PORTABLE XRF CAPABILITY STATEMENT

OUR PORTABLE
XRF SERVICES
The collection of multielement geochemical data by portable X-ray fluorescence
(pXRF) has become commonplace in the minerals industry.

These instruments are typically precise but not accurate. Often the true value of pXRF
chemical datasets is not realised due to suboptimal workflows and a lack of robust
data handling. When appropriate workflows and protocols for umpire laboratory
data collection are implemented, significant cost savings (up to 80% in some cases)
can be achieved through integration of laboratory and pXRF geochemical datasets.

RSC has the expertise and know-how to provide training, including helping to design
your workflows and data-handling processes. This will ensure that your pXRF data
are as good as possible, collected as inexpensively as possible, and are both reliable
and robust. Each project has its own particular challenges and RSC can work with
you to overcome them.

RSC can also provide pXRF rental instruments for use in the field, either as a stand-
alone rental unit or with a trained and qualified operator. Contact us for a free
demonstration of the utility of these instruments for your exploration and mining
projects.

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 INST RU MENT I N S T R UM E N T SPEC I ALI ST
RENTA L + O PE R ATO R ADVI C E
Different models available with Hire trained and qualified Our geochemists have extensive
daily, weekly and monthly options. operators to accompany our experience and can assist with
pXRF instruments. workflow generation through to
data analytics.

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 INSTRUMENT
RENTAL
Vanta Hire
Olympus Vanta VMR pXRF model with 50 kV Rh tube. This instrument has soil and geochem
modes and is suitable for all applications from those requiring light-element performance
(Mg, Al, Si) to base metals (Cu, Zn, Pb) and heavier elements like U and Th. Additional niche
modes are available on request (e.g. REE).

Delta Hire
Olympus Delta Premium pXRF model with 50 kV Rh tube. This instrument has soil and geo-
chem modes and is most suitable for analysis of base metals and heavier elements.

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INSTRUMENT
+ OPERATOR
„ Hire trained and qualified operators to accompany our pXRF instruments.
„ RSC’s operators are experienced and can easily implement the ideal work-
flow for your specific needs.
„ RSC takes care of the pXRF calibration, maintenance, transport, insurance,
and health and safety requirements.
„ Cost-efficient way to collect pXRF data using an experienced and
knowledgable operator on discounted bundled rates.

5
 SPECIALIST
ADVICE
Our experts are here to help.

Our geochemists have extensive experience using pXRF instru-

ments in mining and exploration settings. RSC’s principal geochem-
ist has over a decade of experience using and interpreting pXRF
data. He has over 10 journal publications on pXRF and can assist
with workflow generation through to data analytics.

Contact Dr Michael Gazley: pxrf@[Link]

6
SPECIALIST Soil sampling RC/RAB drilling

ADVICE We can help you to extract as

much value as possible from your
soil geochemistry dataset.
Let us work through your
specific elemental and sample
type requirements to design a
solution for you.

Analysis of drill core Geochemical domaining Grade control Inherited historical data
Could pXRF be used to analyse Got geochemical data and trying to Let us help you determine if Our experts can assess your old
your drill core? Ask our specialists. find domains within your deposit pXRF could be used as an assay data and extract some value, or
for resource estimation? We can screening tool in your operation. design a new work program to
help you. leverage the old data.

Validate elements Workflow generation QA/QC Generation of pathfinders

Need a second opinion? We will Allow us to assist with the creation Foster confidence in your data — /proxies
evaluate your data and work with of data collection protocols for ensure that your data Together, we can derive proxies
you to ensure that you can have each geological setting or problem. are reliable and robust. and indices that help you solve
confidence in the data you are specific elemental quantification
generating. issues.

7
 SOIL
SAMPLING
Principal components analysis
2 of 14-element geochemical soil
sample dataset, from Marirongoe,
K Mozambique, groupings informed

Pricipal Component 2
1
Rb Zr by Bayesian clustering algorithm.
Eigenvectors (arrows) indicate
Got soil geochemistry? Want to get 0
elements influencing the analysis
Ti
beyond a simple single-element map −1 Cluster
1
Mn
Ca
Fe
Sr
(modified after Sterk et al., 2018).

and to normalise for rock type / sample −2

2
3
4

media?
5

−4 −2 0
Pricipal Component 1

We can help you to extract as much

value as possible from your soil Map of soil samples from the

geochemistry dataset. Marirongoe area, Mozambique,

83
coloured by clusters from the

40
5 00
principal components analysis,
showing areas of cohesive

Nor thing
Mapping lithology and targeting

83
Cohesive geological
chemistry, thus mapping variation

4 00
units in orange

00
(cluster 2)
in lithology (modified after Sterk
„ Objective classification of lithology, alteration or et al., 2018).

