1

Chapter 4
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

Magnetic Field (B)

Magnetic field is a space in which the magnetic influence is felt.
Unit of magnetic field Intensity is Tesla (T).
In CGS System the unit of magnetic field is Gauss (G).
1T = 104 G
1G = 10-4T
Magnetic Lorentz Force
The force experienced in a magnetic field is called Magnetic
Lorentz Force. Magnetic Lorentz Force is depends upon:

1. Magnetic field (B)

2. Charge (q)
3. Velocity (v)
4. Sine of angle θ (sinθ)
I.e. F ∝ Bqvsinθ
In vector form,
F = q (B x v)
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Magnetic Induction / Strength of Magnet

F = Bqvsinθ
When, q = 1C,
v = 1m/s,
θ = 90o
F = B or B = F
Magnetic Induction is defined as the force experienced by a
unit positive charge moving with uniform velocity in the
direction perpendicular to magnetic field.

Magnetic flux (Φ)

It is the total number of magnetic lines passing through the

surface. If A is the area of lines and B is the magnetic lines, the
magnetic flux is given by,
Φ = BA
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∅
B=𝐴
❖ Magnetic flux is measured in Webber (Wb)

Right hand thumb rule

A conductor carrying current is held in a right hand, the thumb
indicates the direction of electric current and the closed fingers
indicate the direction of magnetic field.
Maxwell’s cork screw rule
In this rule, the tip of the screw indicates the direction of
electric current and rotation of thumb indicates the direction of
magnetic field.
Fleming’s Left-hand rule
In this rule thumb indicates the direction of up thrust.
Forefinger indicates the direction of magnetic field and the
middle finger indicates the direction of electric current.
Biot-Savart's Law
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The mathematical relation between magnetic field and current

was formulated by Biot and Savart. According to Biot-Savart’s
Law, magnetic field of a conductor carrying current is,
dB ∝ i
dB ∝ 𝑑𝑙
dB ∝ sinθ
1
dB ∝ 𝑟 2
𝑖𝑑𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
i.e. dB ∝ 𝑟2
𝑖𝑑𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
dB = k 𝑟2
μ0
Where k is a constant, k = 4π
𝛍𝟎 𝒊𝒅𝒍 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝛉
dB = 𝟒𝛑 x 𝒓𝟐

Where μ0 is the permeability of the free space.

μ0 = 4π x 10-7 N/A2

Applications of Biot-Savart’s Law

Magnetic field due to a circular loop carrying current
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Consider a circular loop of radius ‘a’ carrying current of ‘i’. Let

‘P’ be any point at a distance ‘x’ from ‘O’ at the centre of the
circular loop. To find the magnetic field at ‘P’, consider an
element portion AB of length ‘dl’. Magnetic field at P due to
AB is,

𝜇0 𝑖𝑑𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝐵1 = 2
(∅ = 900 )
4𝜋 𝑟

𝜇0 𝑖𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝐵1 = (1)
4𝜋 𝑟 2

Revolving 𝑑𝐵1 into 2 components

1. 𝑑𝐵1 cos ∅ (𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟)
2. 𝑑𝐵1 sin ∅ (𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙)
Consider the opposite position 𝐴′ 𝐵′ of length ‘dl’ to find the
magnetic field at P due to the position 𝐴′ 𝐵′ :
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𝜇0 𝑖𝑑𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝐵2 = 2
(∅ = 900 )
4𝜋 𝑟

𝜇0 𝑖𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝐵2 = (2)
4𝜋 𝑟 2

Revolving 𝑑𝐵2 into 2 components

1. 𝑑𝐵2 cos ∅ (𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟)
2. 𝑑𝐵2 sin ∅ (𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 )

