Probability and St

a11st1cs
492
v A = log, o a and B = logiob.
where Y = log,o · .' are given by
The nonna I equation - ·
5

iY = mA + B'iX, i

i:XY Al:X + Bl:X a.,

~1,1 u +iii►,. A' s.1 .
- I d of least [Link], find the strai ght line that best Gts the
Example 1 : By the met io
follow ing data:
I 2 3 4 5
.\" l,J NTlJ ( H).June 2010, ,June 2011 (Set No. 2)1
y 14 '27 40 55 68
· I l line be .v = 0 o + a,x .. .. ( I )
Solution : Let the required stra1g,

The normal equati ons are I

2)
ma0 + a1 L-'"i = LY; ; + ao ,L.., X; , •2 _ , ,. \J.
a1L.., ,\ ; - L.., ",. ,
... (

The values of I x, L, Y, L / "! and L xy are calculated as fo ll ows:

,
2
X; Y; x, X;Y;

I 14 I 14
2 27 4 54
3 40 9 120
4 55 16 220
5 68 25 340
I x;= 15, L Y; = 204, I x/ = 55 and L, X;Y; = 748
Substituting these values in (2), we get
15a1 + 5a0 = 204
55a1 + I5a0 = 748

Solving, we get a0 = 0, and a 1 = 13.6 .

Thus the line of best fitting is y = l 3.6x . [Link]

1
Example 2 : d ro '
The temperatures T (in °c) and lengths L ( in -mm ) 0 ·t·.a )leate
given below. If L = a 0 + a 1 T, find the best values fo r a and a, .
T 20 30
u -
40 50 70
L 800.3 800.4 800.6 .8 00.7
60
801.0
-
800.9 - 1h'
~5 ti1
Solution: We require IT,IL,L 2
T and LT
L and these are coinpu tc d •

following table.
r
--
.....-
T L T2
TL
493

20 800.3 400 -
~
160()()
800.4 -
30 <JOO
240I ~
~

40 800.6 1600
~
32024
50 800.7 2500 40035
60 800.9 3600 48054
70 80 1.0 4900 56070
2
IT=2 70 L L = 4803.9 L T = 13900 ITL = 216201
\\"e haw the nomial equations

ma0 + a,L -'"; = LY; ... ( I ); 2

'°'
a0 "~ x,. + a, ~ xI = L r r
"'\"' -,_, ...Ln
Csing (1) and (2), we obtain
6a0 ... 27001 = 480r 9 and 270a 0 + l 3900 a 1 = 21620 I
Sol\'ing these equations, we get a 0 = 800 and a1 = 0.0146 ..

i#i11MiW Cer:nr ~iTn:al r~sIf::1 y arc given below

lf_r = a0 - a, x, find the approximation value s of 0 0 and a,.

fu/lutioo : We form the following table values :
2 .\)'
X y X

0 0
0 I
4 10
2 5
25 60
5 12
49 1-W -
7 20
7X y .\r == ~
I0
LX 14 LY 36 L x2 -

u~ing
norm al equations, we obtain
4 ao + 14u = 36
1
..• ( I )
and ... (2 )
14a0 +78 a1 = 2 10

'1))(1 4_ (2) . 336 -, XlJMi

x4 gives 16a 1 = 336 or u 1 = 16 - -·
From ( I ) --q
45
' 4ao == 36 - 14a 1 = 36 - 14 (2.8tJ66) = - . :i-
~ c,o == - I. I 38 1
ao -
- - l.!381 and a, = 2.896 6.
 Probability and
Statistits

. for the fnll mv ing data

a!ll•dg■ ..
II fit ·1 [Link] 1111c
IP1mut
-
s-
- X H ') ')
-
10_
7 7 8 l,JNTU Sep 2008 (Set N
\'
" ~

5 5 4 5 4 3 4 3 3
- , o. ~
11
-
.
r
-
. 1 he equati on ol the straight Iine is Y = ax + h
J

Solution ·
Nnrma l equati ons ;lre :
Lr - aLx -I nb .. . ( I )

,- . , :... aix! + hlx ... (2)

"'·' ·'
- 11 l)Wtll b) t·,blc
In the lo (
1 t c rms. required in norma I equatmns.
we compute tie
.