83
39
mineralisation from geochemical data.

5
Fractionated Granite with

00
Cluster
Sn-Ta mineralisation
1 Marginal mineralisation is
„ Examine relationships between multiple elements 2
green (cluster 5)

83
3

39
Thus, exploration targets

0
simultaneously.

00
4
5 are other cluster 5 locations

„ Rapid assessment of trends within the data that may not be

34

34

34

34
30

40

50

60
00

00

00

00
Easting
apparent with single- or two-element plots.
„ Groupings can inform lithology mapping, exploration
targeting, and alteration mapping.

8
 200000
For RAB chips from a deposit in
the Mount Isa Inlier; modified

RC/RAB
after Gazley et al. (2017). Fe and
150000 Zn pXRF vs Fe and Zn laboratory
data.

Fe laboratory (ppm)
DRILLING
100000

50000

Let us work through your specific y = 1.04x

R² = 0.86
elemental and sample type 0
0 50000 100000 150000 200000

requirements to design a solution 2000

Fe pXRF (ppm)

for you.
1500
Analysis of drill chips

Zn laboratory (ppm)
„ With careful generation of protocols you can collect both
1000
robust and reliable multi-element data from the analysis of
RC and RAB chips by pXRF.
„ Having reliable data available rapidly means that you 500

can run more dynamic exploration campaigns and make

y = 0.97x
informed decisions while the drill rig is still in the field. R² = 0.92
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Zn pXRF (ppm)

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 DRILL CORE
ANALYSIS
Let us help you determine if pXRF could be
used as an assay screening tool for your
drill core assaying.

Save on assay costs by assaying only what is necessary.

„ pXRF can be used as a cost-saving screening tool so that you only

analyse necessary samples.
„ Understand if your samples are representative so that your pXRF data
are robust.
„ Identify if sampling bias is an issue with the small analysis window of
the pXRF instrument.
„ Calibration of the instrument to solid-rock samples can be tricky if
precision and accuracy are required.
„ Use pXRF to make better, more rapid decisions on whether or not to
continue drilling.

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GEOCHEMICAL
Mineralisation Principal components
Mafic Gneiss
Leucogranite analysis of 14-element
Granite
2
Felsic Gneiss geochemical dataset,
groupings informed

Principal Component 2
by Bayesian clustering

DOMAINING
Ba

Sr

Zr
T Cr
0
CaNii
Fe Zn K
Rb
algorithm, coloured
Mn

Y
by dominant lithology,

Cu
from the Tampia Hill
−2 Au deposit, Western
Australia.

Got geochemical data and trying to find domains −2.5 0.0

Principal Component 1
2.5 5.0

within your deposit for resource estimation?

Let us help you. Isometric view of drill
holes from the Tampia
Hill Au deposit, Western
Lithology, alteration, mineralisation Australia, coloured by
„ Objective classification of lithology, alteration or mineralisation. clusters as above, with
groupings informed
„ Examine relationships between multiple elements at the same time. by Bayesian clustering
algorithm, using principal
„ Rapid assessment of trends within the data that may not be apparent with single- components analysis of
or two-element plots. 14-element geochemical
dataset.
„ Groupings can inform geological models, alteration and mineralisation mapping,
and ultimately geometallurgical and resource model domains.

11
 GRADE
CONTROL
Let us help you determine if pXRF could
be used as an assay screening tool in
your operation.

Using pXRF as a screening tool to cut assay costs.

„ pXRF can save assay costs when used as a screening tool to

ensure that you only assay samples that have anomalous
elemental concentrations.
„ However, to do this you need to have confidence that your
samples are representative and that the pXRF data are robust.
„ Rapid turn-around of results also means that better decisions
can be made, which in turn saves costs.

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INHERITED
HISTORICAL
DATA
Let us assess your old data and extract maximum
value, or design a new work program to leverage the
old data.

„ Have you inherited a historical dataset of pXRF data with limited or no metadata?
„ Unsure what elements you can trust or if these data are of any use to you?
„ What value can you extract from these data?

There is almost always some value or knowledge in old data. RSC’s data processing
and validation processes can remove the ‘noise’ and amplify the important signals in
these data.

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 VALIDATE
SPECIFIC
Sn Kα2 = 25.044
Sn = 551.6 ± 22.2 ppm Ag Kβ1 = 24.942 Sn Kα1 = 25.271
70

Ag Kβ3 = 24.911

Ag Kβ2 = 25.456
Ag Kα2 = 21.990

Ag Kα1 = 22.163

Sn Kβ3 = 28.444

Sn Kβ1 = 28.486

Sn Kβ2 = 29.109
60

ELEMENTS
50

40

Counts
30

20

Let us evaluate your data and work 10

with you to ensure that you can 0

20 22 24 26 28 30
have confidence in the data you are Energy (keV)

generating. Spectra showing Ag and Sn peaks from a pXRF instrument with a Ag tube for a sample
with 552 ppm Sn. Note peak overalps around 25 keV; modified after Sterk et al. (2018).

