PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT

Control Axis Primary Secondary Further

Surface effect effect effect

Elevator Lateral Pitch Changes Stall or

Airspeed Dive

Rudder Vertical Yaw Roll Spiral Dive

Aileron Longitudinal Roll Yaw Spiral Dive

1. Newton’s first law refers to:
a. Equilibrium

2. Newton’s second law refers to:

a. Acceleration

3. Newton’s third law refers to:

a. Action and reaction

4. Equation of continuity states that if the area of a venturi is decreased

then:
a. The velocity of the air will increase

5. In accordance with Bernoulli's theory when air flows through the throat
of a venturi tube:
a. The velocity increases and the pressure decreases

6. Bernoulli’s principle states that if the velocity of air flowing through a

venturi is increased then:
a. The pressure energy must decrease

7. The layer of air in contact with the surface of an aerofoil during flight is
referred to as:
a. The boundary layer

8. The position which separates laminar air flow from the turbulent air
flow around an aerofoil is called:
a. The transition point

9. The straight line on an aerofoil which joins the centre of curvature of

the leading edge to its trailing edge is called the:
a. Chord line

10. The angle of attack of an aeroplane is defined as the angle:

a. Between the chord line and the relative airflow

11. The angle between an aerofoil's chord line and the relative airflow is
referred to as:
a. Angle of attack
12. When an aeroplane is flying at zero degrees angle of attack, the
pressure along the upper surface of the aerofoil will:
a. Be lesser than the atmospheric pressure

13. The lift force produced by an aerofoil always acts:

a. At 90deg to the relative airflow

14. The lift force produced by an aerofoil always acts:

a. Perpendicular to the relative airflow

15. Regarding the lift formula, the variables for an aeroplane is level flight
are:
a. CL and V2

16. With reference to lift formula, if an aeroplane’s airspeed is doubled,

whilst the angle of attack remains constant, the lift will:
a. Be four times greater

17. The symbol V in the lift formula refers to:

a. TAS

18. On an aerofoil, the point through which the total lift acts is called the:
a. The centre of pressure

19. During level flight, the centre of pressure is:

a. Located aft of centre of gravity

20. Whilst maintaining straight and level flight:

a. The centre of pressure is located behind the centre of gravity

21. During a normal level flight, a reduction in power will cause the nose
of an aeroplane to drop because:
a. The centre of gravity is located forward of the centre of pressure

22. During a straight and level flight the centre of gravity is located:
a. Forward of the centre of pressure

23. As the angle of attack of an aerofoil in normal level flight is increased,

the centre of pressure will:
a. Move forward
24. The effect of centre of pressure as the angle of attack is increased is
that:
a. It moves steadily forward

25. The relationship between the four forces in level flight is that:
a. Lift is equal to weight and thrust is equal to drag

26. In the case of an aeroplane which is required to maintain a constant

altitude whilst reducing power:
a. An increase in the angle of attack must be made

27. If, during a level flight, altitude must be maintained while reducing the
power, the:
a. Angle of attack must be increased

28. The term primary flight control can be applied to:

a. Elevator

29. The term primary flight control can be applied to:

a. Ailerons

30. The term primary flight control can be applied to:

a. Rudder

31. The primary and further effects of rudder are:

a. Yaw then roll followed by a spiral dive

32. The primary and further effects of aileron are:

a. Roll then yaw followed by a spiral dive

33. If only the aileron is applied during a straight and level flight the
following will occur:
a. Roll followed by a yaw and a spiral dive

34. A change in bank will cause an aircraft to rotate around its:

a. Longitudinal axis and centre of gravity

35. A change in yaw will cause an aircraft to rotate around its:

a. Vertical/Normal axis and centre of gravity
36. A change in pitch will cause an aircraft to rotate around its:
a. Lateral axis and centre of gravity

37. An aircraft has three axes of rotation which intersect at:

a. The centre of gravity

38. The rotation of an aircraft about its longitudinal axis is called as:
a. Roll which is controlled by the ailerons

39. The rotation of an aircraft about its vertical axis is called as:
a. Yaw which is controlled by the rudders

40. The rotation of an aircraft about its lateral axis is called as:
a. Pitch which is controlled by the elevator

41. The correct operation of anti-balance tab can be checked before flight
by moving the stabilator and observing that:
a. Anti-balance tab moves in the same direction as the elevator