.Y :c ' y xy
6 36 s 30
7 49 5 35
7 49 4 28
8 64 5 40
8 64 4 32
8 64 3 24
9 81 4 36
9 81 3 27
10 100 3 30
Lr = 72 I Ix1 = 588 LY= 36 LXY = 282
Substituting these values in ( l ) and (2), we obtain
36 = 72a + 9b ... (3)
282 = 588a + 72b ... (4)
(3) Y 8 - (4) gives
6 = - I 2a ⇒ <1 = 0. 5
From (3), 72(- 0.5) t 9h = 36 ⇒ 9b = 72 or b = 8
:. The req uired line is y = -0.5x + 8.
. ,,
E>.ampk 5: A ch . . l t11ll'
em1ca\ company, wishin g to study the effec t ol. t':\•(r':l(\lll
• .
l
: blt'·
. . .
the cl I1c1ency o ,· an extraction
. . 111 1
operation, obtained the data shown .Ill t he fo\lO'' Ill:-lSi' ~,~ ti
lJNTU 200.i scpI .
Extraction time minutes (x)
27 45 41 19 3 31
39 19 49 15
Eniciency (}1)
57 64 80 46 62 72 57 68
S2 77
Fit a stra ight line to the given data by the method of least squares.
 495
the least squares o r strai ght line of yon y is y _
l'I. Le 1 / - Clo+ a,x
~I equation s are
· 113
JIS J1l)f l
. ~r : : Non + a, L \'
")

,1nd - ·
q 'l' :::: aoL + o,rx-
X y x2 XY
27 57 729 1539
45 64 2025 2880
41 80 168 1 3280
19 46 36 1 874
3 62 9 186
39 72 152 1 2808
19 52 36 1 988
49 77 240 1 3773
15 57 225 855
31 68 961 2 108
288 635 10274 1929 1

I X=288, IY = 635, rx 2 = 10274, rXY = 192 11 and N = 10

Substituting these values in the above normal equations, we get
635 = 10a0 + 288a ••• (I)
1
19291 =288a0 + 102 74a 1 ... (2)
To Gnd ao and a 1, solve these equations.
{] ) x 28.8 ⇒ 288a0 + 8294.4a 1 = 18288
(2) x I ⇒ 288a0 + 10274a 1 = 19291
- 1979.6 a 1 = - 1003
~ al = 0.5066
and a = -1 (635-288a1) ='- (635-145.9) = 48.9 1
·ri.. o IO 10
•nus the t st (0 ' 066)X.
ea square straight line Yon Xis Y === 48.91 + ·'
· Fit a straight line to the fo ll owing data
I 2 3 4
b . .8 3.3 45 63 . 2otl(SCl No,·'ll
eth . . 2010 (H) Dec.
S01 • od of least squares. IJNTU (A), (H) June '
~L
'W et Y = ao + a1x be the least square line.
e calculat
e tx, Ly, tx 2 , Ixy from the given data
 Probability and S
tatistics

\" \' ,•h1

\' \'
. ' . ' I
' '
0 1 n 0
1 I.~ 1 \.8
"')
3.3 4 6.6
3 4.5 9 13 .5
4 6.3 16 25.2
,-X, - \l) ,~,. = \6 9 L./ = 30. L.x,y,
.- I . • I
= 47 .1
The normal equations are
... ( I )

a0 I.x; + o 1L..Yi = ,.
- ., ... (2)
L.,\·;.r;
Substinitin g the above values in (
I) and (2) , we get
Sa0 + 10a1 = 16.9 ... (3)
1000 + 3001 = 47. \ ... (4)
Solving (3) and (4) , we get a =
0 0.72 and a 1 = 1.33
Thus the line of best fit is y = a
0 + a 1x
i.e. y = 0.72 + I .33x