Net magnetic field is given by:

dB = 𝑑𝐵1 cos ∅ + 𝑑𝐵1 sin ∅ + 𝑑𝐵2 cos ∅ + 𝑑𝐵2 sin ∅

dB = 𝑑𝐵1 sin ∅ + 𝑑𝐵2 sin ∅

(i.e. perpendicular components cancelled each other

because they are equal and opposite)
𝑑𝐵1 = 𝑑𝐵2
dB = 𝑑𝐵1 sin ∅ [3]
substitute (1) into [3]
𝜇0 𝑖𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝐵 = sin ∅ (4)
4𝜋 𝑟 2

Integrating both sides

𝜇0 𝑖𝑑𝑙
∫ 𝑑𝐵 = ∫ sin ∅
4𝜋 𝑟 2
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𝜇0 𝑖 sin ∅
∫ 𝑑𝐵 = ∫ 𝑑𝑙
4𝜋 𝑟2
But, ∫ 𝑑𝑙 = 2𝜋𝑙 ∫ 𝑑𝐵 = 𝐵

𝜇 𝑖 sin ∅
B = 4𝜋0 × 2𝜋𝑎
𝑟2
𝜇0 iasin ∅
B= [5]
2𝑟 2

From triangle COP

𝑂𝐶
sin ∅ =
𝐶𝑃
𝑎
sin ∅ = [6]
𝑟
Substitute [6] in [5]
𝜇0 ia 𝑎
B= ×
2𝑟 2 𝑟
𝜇0 i 𝑎 2
B= [7]
2𝑟 3

From triangle COP

𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2

𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑎 2
1
𝑟 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑎 2 )2
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1 ×3
3 2 2) 2
𝑟 = (𝑥 + 𝑎
3
3 2 2 )2
𝑟 = (𝑥 + 𝑎 [8]
Substitute [8] in [7]
𝜇0 i 𝑎 2
B= 3
2(𝑥 2 +𝑎2 )2

For ‘n’ turns

𝜇0 ni 𝑎2
B= 3
2(𝑥 2 +𝑎2 )2

Special cases:
1. At the centre of the circular loop (x=0) when x=0

𝜇0 i 𝑎 2
B= 3
2(𝑥 2 +𝑎2 )2

𝜇0 i 𝑎 2
B= 3
2(𝑎2 )2

𝜇0 i 𝑎 2
B= 2𝑎3

𝝁𝟎 𝐢
B= 𝟐𝒂

Variation of magnetic field along the axis of a coil

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Graphical representation

Magnetic field has maximum value at the centre and decreases

exponentially

Cyclotron

Cyclotron is a device developed by Lawrence and Livingston

in 1930.
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Aim
1. It is used to accelerate positively charged particles (
Protons, deuterons)
2. It is used to accelerate heavy particles.
Principle
Cyclotron is based on the principle that when a charged particle
entering into a magnetic field in a direction perpendicular to
the direction of magnetic field, it will experience a magnetic
Lorentz Force.
F = Bqvsinθ
F = Bqv …………. (1)
As a result of this, it describes a circular path between the semi-
circular plates. Therefore, it acquires a centripetal force.
𝑀 𝑉2
I.e., F = ………… (2)
𝑟2

The centripetal force is balanced by magnetic Lorentz Force.

