0.05, and P(Rich and Famous) = 0.03, then P(Rich or Famous) = P(Rich) + P(Famous) - P(Rich and Famous) = 0.1 + 0.05 - 0.03 = 0.12 .

This problem's solution involves the concept of derangements (a permutation where no element appears in its original position). The probability that a student receives their own paper is 1/n! times the number of derangements of n items, given by the formula D(n) = n! * Σ((-1)^k/k!) from k=0 to n. Thus, as n grows, this probability approaches 1/e .

The total number of outfits is calculated as pants * shirts * shoes. Currently, this is 2 * 6 * 3 = 36 outfits. Adding a new shirt increases possible combinations to 2 * 7 * 3 = 42, while a new pair of shoes results in 2 * 6 * 4 = 48. Therefore, buying new shoes maximizes the total outfits .

For each question, the probability of selecting the wrong answer is 3/4. Thus, for five questions, the probability is (3/4)^5 = 243/1024 ≈ 0.2373 .

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