Example 7: Fit a stra ight line to the for

my = a + hx for the following data.
X 0 5 10 15 20 25
)' 12 15 l7 22 24 30
\J NTU May 2007, (H) 2010, Dec. 20 11 ,
(K) Dec. 20 I 5 (Set ~o. ~ll
Solutio n :

.,
XI Y; xi X; Y;
0 12 0 0
5 15 25 75
10 17 100 170
15 22 225 330
20 24 400 480
25 30 625 750
75 120 1375 1805
To fi1t a stra 1.g ht 1·me o1· t I1c 1·orm y = a + bx, we have the nonn 111
al [Link] as fotll ~·
L Y, = 11a + b I, x;
... ( \ )
,
L, X;.\'; = {I L X; + b L ·< ... (2)
 fittin9
curie

Her~ /1 :::: 6, ~ --' == 75, LY; = 120, x~ = IJ? 5 ~-

~ '
'°'
' £...\Y; == 1805
497

6a , 75h - 120
r11us ... (3)
75a+ 1375/J = 1805
Jn 1 55h = 72.2
... (4)
. lving these equations, we get
t)n ~<' ....
J J .2862 and b = 0.697 1
0
. The fitted linear fom1 is y = 11 .2862 + 0.697 lx
iiWO@I: Fit a straight line to the data given below :
- X 1
..,
J 5 7 9
- \' 1.5 2.8 4.0 4.7 6.0
-
IJNTU 2008S, (K)Jun e 2009 (Set No.3)1
Solution: Let the required straight line be y = a + a x .
0 1

The \'alues of LX, LY, Lx 2 , Lxy are calculated as follow s.

,
x, Y, x; X; Y,
l l.5 1 l. 5
3 2.8 9 8.4

5 4.0 25 20.00
~t !'o. 4)1 7 4.2 49 29.4
9 6.0 81 54

Lx, = 25, LY,= 18.5, "f.x? = 165, "f.x, .\', = 11 3.3

The nonnal equati ons are
.. . (2l
,~,ao + a, L x, = LY, ... ( I )
Sunst'1l uting
·
the values, we get
S
uo + 25aI = 18 • 5 (
••• I) 25aU + I65a, = 1 I.'-:'I
" •
Solvin h
gt ese equations, we get a = 1.075, 0 , == O.)-.
--)~
11
Thus th ·
e hne of best fit is y a x ⇒ )' = 1.( >7~· HO·5~5).c Jcll hnving d:iW -
= a 0 -1
u..~ 1
-t /,r to 111c
3

-.._'8111 Fit the least square straight Iin~s Y == " ·

. . , 008 (Set NoA)I
-3 - 1 0 l 4 p Nl l1 ~
2
-0. l - 0.2 - 0.3 -0.3 O. I 0.4
 Probability arid l\
y rJ8
498
\)la,. Cv
I t11 ,· l)C. 1hc lt.:asI .squa re I inc. '\
~olu rion : I c t ' - "n
' ·:1 lct1l ~11 cd as rio I low ..
s
. , \ Ll. ,·
,_, . a rc c ,
l he v:-iluc:- nl ,_ .

T
)
,, l II
\'I \'I-. \JI·

) 0.4 25 -2
-., ~
- 0. 1 9 - 0.3

I - 0.2 I 0.2
0 - O.J 0 0
I - OJ I - 0.3
2 0. 1 4 0.2
4 0 .4 16 0. 16
- -

rI 2 Ir-
• I
0 LX~
I
= 56 LXI-Y,-
I 2.04
~-

The nom,al equations are

ma0 + a 1Lr, = LY;
ao-, ",., - a I LrI 2 = Ix I Y;
Suhs,iruting ihe above va lues, we get

7o0 2a 1 = 0
... ( I )
2u0 -1 56 a1 = - 2.04
... (2)
- 2.04
Solving, u0 == -
194
= - 0.0 105

,:1nd 7
- (uo)
2
0.036~
·.1 ht· line' of bt'!>I Ii i i~ v "o I "i r
I \[Link]: IO : 0.0 I 05 0.0368 (x).
I i11ll rhc hi:~, li1t i11g strai ght line 10 th e data :