𝑀 𝑉2
Bqv = 𝑟2
𝑀𝑉
Bq = 𝑟
𝑀𝑉
r= 𝐵𝑞

As the radius of the circular path increases, the particle will get
more acceleration.
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Apparatus
It consists of two semi-circular plates D1 and D2. Together
they are called ‘dees’. A positive ion is placed at the midpoint
of the dees. The dees are connected to radio frequency
oscillator. So that a high frequency alternating Potential of
several megahertz (MHz) exist between dees. The accelerated
ion can be deflected out of the dees through a target. The whole
apparatus is enclosed in a metallic box or glass windows with
gas at low pressure (N2).
Working and Theory
The positive ion to be accelerated is produced by the ion
source. Suppose D1 is at negative potential and. D2 is at
positive Potential. On entering D1, it describes a semi-circular
path. Time taken to describe the semi-circular path is
𝑑
𝑣=
𝑇
𝑑
𝑇=
𝑉
𝜋𝑟
𝑇=
𝑉
But
𝑚𝑣
𝑟=
𝐵𝑞
𝑚𝑣
𝑇=𝜋
𝐵𝑞𝑉
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𝜋𝑚
𝑟=
𝐵𝑞
When the polarity of the dees is reversed, D2 becomes negative
and D1 becomes positive. It describes a circular path of larger
radius. The accelerated ion can be deflected out of the dees
through a target.
Uses:
1. It is used to accelerate positively charged particles
(Protons, deuterons)
2. It is used to accelerate heavy particles.
Limitations
• Electrons cannot be accelerated by cyclotrons.
• It cannot accelerate uncharged particles (Neutrons)
• If the positive ion is accelerated to a very high speed
comparable to the speed of light, its mass varies according
to the relation,

𝑚0
𝑚=
2
√1 − 𝑣 2
𝑐
Where,
m0 is the rest mass of the ion
v is the velocity of the ion
c is the velocity of light.
So, the ion cannot be accelerated beyond a certain limit.
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Expression for maximum velocity (𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 )

𝑚𝑣 2
𝐵𝑞𝑣 =
𝑟
𝑚𝑣
𝐵𝑞 =
𝑟
𝑚𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐵𝑞 =
𝑟
𝐵𝑞𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑚

Maximum Energy (𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒙 )

1
𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 2
2

1 𝐵2 𝑞 2 𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥 2
𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚×
2 𝑚2

1 𝐵2 𝑞 2 𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥 2
𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ×
2 𝑚

1 𝐵2 𝑞 2 𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥 2
𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ×
2 2𝑚
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Expression for Time period and frequency

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 =
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
2𝜋𝑟
𝑇=
𝑣
𝑚𝑣
𝑟=
𝐵𝑞
𝑚𝑣
2𝜋 × 𝐵𝑞
𝑇=
𝑣
2𝜋𝑚
𝑇=
𝐵𝑞
Frequency (F)

Reciprocal of time period is called frequency

1
𝑓=
𝑇

𝐵𝑞
𝑓=
2𝜋𝑚
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Moving Coil Galvanometer

Galvanometer is an instrument used to detect feeble current.

The commonly used galvanometer is the moving coil
Galvanometer which was first introduced by Kelvin and later
modified by D Arsonoval. Moving coil Galvanometer can be
classified in to two,

1) Suspension type (Hanged)

2) Pivoted Type (Fixed)
Suspension type is more sensitive and reliable to detect electric
current.
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Aim: - The aim of the galvanometer is to detect deflection of a

coil carrying current placed in a uniform magnetic field which
is proportional to current
Principle: (Same as Aim)
Apparatus: T1 and T2 are two terminals. Current enters
through T1 and leaves through T2. Torsion head is used to
rotate the fibre (Phosphor bronze fibre). Mirror strip is used to
detect the deflection. Soft iron cylinder is used to concentrate
the magnetic field. The coil is used to cut off the excess
magnetic lines of force. Current leaves through T2 with the
help of hair spring. The whole apparatus is enclosed in a glass
window provided with levelling screws.
Working and Theory
When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic
field, it experiences a torque.

τ = niAB ............(1)
Where n is the no of turns, 'i' is the current, 'A' is the area of
cross section of the coil and B is the magnetic field.
The coil rotates and twisting the fibre. Therefore, a torque is
developed.
𝜏 = 𝑐𝜃............(2)
Where 'c' is the couple per unit twist and θ is the angle of
deflection.
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Equating (1) and (2)

niAB = cθ
𝑐𝜃
i = 𝑛𝐴𝐵
𝑐
i = (𝑛𝐴𝐵) θ
𝑐
=k
𝑛𝐴𝐵

i = kθ
Where k is a constant known as galvanometer constant.

