CALCULUS(2)

Week 12
14.4 Green’s theorem
14.5 Curl and divergence
14.4 Green’s theorem
14.4 Green’s theorem 3

• Orientation
14.4 Green’s theorem 4

∂P ∂Q
∫C ∫∫D ∂y ∫C ∫∫D ∂x
pf. Show that Pdx = − dA and Qdy = dA

D = {(x, y) | a ≤ x ≤ b, g1(x) ≤ y ≤ g2(x)}

where g1, g2 : continuous functions
14.4 Green’s theorem 5

(conti.)
b g2(x)
∂P ∂P
∫∫D ∂y ∫a ∫g (x) ∂y
dA = (x, y)dydx
1

∫a [
= P(x, g2(x)) − P(x, g1(x)] dx
14.4 Green’s theorem 6

(conti.)
14.4 Green’s theorem 7

• EX1

∫C
4
Evaluate x dx + xydy, where C is the triangular curve consisting

of the line segments from (0,0) to (1,0), from (1,0) to (0,1), and from
(0,1) to (0,0)
sol.
14.4 Green’s theorem 8

(conti.)
14.4 Green’s theorem 9

• EX2

∮C
sin x 4 2 2
Evaluate (3y − e )dx + (7x + y + 1)dy where C : x + y = 9

sol.
14.4 Green’s theorem 10

• If P(x, y)
= Q(x, y) = 0 on C

∫∫D ( ∂x ∂y )
∂Q ∂P
∫C
then − dA = Pdx + Qdy = 0

∂Q ∂P
∫
Area(D) = 1dA if − =1
•
∂x ∂y
1)
2)
3)
14.4 Green’s theorem 11

• EX3
2 2
x y
Find the area enclosed by the ellipse + = 1 .
a 2 b 2

sol.
14.4 Green’s theorem 12

• Extended Versions of Green’s Theorem

14.4 Green’s theorem 13

• EX4

∮
2
Evaluate y dx + 3xydy where C is the boundary of the semiannular

2 2
region D in the upper half-plane between the circles x + y = 1 and
2 2
x +y =4
sol.
14.4 Green’s theorem 14

(conti.)
14.4 Green’s theorem 15

• Green’s Theorem can be extended to apply to regions with holes.

14.4 Green’s theorem 16

• EX5

∫C
2 2
If F(x, y) = (−yi + xj)/(x + y ), show that F ⋅ dr = 2π for

every positively oriented simple closed path that encloses the origin.
sol.

∫∫ ( ∂x ∂y )
∂Q ∂P
∫C ∫−C′
Pdx + Qdy + Pdx + Qdy = − dA

∫∫D [ (x 2 + y 2)2 (x 2 + y 2)2 ]

2 2 2 2
y −x y −x
= − dA = 0
14.4 Green’s theorem 17

(conti.)
14.4 Green’s theorem 18

• Theorem
14.5 Curl and divergence
14.5 Curl and divergence 20

• Curl
The curl of F = Pi + Qj + Rk is the vector field on ︎ defined by
3

•
14.5 Curl and divergence 21

•
14.5 Curl and divergence 22

• EX1
2
If F(x, y, z) = xzi + xyzj − y k, find curl F.
sol.
14.5 Curl and divergence 23

pf.
14.5 Curl and divergence 24

• EX2
2
Show that the vector field F(x, y, z) = xzi + xyzj − y k is not
conservative.
sol.
14.5 Curl and divergence 25
14.5 Curl and divergence 26

• EX3
2 3 3 2 2
(a) Show that F(x, y, z) = y z i + 2xyz j + 3xy z k is a
conservative vector field.
sol.
14.5 Curl and divergence 27

• EX3
(b) Find a function f such that F =▿f
sol.
14.5 Curl and divergence 28

• Divergence
The divergence of F = Pi + Qj + Rk is the function of three
variables defined by
14.5 Curl and divergence 29

• EX4
2
If F(x, y, z) = xzi + xyzj − y k, find div F.
sol.
14.5 Curl and divergence 30

pf.
14.5 Curl and divergence 31

• EX5
2
Show that the vector field F(x, y, z) = xzi + xyzj − y k can’t be
written as the curl of another vector field, that is, F ≠ curl G
sol.
14.5 Curl and divergence 32

• the divergence of a gradient vector field ▿ f, that is

2
and this expression occurs so often that we abbreviate it as ▿ f
• The operator is called the Laplace operator because
of its relation to Laplace’s equation

• ⟹
14.5 Curl and divergence 33

• Vector Forms of Green’s Thm

∮c ∮c
vector field F = Pi + Qj. Its line integral is F ⋅ dr = Pdx + Qdy

and

thus,

Therefore
14.5 Curl and divergence 34

we can now rewrite the equation in Green’s Theorem in the vector

form

: the line integral of the tangential component of F along C as the

double integral of the vertical component of curl F over the region
enclosed by C
14.5 Curl and divergence 35

• We now derive a similar formula involving the normal component of F

• C : r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j, a ≤ t ≤ b,

the unit tangent vector is

then the outward unit normal vector to C is

14.5 Curl and divergence 36
14.5 Curl and divergence 37

a second vector form of Green’s Theorem