' I1~0.!II
IJNTU(A) Juue 200IJ (~"iC i,
1
!>.Ju1iu11 : I. cl J " " "1, he lhc lca, 1 "' Ilia re Iine . Ht're "' = 7 ·
l J1t' normal 1:qua 11011 !) cH\;

,,.
I

In the following table we comput e the terms req uired in nonnal equations.
r,
 -
x,
- ,
•
I 'I r r, ,.,
' -
() 10 0 ()

5 14 _1"
) 70
10 19 100
--
190

15 25 225
-375-
:w 31 400 620
-
25 36 625 900
1--
-
30 39 900 11 70

Total : 105 174 2275 3325

Thus the nomrnl equations are

701, + 10501 = 174 .... ( I )

105011 + 2275a, = 3325 .... (2)

Ill>' IS- (2) gives

-700a, = - 7I5

715
:::) u1 = - = I .02 14 .,
700 -'

(IJ::::, 7uo = 174 - IOSa, = 174 - 105(1.0 2 143) = 174 - 107.25 = 66. 75

66.75
0
o~- - - = 9.5357
7
· 1s
· The line · y = a x + a i.e., y = 9.5357 1- 1.02 1-D x
1 0

"' I ' (l''tighl r .l 1111c' [ll tht'

<bilii · tlUWl•i l3y the method of least squares lind the.: heSL rtui g:... '
given below :
, 11 ( St•I No.411
x: S I() 15 20 25 p NTl l (:\IJUlll' - 00 .
y · I 19
. S 23 26 30
Sotut·
~ •on. L ' I 1·01.11 l I' ~ "11 f ' 'I ·\
--...:...:.. et the require d straight line bt: o l 1 1e ·

lne nonn aI equatio ns are

Illa +
a, Lx, == LY,

l
o
[/ \"'
ii '-l.·, +a ~ 2
I L.. x, == LX )I
' '
 Fittin9
~~ . . 501
. t,·ng these values m norm al equations we ol'lt .
subsuru ' aIll
0 + I 398a2 = I 00, 80a0 + I 398a 1 + 26270
5t10 + 80 1 " 2 = 1684 ·,
+ 2627001 + 52 120202 = 30648
!398Oo
_ . 0 these equations, we get
SO 1\II 0 ::;

0
== - 8.72790 114 ~ a, = 3.009927929
n
a == - 0.0694955 14
:in d ,
The required equation is y = - 0.695x 2 + 3.0 lx - 8.728.
[,ampk 13 : Fit a second degree polynomial to the following data by the method or
least squares :

X 0 1 2 3 4
y 1 l.8 1.3 2.5 6.3
IJNTU 2008, 2008S, 2009, Nov.2009S, (A) May 2012, (K) Dec. 2015 (Set No. J)I
Solution : Let the required polynomial equation is y ::::: ar1;2 + ai-'" + a0 . The nonnal
equations are

LY, =mao + a1L X; + a2 L X;2

L ·\Y; = a0 L x; + a1L x; 2 + a2 Z: x/
I, x/y; = a0 Z: x/ + a :Z:x/ + a2 Z: x/ 1
The above values are calculated by means of the fo ll ow ing table.

- )
3 4 X;-Y;
XI· X·2 X; X;Y ;
Y; I
X;
0 0
0 I 0 0 0
1.8 1.8
I 1.8 I I I
2.6 5.2
2 1.3 4 8 16
7.5 22.5
3 2.5 9 27 81

-LX; 4

:::: 10
6.3

LY;
16

Ii x/ L X;
64
3
LX;
256
4
25.2
~.\"; _\',
::: J7. l
~
100.~
- -
~ .\"I ~ .I'I
== 1JO.>
- 12.9 30 )00 - 354 -

Substitur · 1et 1.,o 1

Sc, tng these values in normal equau ons, we g + 354a: ~ ., ··
r1 1- )0 3oa11 + I 000 I
a1 + 30a1 = 12.9, 10a + 30a + l 00a~ == 3?. l ; == o.55.
Solvin - . o , - - 1.07 and "2
: g these equations, we get a 0 = l .42, 0 1 -
. i hr, o•n - . . • - - - ? I
7
f\"7 , . -I- I .4- .
 '
Probability and Statistics
502