Sensitivity of a Galvanometer
A galvanometer is said to be sensitive, if it produces a large
deflection for small values of 'θ'
𝜃
Sensitivity, S = 𝑖
𝑐
But, i = (𝑛𝐴𝐵)θ

𝜃 𝑛𝐴𝐵
=
𝑖 𝑐

𝒏𝑨𝑩
S= 𝒄

Thus, sensitivity can be increased by increasing the number of

turns (n), area of coil (A), Magnetic field (B) and decreasing
couple per unit twist (c).
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Conversion of Galvanometer into Ammeter

A galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by connecting

a low resistance parallel to it. This resistance is called shunt
resistance. 'G' be the Galvanometer resistance, Ig be the
galvanometer current and I - Ig be the current send through S
Since G and S are parallel,
Potential difference across G = Potential difference across S
Ig G = (I - Ig) S
Ig G = IS - IgS
Ig G - IgS = IS
Ig (G+S) = IS
𝑰𝑺
Ig = 𝑮+𝑺

Conversion of Galvanometer into Voltmeter

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To convert a Galvanometer into Voltmeter, a high resistance is

connected in series. Let R be the resistance connected series to
a galvanometer, Ig is the galvanometer current. The total
resistance of the device is G + R
V = Ig (G+R)
𝑉
=G+R
𝐼𝑔

𝑽
R= -G
𝑰𝒈

1. A galvanometer will have a resistance of 12Ω and the

meter show full scale deflection for a current of 3mA.
How will you convert this meter into a voltmeter of range
0 to 18V?

Given,
V = 18V
G = 12Ω
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Ig = 3mA = 3 x 10−3 A
𝑉
R= -G
𝐼𝑔
18
R= - 12
3 x 10−3

R = 6 x 103 − 12
R = 6000 - 12
R = 5988 Ω

2. A galvanometer has a resistance of 15Ω and the meter

will show full scale deflection on a Current of 4mA. How
will you convert the meter into an ammeter of range 0 -
6A?

Given,
G = 15Ω,
Ig = 4mA = 4 x 10−3 A
I = 6A
IgG = (I – Ig) S
𝑰𝒈𝑮
S = 𝑰−𝑰𝒈
4 x 10−3 ×15
S= 𝟔−4 x 10−3
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4 x 10−3 ×15
S= 𝟐 x 10−3
𝟎.𝟎𝟔
S = 𝟓.𝟗𝟗𝟔
S =0.01 Ω

Ampere's Circuital Theorem

Ampere's circuital theorem states that the line integral of the

magnetic field around any closed path in space is equal to μ0
times the total current enclosed by the path.
Consider a closed path of any shape around a current carrying
conductor. Let 'dl' be the small length and θ is the angle
between dl and B. Then according to ampere's Circuital
theorem,
∲B. dl = μ0 i
Where ‘I’ is the total current
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Applications of Ampere's Circuital theorem

1) Magnetic Field due to a long straight conductor

Consider a long straight conductor XY carrying a current 'i'.

Let 'P' be any point near the conductor at a distance 'r' from the
conductor. In order to find the magnetic field at 'P', Imagine a
closed circular path,
Applying Ampere's Circuital theorem,

⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝑖

⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = ∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 cos 𝜃
⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = ∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 cos 0
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⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = ∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙

∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝑖

𝐵 ∮ 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝑖

i.e., 𝐵 × 2𝜋𝑟 = 𝜇0 𝑖
𝝁𝟎 𝒊
𝑩=
𝟐𝝅𝒓

2) Magnetic field due to a Toroid

Toroid: - Toroid is an endless solenoid in the form of a ring.