What elements can you trust?

„ Are you seeing some elements that are important to you?
But you are not sure if they are real?
„ Understand how to handle elements with interfering
spectra, for example: Ag and Sn; Co and Fe; Ba, V and Ti.

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WORKFLOW
GENERATION
Ca 3.69 keV Fe 6.41 keV
100%

85%

Transmisson Effectiveness
63%

A robust workflow is a key part of ensuring 50%

that your data are reliable. 42%

250 µm Calico
50 µm Paper
4 µm Mylar
Budget-friendly collection of robust and reliable multi-element datasets.
6 µm Polyprop.
8%
4 µm Polyprop.
„ Generate data collection protocols that must be established for each
0%
0 2 4 6 8 10
geological setting or problem.
Photon Energy (keV)
„ Ensure sample preparation is optimal to ensure reliable data.
Transmission effectiveness modelling showing how
„ Ensure that samples are presented for analysis in an appropriate way. many X-rays at different energies pass through different
media. For example, only 63% of the X-rays for Fe pass
„ Select appropriate standards to ensure robust calibrations can be through a calico bag; i.e. the Fe concentration will only
derived. be 63% what it should be.

„ Understand elemental interferences and choices for optimisation of

instruments for specific geological problems.

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 PO RTAB LE 1600

1200
OREAS901 = 1410 ppm
Standard performance for a 6
month soil-sampling campaign
for Cu in four OREAS standards;
modified after Gazley et al.

XRF QA/QC

Cu (ppm)
(2017).
800 OREAS45P = 749 ppm

400 OREAS44P = 421 ppm

0 OREAS90 = 112 ppm

Let us work through your specific elemental 01/05/2014 01/11/2014

and sample type requirements to design a

solution for you.
400 Corrected Cu pXRF vs. Cu
laboratory data for soil samples
Validation of your pXRF data.
from the Mount Isa Inlier;
300
„ Develop data correction calibration protocols to ensure measured modified after Gazley et al.

Cu Laboratory (ppm)
(2017).
concentrations are ‘real’.
200
„ Establish umpire laboratory protocols to validate pXRF data.
„ Document processes and determination of limits of quantification. 100

„ Generate confidence in your data — ensure that your data are y = 1.01x
R² = 0.96
0
reliable and robust. 0 100 200 300 400
Corrected Cu pXRF (ppm)

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GENERATION
OF
PATHFINDERS
If the element you are interested in cannot be
detected by pXRF, proxies based on elements
that can be detected by pXRF may be derived.

Identifying signatures for elements you cannot detect

„ Some elements (like Li) cannot be analysed by pXRF; however, elements

that they are associated with can be.
„ The generation of proxies or indices can provide you with an objective
measurement of whether a sample is mineralised.
„ Let us help you derive proxies and indices that help you solve specific
elemental quantification issues.
„ Reduce assay costs and optimise drill programs.

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GENERAL ENQUIRIES pXRF ENQUIRIES UAV E N Q U I R I E S
info@[Link] pxrf@[Link] uav@[Link]

+ 6 1 8 9 4 6 7 1 4 4 4 & + 6 4 3 6 6 8 0001 + 6 1 8 9 4 6 7 1 4 4 4 & + 6 4 3 6 6 8 0001 + 6 1 8 9 4 6 7 1 4 4 4 & + 6 4 3 6 6 8 0001

HEAD OFFICE NEW Z E A L A N D O F F I C E SUPPORTING OFFICES

13-15 Rheola Street Postal Address: RSC Arabia RSC Turkey
West Perth WA 6005 PO Box 5647, Dunedin 9058 Next Level Business Tower,
Australia 20 – 22, Building 8452, Prince Faisal Bin
New Zealand Block 3A, 4th Floor, No: 11
Bander Bin Abdulaziz Road, 5115 An Narjes
Postal Address: 13324, Riyadh PK 0 6 5 20 Çankaya
PO Box 803, West Perth
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ankara, Turkey
WA 6872, Australia

S E R V I C E S ON QUOT ATION
Please email us your project requirements. You will find our approach very flexible and accommodating. We aim to make the impossible
possible, at affordable rates, while providing top quality geologists and excellent outcomes. Throw us into a challenging environment, set
us a demanding deadline and let us do the work for you. Ask us for a reference on our services at any time.