Example 14:
l3 y ihc mdhocl nr lcasl squares fit a parabo la o f the fonn
I IJ.\" + (T · r1r the foll mvin
(
- ,..,u da ta :
:'\ . 'l -1 6 8 10
.. -
v: 3.0 7 12.X5 J 1.4 7 57. 38 ') 1.29
~
-
l,JN1ll2008,{H).Junc2011, (K).J une20 15 (SctNo. )1
4
2
Solution : 7-1,c '"'PqLiation
~
o f the 1rnrabola is Y = a + hx + c:x ... ( 1)
Norm:il equa ti ons are
I ,, = mo + h LX _._ c "i.x ~ .. . (2)
L X\' - al:.,· + h'f.x~ + cLr' .. . (3)
L.\' ~ \' = (I L\'~
, + b LX 1 + C LX4 ... (4)
y
,
.,1· -
X x~ x' Xl -~V

2 ~ 8 16 3.07 6. 14 12.28
-1 16 64 256 I 2.85 5 1.4 205.6
6 36 216 1296 3 1.4 7 188.82 1132.92
8 64 512 4096 57.38 459.04 36 72.32
10 100 1000 10000 9 1.29 9 12.9 9129
Y't = 30 ~x~ = 220 LX 1 = 1800 LX4 = 15664 Ly = 196.06 LX\' = 16 18.3 >r2 v = 141 52.12
Substituting 1he above values in (2 ), (3) and (4), we obtain
196.06 = 5a + 30b + 220c ... (5)
161 8.3 = 30a + 220b + 1800c ... (6)
141 52. 12 = 220a + 1800b + 15664c .. . ( 7)
(5) / 6 ~ 30a + 180/J + 1320c = 1176.36
(6) / I ~ 30a + 220h + 1800c = 1618.3
Subtracting -40b - 480c = - 441 .94
... (8)
(6) , _ 7.333 ~ 220a + 16 13.26/, + 13 199.4c = 11 866.99
(7) / I ~ 220a + 18001> t 15664c = 14 152. 12

Subtracting - 186. 74b _ 24 64 _6 c = _1

2285 3 ... (9)
(8), 40h 1 48Uc = 44 1.94
(9), 18(,.74/J + 2464 .6(' = 2285 . I J
(8) / 4.668 => 186.74h 1 ? 24 () 64
- · c ::::: 2062 9
(9) x I ~ 186.74/J + 2464 .6c -== 2285: 13

Subtracting - 223.96c ::::: _ _

222 23
⇒ C == 0.9922
From (8) ⇒ 40b = 441.94-476 ? _
·- 56 - - 34 3 I 6
~ b = -0.8579 .
rr f ittif19 503
c~""e
S) ::, Sa 1- 30h ~ 220c - 190 .06
f r1ltll (
:=, 5a = 196.06 I 25.737 218.284 - .J.5 I J
::, 0 = - 0.7026.

79.r + 0_9922x2
Thus equation of the parabola is y == 0.7026 - 0.85
nd degree to the data noi · ·
Example IS: Fit a poly nomial of seco , . 111sg,vcn rn the folio"--

111g1,1hk:
X 0 1.0 2.0
\' 1.0 6.0 17.0 l,JNTU ( A) Dec. 20 11 , May 20 12 (Set No. -4)!

Solution : We require the qua ntitics I X;,L I x/ ,I x/, LY,. I x,v, and
2
X; ,

l r/.r. These are computed in the fo llow ing table.