Consider a toroid of radius 'r' carrying a current 'i'. Let 'P' be

any point on the axis of toroid.
According to Ampere's circuital theorem,
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⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝑖

⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = ∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 cos 𝜃
⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = ∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 cos 0
⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = ∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙

∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝑖

𝐵 ∮ 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝑖

i.e., 𝐵 × 2𝜋𝑟 = 𝜇0 𝑖
𝐵 × 2𝜋𝑟 = 𝜇0 𝑁𝑖

𝜇0 𝑁𝑖
𝐵=
2𝜋𝑟
Where ‘N’ is the total no. of turns
𝑁
But, =𝑛
2𝜋𝑟

𝑩 = 𝝁𝟎 𝒏𝒊
Where ‘n’ is the no. of turns

2) Magnetic field due to a long solenoid

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Consider a long solenoid of Length 'l' and number of turns 'n'

per unit length carrying a current 'i'. In order to calculate
magnetic field at O, consider a small rectangular path PQRS,

According to Ampere's Circuital theorem,

𝑄

⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 𝜇0 𝑖
𝑝
𝑄
⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝑝 𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝑖

⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝑖

⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = ∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 cos 𝜃
⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = ∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 cos 0
⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = ∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙

∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝑖

𝐵 ∮ 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝑖
 26

𝐵𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝑖
But , 𝑖 = 𝑛𝑖𝑙
𝐵𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖𝑙
𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖

Application Questions

1. Define Tesla
𝐹 = 𝐵𝑞𝑉 sin 𝜃
𝐹
𝐵=
𝑞𝑉 sin 𝜃

If F = 1N, q = 1C, V=1 m/s, 𝜃 = 90, B = 1T

Magnetic field is said to be one tesla, if a charge of 1C moving
at right angles with a velocity of 1m/s experiences a force of
1N.

2. Is there a magnetic force exerted by a magnetic field on a

stationary electric charge?

No, because force exerted by a magnetic field on a charge 'q'

is given by
𝐹 = 𝑞(𝑉 ⃗ ×𝐵⃗)
 27

Since v = 0
𝐹=0

3. In what respect does a wire carrying current differ from

a wire which carries no current?

A current carrying wire produces magnetic field. This is

because when current flows through a wire electron move
inside the wire along a definite direction. On the other hand, a
wire which carries no current, electrons are in random motion
such a wire doesn't produce any magnetic field.
4. Describe the nature of magnetic field as connected with
the nature of current?

A straight conductor: current produces a circular magnetic

field
A circular conductor: current produces a straight magnetic
field

5. What is the function of horse shoe magnet?

It provides a uniform magnetic field
6. What is meant by cyclotron frequency?
Cyclotron frequency is the frequency of rotation of charged
particles in their circular path inside the dees. It is given by,
 28

𝐵𝑞
𝑓=
2𝜋𝑚

7. Which of these has a higher resistance, an ammeter or a

milliammeter why?
A milliammeter has higher resistance than an ammeter because
a small current is passed through a milliammeter compared to
an ammeter.
8. What is meant by dead beat galvanometer?
The galvanometer which will comes to rest at once after the
passage of current is called dead beat galvanometer. Dead beat
means non-oscillating.
9. How is an ammeter connected in an electric circuit?
An ammeter is connected in series in a circuit.
10. How is a voltmeter connected in an electric circuit?
A voltmeter is connected in parallel in a circuit.
11. Why an electron cannot be accelerated by
cyclotron?
Electrons cannot be accelerated by cyclotron because electrons
are extremely light particles. So that they attain realistic
velocity at which mass changes with velocity.
12. What is a solenoid?
A solenoid is a tightly wound helical coil from an insulated
wire. Magnetic field inside a solenoid can be determined by,
 29

B = μ0ni

Problems or Numericals

13. A long straight wire carries a current of 35A. What

is the magnitude of magnetic field at a point 20cm from
the wire?

i = 35A
x = 20 cm = 20 x 10−2 𝑚
𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 𝑁𝐴−2
𝜇0 2𝑙
𝐵= ×
4𝜋 𝑥