,
3 •4
X; Y; xI.-'J X·I -\; X;Y, X; - Y;

0 I 0 0 0 0 0

6 1 I I 6 6
1

17 4 8 16 34 68
2
1

rx. LX~ J
LX~I L.\"'·/.V·I I..r:-I . \'·I
LY; I Lr=-I I

= 9 = 17 = 40 = 7-+
= 3 ::: 24 = 5
Lsing norm al equations, we get the equations
170~ = 7-i
30u + 3a + 5a = 24 ; 3a + 5a1 + 9a 2 = 40; Sao + 9a, +
1 02
and a~ = 3 ·
Solving these equations, we get a 0 = I, a 1 = 2
· . . . . , -2 From the gi ven data pomts
Th = I + 2., + -'·' ·
.. e required polyno1111al 1s then give n by y
II rs seen th h.1s polynomial fi tting as "exact .
"
at t
• • - - • t n ~ w the foli o,, ing da1:1
• 1 h., · -
b.:11npt1: J<, • f 11 a paraboh ot the lorm \I - "
' 5 6 7
-
I 2 J 4
X )4. ➔

y 2.3 5.2 9. 7 16.5 29.4 }5.5

..
-
loi,• . .2

2.3 9.7 5.2 16.5

y
r <' \ "
(/ l h.
r
r: a parabola o 1· 1I1c 1·Ill·111 .I'
I !ere n -- 7 1·o 111
• s are
Nonna! equa tion
2
Ly == na , h'f.x + c'f.x
txy == aLx + h'f.x2 I- c'f.x 1
504
. to get the equatio ns of parabol a
Solve the three equauon s
Let X == x- 4
Normal cqua t"on s ca n he written as
' . '
Lr = nil -I h'fX ' crX2 ... ( I )

IX_r == aLX + b'fX2 + c'fX 3 ... (2)

== a'fX2 + b'fXJ + c'f X,i ... ( 3)

X V X x2 x1 X -t Xy X 2y -

1 2.3 -J 9 - 27 81 6 .9 20.7

2 5.2 -2 4 -8 16 - 10.4 20.8

"'
.) 9.7 -1 I - 1 I - 9.7 9.7
4 16.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 29.4 I I I I 29.4 29.4
6 35.5 2 4 8 16 71 142
7 54.4 3 9 27 81 163.2 489.6
Total 153 0 28 0 196 236.6 712.2
=LY =LX =IT2 =LXJ = ll4 =IXy =[X ~y
Substituting these values in equations ( I), (2) and (3), we get
?a + 28c = 153 ... (4), 28b = 236.6 ... (5), 28a + 196c = 7 12.2 ... (6 )
From (4), (5), (6) a = 17.0857 , b = 8.45, c = 1. 1928
Substituting these values in

y = a + hX + cX 2 = a + b (x - 4) + c (x - 4 )~
2
= cx -I x (b- 8c) + (a - 4b 1- t 6c)

= l.l 928.x2 + x(8 - 45 - 8( 1. 1928) + 17.O857 - -H 8...t5) r- l oll -~11_'S',

= I . I 928x2 - ( 1.0924 )x + 2.3705
The required equation of parabola is 1. 1928 x~ 1.09~-h + ~.3 705.
Eumple 17 : Fit a parabola of the form . d·tW·
l' _ " -I hx + ex~ 10 the followuig ·

I; I I 23
1
s2
2

Solution : Let the parabola be y ==a+ bx + cx2

3
I I :5 I
97 I 2:.4 3:.5 I5:~
 -- x.I Y;
23
)
X; x~
I ,-~
. I
X;Y; 2
.....,
I I I x, Y,
I
2 5.2 4 23
23
-
8 16
9.7 9 10,4
3 27 20.8
81 29. 1
4 16.5 16 64 87.3
256 66
5 29.4 25 125 264
625 147
6 35.5 36 216 735
1296 213
7 54.4 49 1278
343 2401 380.8 266S.6
28 173.7 140 784 4676 869.3 S073.7
Here [Link] = 28, [Link]= 173.7, 'i..x; = 140, LYt == 784, u;
= 4676 , Ix,y,=
8693
_
and ':.x;y; ==5073.7 (Here a = a , b = al' c; a )
0 2
Substituting these values in normal equations, we get
7a0 + 28a 1 + 140a = 173.7
2 ... (I )
28a0 + 140a 1 + 784a ;
869.35
2 ... (2)
l40a0 + 784a 1 + 4676a - 5073.7
2 ... (3 )
Solving ( I) & (2), we get
28a1 + 224a2 = 174.5 ... (4)
Solving (1) & (3), we get 224a + l 876a = 1599.7 ··· (S)
1 2
Solving (4) & (5), we get b = a = - 13. 16785 and a2 = 2.425 =c
1
and a= a0 = 28.98568
:. The required parabola is y = a + bx + cx2
i.e., Y == 28.98568 - l 3.1 6785x + 2.425x2• .
[Link] e 18 F.1t a curve f I ~ . .1 t· the followmg data.
o t 1e orm y - a + In + n or
30 35
....X 10 15 20 25
~0.5
-y

Sotutio L
35.3 32.4
~ et the required polyn omta 1 e .l - •
29.2
b , - "
26. l
+ bx 1
- .
c,
.,
- ·
23.2
-
then 0
1lnal equati ons are
ty -
; - tna + bI. x . + CL x?
I I

tx;Y;:::c atx . + bI. ? +er. -?

I X1 X1 .
t x2 y
; ;:::c atx? + b I. ...~ + cI.x-4 . ol· l I11.:, 1<,lk>" ,ng.
1ne re ' .,, , d h)' rnt:nn:-
. 1·11e
table: quired terms in the norma l equati..ons are ca1cl 1 ,
 Probability and S .
lat,sti~
506
-l
- XT
) )
,l j X; X; Y; x?
I y.

----
~

, \" I I
X;
100 1.000 10,000 353 3,530
10 35.J
225 3,375 50,625 486 7,290
IS 32.4
400 8,000 16,000 584 11 ,680
20 29.2
625 15,625 3,90,625 652.5 .16.3 12.5
r
_) 26. 1
900 27,000 8 1,000 696 . 20,880
30 23.2
225 42,875 15,00,625 7 17.5 4,612.5
35 20.5
~

Iv .= I .r IJ = I •r3I - Lx~I 1:x.I y I. I "~ y -

I x; = , I
• I I

135 166.7 2,475 97,875 20,48,875 3,489 64,305

a ( 6) + b ( I 35) + c ( 24 75) = I66. 7 ... ( I )
0 (2475) + h (97875) + c (2048875) = 64305 ... (2)
n ( 135) + b (2475) + c (97875) = 3489 .. . (3)
Now we have to solve ( I). (2) and (3) for the values of a, band c.
(i) ( l ) x 1 35 ⇒ 22504.5 = 8 10a + I8225b + 334 125c
(J) x 6 ⇒ 20934 = 8 10a + 148506 + 587250c
Subtracting 1570.5 = 3375b - 2531 25c ... (4)
(ii) (2) x 6 ⇒ 385830 = 14850 o + 587250 b + 12293250 c
(I) x 2475 ⇒ 4 12582.5 = 14850 a + 334 I 25 b + 6 125625 c
Subtracting - 26752.5 = 253 126 b + 6 167625 c ... (5)
(iii) (9) x 253 126 ⇒ 397534383 = 85430250 h - 640725 18750 c
(5) x 3375 ⇒
- 902896875 = 854300250 b + 20815734375 c
On Subtraction, 1300431258 = - 84888253 I 25 c or r. = - 0.01532
From (4), 3375 b = 1570.5 + 253125 ( -0.0 I 532)

=1570.5-3877.825 = -2307.375
-2307.3 75
⇒ b= 3375 =-0.683 7
Substituting b, c in equation ( I ), we get
6a = 166. 7 - 135 (- 0.6837) + 2475 (- 0.0 )
1532
= 166.7 + 92.2995 - 37.917 =:.. 22 l.0825
⇒ a= 36.847 1