4𝜋 × 10−7 2 × 35
𝐵= ×
4𝜋 20 x 10−2

= 3.5 × 10−7 × 102

= 3.5 × 10−5 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑙𝑎
 30

14. A horizontal power line carries a current of 90A in

a east to west direction. What is the magnitude and
direction of magnetic field due to the current 1.5m below
the line?

i = 90A
x = 1.5𝑚
𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 𝑁𝐴−2
𝜇0 2𝑙
𝐵= ×
4𝜋 𝑥

4𝜋 × 10−7 2 × 90
𝐵= ×
4𝜋 1.5

= 1.2 × 105 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑙𝑎

Direction is towards south

Direction of current Direction of magnetic field

East to west South direction
West to east North direction
North to south East direction
South to North West direction
 31

Circular loop

15. Consider a tightly wound 100 turn coil of radius

10cm carrying a current of 1A. What is the magnitude of
the magnetic field at the centre of the coil?

i = 1A
a = 10 c𝑚 = 10 × 10−2 𝑚
n = 100
𝜇0 𝑛𝑖
𝐵=
2𝑎

4𝜋 × 10−7 × 100 × 1
𝐵=
2 × (10 × 10−2 )

2𝜋 × 10−5 × 10 × 1
=
10−2

= 2 × 3.14 × 105 × 10
= 6.28 × 10−4 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑙𝑎

16. A circular coil of 120 turns has a radius 18cm and carry
a current of 3A. What is the magnetic field?
 32

a) At the centre of coil

b) At a point on the axis of the coil?
Given
i = 3A
a = 18 c𝑚 = 18 × 10−2 𝑚
n = 120
𝜇0 𝑛𝑖
𝐵=
2𝑎

4𝜋 × 10−7 × 120 × 3
𝐵=
2 × (18 × 10−2 )

= 0.001256 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑙𝑎

= 1.256 × 10−3 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑙𝑎

b.
𝜇0 𝑛𝑖𝑎2
𝐵= 3
2(𝑥 2 +𝑎2 )2
4𝜋×10−7 ×120×(0.18)2
𝐵= 3
2((0.18)2 +(0.18)2 )2
 33

4𝜋 × 10−7 × 120 × (0.18)2

𝐵= 1 ×3
2((0.18)2 + 2
(0.18) ) 2

1.46 × 10−5
𝐵=
0.0303

𝐵 = 4.8 × 10−4 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑙𝑎

Ampere's Circuital theorem (Problems)

17. A solenoid of length 0.50m has 4 layers of winding

350 turns each. radius of low layer is 1.4cm and carries a
current of 6A. estimate the magnetic field B
a. Near the centre of the solenoid
b. Near the ends
c. Outsides the solenoid

Given
i = 6A
l = 0.50 𝑚 = 18 × 10−2 𝑚
N = 350 × 4 = 1400
𝑁
𝑛=
𝑙
 34

1400
=
0.50

= 2800
a.

𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖
𝐵 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 × 2800 × 6
= 2.1 × 10−2 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑙𝑎
b.
𝜇0 𝑛𝑖
𝐵=
2

2.1 × 10−2
=
2
= 1.05 × 10−2 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑙𝑎
C.
Outside the solenoid B = 0

18. Cyclotron oscillator had frequency of 10

[Link] is the operating magnetic field for
accelerating proton, radius of dees is [Link] is the
K.E of the proton produced by the accelerator?
 35