:. The required curve is Y == 36.847 1-0.6837x-0.01532.r2

 filling
507
r/- - Fit a parabola to the data given below
X I 2 J 4 5
-
''. 10 12 8 10
-14
. - l,JNTU 2008 (SN No I
. . Let the equation of the parabola be l' = r, 2 + h , · )I
~ . . ,x ., + c ... ( I)
The normal equations are
1.r == aL x 2 + hI x + nc ... (2)
3 2
, n = a 'f, x + bI x + c I x
t., . . .. . (3)
,-t., .,.~v
'
= a'f, x 4 + bI x 3 + cI x 2 ... (4)
The above values are computed by means of the following table.
, x-' x-l
J
x- y xy x2y
- I I 1 1 10 10 10
- 1
- 4 8 16 12 24 48
~
J 9 27 81 8 24 72
4 16 64 256 10 40 160
5 r
_) 125 625 14 70 350
~x = 15 LX~ = 55 u 3 = 225 Ix4 = 979 'f,y = 54 LXV = 168 Lr2y = 640

Suhstituting these values in normal equations, we get

54 = 55 a + 15 b + 5 c ... (5)
168 = 225a + 55b + 15 c •·· (6)
640 = 979 a + 225 b + 55 c •·· ( 7)
(5) x 3 ⇒ 162 = 165a+45b + 15c
(6) ⇒ 168 = 225a+55b+ 15c
Subtracting, -6 = - 60 a - I 0 b
.. . ( 8)
==> 60 a + I 0 b =6
(G) / 55 ⇒ 9240 = 12375 a + 3025 h + 825 c
(7J / IS ⇒ 9600 = 14685 a + 3375 b + 825 c
Subtra Cling,
·
- 360 = - 23 10 a - 350 b
==> 23 10 a + 350b = 360
( 8 ) ✓- 3s ==> 2 100a + 350h = 2 10
(9 ) ==> 23 10 a + 350 h = 360

Subtracting,
- 2 10 a = - 150

a =0.7 14
 Probability ~
sos ario .
J~
6 :> 42. 84 -t IO h - 6
<,O ( ().7 14) • I O />
V,.84 -> h 3.68 4
---> JOh

1 n,m 1,). "c 111,,·c

5::;1 0.7 14) -L 15 ( 3.684) J Sc = 54

c_s.26 + S c = 54 ::> - 15.99 + Sc = 54

_, }Q.27 .1
Sc - 69.99 ==> c - I J.998
The required equation of parabola is y - 0.7 14 x 2 - 3
.684 r 13.99R -1-

Fit the least square parabola y = a + bx+ cx 2 to the data

t t - l l = - 2. _I (0) =I. ./ (I) = 2./( 2) = 4 l,JNTU (A).Ju ne2009 1\t, ,

Solution : We write the data in tabular form
(
,\ -l 0 I 2
.... "I
- 1 - 4
'
Let the required poly nomial be y =a+ bx + cx 2
... . (I)
Vi e ha, e the nonn al equa tions
~ •1 = ma ~ b L xI + c '/_ .,r I2 1•
~ .1 .1
•
=ui x, ..- hLx;+c Lx~;
I
\ • ,- , 3
- X .I = uL.. x,- + I, L X + C ' X -I
L I I
fheabo
,e vaIues are calcu lated by means of th f II
e 0 owmu:::, ta bl t' .
..l 'l
' ), x- rJ ,
' .' \. -1
• I X 1· x,-_r,
-I 2
I, I

I - I I
u I 0
-
")
-1
0
I ")
0 0 0
I
I I ...,
'
-1
-I
4
-1
8
L-' -'1 L.1 s LX~ -6 lo ~ lb
-
~ .

\ub~111u1 111g lh t: l)i:, . I

'
i:I \It: l)
-~ 1
L x, = x L r"'
'
,~ )' \ I '
I I
,~ \
,
\ ,- I ...; 1(1
--
111 nor111al . .
-lu ~ !I> ' <,, 'I l:l1llat1u11 s, w1..· gl'l
!.<1 ~ 6/J ' ~( 12 ... ( I )
(w ➔ ~b ➔ I ~c I<, ... (2)
(I) <2)-" 2 gi ves ... (3)

- I Oh - I Oc = _ 19
> I ()/, ♦ I Uc- = 19
.... (4)