e = 1.6 × 10−19 𝐶
e = 1.27 × 10−27 𝑘𝑔
f = 10MHz = 10 × 106 𝐻𝑧

2𝜋𝑚𝑓
𝐵=
𝑞

4𝜋 × 10 × 106 × 1.27 × 10−27

𝐵=
1.6 × 10−19

𝐵 = 0.49 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑙𝑎

1 𝐵2 𝑞 2 𝑟 2 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐾. 𝐸 = ×
2 2𝑚

1 (0.49)2 × (1.6 × 10−19 )2 × (60 × 10−2 )2

𝐾. 𝐸 = ×
2 2 × 1.27 × 10−27

𝐾. 𝐸 = 1.4 × 10−12 𝐽

1.4 × 10−12
𝐾. 𝐸 =
1.6 × 10−19

𝐾. 𝐸 = 9368750𝑐𝑣
 36

19. A rectangular coil of area 5× 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 m and 60 turns is

pivoted about one of its vertical sides. The coil is in a
radial horizontal field of 90 gausses. What is the torsional
constant (couple/unit twist) of hair spring connected to
the coil, if the current of 0.20 milliampere produces an
angular deflection of 18?

A = 5 × 10−4 𝑚2
n = 60 turns
B = 90 gauss

(1 Gauss = 1 × 10−4 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑙𝑎)

B = 90 × 10−4 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑙𝑎

i = 0.20 × 10−3 𝐴
𝜃 = 18
niAB = c 𝜃
𝑛𝑖𝐴𝐵
𝑐=
𝜃

60 × 0.20 × 10−3 × 5 × 10−4 × 90 × 10−4

𝑐=
18

= 3 × 10−9 𝑁𝑚/𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒
 37

Lorentz force
Lorentz force is the sum of electric and magnetic force act on
a charged particle.
The force due to electric field:
𝐹 = 𝑞𝐸⃗

The force due to magnetic field:

⃗ ×𝐵
𝐹 = 𝑞(𝑉 ⃗)
Total force
𝐹 = 𝑞𝐸⃗ + 𝑞(𝑉
⃗ ×𝐵
⃗)

⃗⃗⃗⃗ + (𝑉
𝐹 = 𝑞[𝐸 ⃗ ×𝐵
⃗ )]

Magnetic force on a current carrying conductor (Force per

unit length)
 38

When a conductor of length 'l' carrying a current 'i' is placed

inclined at an angle 'θ' with the direction of magnetic field, it
will experience a force.
⃗)
𝐹 = 𝑖(𝑙 × 𝐵
𝐹 = 𝑖𝑙𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝐹 = 𝐵𝑖𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Case-1
When the conductor is placed perpendicular to the direction of
magnetic field (θ= 90 degree)
⃗)
𝐹 = 𝑖(𝑙 × 𝐵
𝐹 = 𝑖𝑙𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝐹 = 𝐵𝑖𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛90
𝐹 = 𝐵𝑖𝑙

Case-2
When the conductor is parallel to the magnetic field (θ=
0degree)
⃗)
𝐹 = 𝑖(𝑙 × 𝐵
𝐹 = 𝑖𝑙𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
 39

𝐹 = 𝐵𝑖𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛0
𝐹=0

Force between two parallel conductors carrying current

P and Q are two parallel conductors separated by a distance 'r'.
Let i1 and i2 be the current through these conductors in the
same direction. each conductor is situated in the magnetic field
due to the other. Hence, they experience a force

Magnetic field at a point distance ‘r’ from the conductor P is

given by
𝜇0 2𝑖1 𝑖2
𝐵= × [1]
4𝜋 𝑟
Magnetic field at a point ‘Q’ Force per unit length is given by
𝐹 = 𝑖𝑙𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 [2]
Sub (1) in (2)
 40

𝜇0 2𝑖1 𝑖2
𝐹= × ×1
4𝜋 𝑟
𝜇0 2𝑖1 𝑖2
𝐹= ×
4𝜋 𝑟
Ampere
𝜇0 2𝑖1 𝑖2
𝐹= ×
4𝜋 𝑟
𝑖1 = 𝑖2 = 1𝐴
r = 1m
𝜇0
𝐹= ×2
4𝜋
4𝜋 × 10−7
𝐹= ×2
4𝜋
𝐹 = 2 × 10−7

Ampere is the constant current maintained in 2 straight parallel

conductors of infinite length placed 1m apart in vaccum will
produce a force of 2 × 10−7 𝑁