42. An anti-balance, or anti-servo, tab which is incorporated in a stabilator

will:
a. Move in the same direction as the control surface

43. In order to remove the aerodynamic forces from the controls, balance
tabs are adjusted by the pilot in flight:
a. To operate in the opposite direction to the primary control surface
to which they are attached

44. A mass and balance, extending ahead of the hinge line, is attached to
the leading edge of a control surface in order to:
a. Prevent control flutter

45. In order to counteract the effect of control flutter, the type of control
balance most commonly used in a light aeroplane is:
a. A mass balances

46. The use of horn balance in an aeroplane:

a. Improves the aerodynamic balance of the controls
47. A factor which will affect the longitudinal stability of an aeroplane is:
a. The position of the centre of gravity relative to the centre of
pressure

48. If the centre of gravity is moved aft during flight, the effect will be:
a. To reduce longitudinal stability

49. An aircraft has its CG too far aft would:

a. Be difficult to control in pitch

50. In order to maintain elevator control effectiveness, when loading an

aeroplane, it would be better to:
a. Have a forward centre of gravity

51. Longitudinal dihedral is a design feature used as a method of

improving stability:
a. About the lateral axis

52. Longitudinal dihedral is a design feature which may be used to

improve stability:
a. In the pitching plane

53. Directional stability in an aeroplane is achieved:

a. Through the vertical fin

54. The directional stability of an aeroplane is provided by:

a. The vertical fin

55. The main purpose of a vertical fin of an aircraft is to:

a. Provide directional stability

56. Dihedral is a design method incorporated into aeroplane designs in

order to:
a. Improve lateral stability

57. A design feature used in some aeroplanes to improve lateral stability:

a. Is dihedral
58. The effect of dihedral is to provide lateral stability when turbulence
creates:
a. Sideslip

59. During a sideslip, the effect of dihedral will:

a. Create a rolling force which reduces the slip

60. Application of trailing edge flaps will cause:

a. A decrease in lateral stability

61. A passenger carrying aeroplane is usually designed to have:

a. Dynamic stability

62. A dynamically stable aircraft is the one which, when disturbed from its
flight path, will:
a. Return to the original flight path

63. With reference to the figure below, curve A on the graph indicates:

D
**

a. Induced drag

64. With reference to the figure below, Curve B on the graph indicates:
a. Parasite or profile drag

65. With reference to the figure below, Curve C on the graph indicates:
a. Total drag

66. With reference to the figure below, Position D on the total drag curve
indicated represents:
a. The minimum drag speed
b. The maximum lift to drag ratio
67. Profile or parasite drag increases:
a. With an increase in speed

68. Dust which is on the surface of a wing before flight will often still be
there at the end of the flight because of:
a. Skin friction

69. The portion of airflow over an aerofoil, in flight, which comes into
immediate contact with the surface is slowed down due to the effect
of:
a. Skin friction

70. Induced drag increases:

a. With a decrease in speed

71. Induced drag is created by:

a. The pressure difference between the top and the bottom surfaces
of the aerofoil

72. Induced drag is created by:

a. The lift produced by the wings

73. An increase in induced drag can be expected:

a. When the angle of attack is increased

74. An increase in angle of attack of an aerofoil will:

a. Decrease the pressure above the wing and increase drag

75. An increase in angle of attack of an aerofoil will:

a. Increase the pressure below the wing and increase drag

76. A design feature which is used to reduce induced drag is:

a. Washout

77. When a wing has been given washout, it means that the wing will:
a. Have a decrease in angle of incidence towards the wingtip

78. The angle between the chord line and longitudinal axis is called:
a. Angle of incidence
79. The term “aspect ratio” of an aeroplane’s wing, refers to the ratio of:
a. The wingspan to the mean aerodynamic chord

80. In comparison to a high aspect ratio wing, a low aspect ratio wing will:
a. Create more induced drag

81. One of the effects of using a high aspect ratio wing is that:
a. It creates less induced drag

82. If the gross weight of an aircraft is increased:

a. There will be a greater increase in induced drag than in parasite
drag

83. Adverse aileron yaw (aileron drag):

a. Increases as the angle of attack is increased

84. At high angles of attack:

a. The effects of aileron drag will be more noticeable

85. The initial effect of uncorrected aileron drags, or adverse aileron yaw
is to:
a. Cause an initial yaw to the right when rolling left

86. During entry into a left-hand turn from straight and level flight, rudder
is normally applied in the same direction as ailerons in order to:
a. Correct the adverse aileron yaw created by lowering the aileron
on the right wing

87. In order to reduce the effect of adverse aileron yaw, a common design
feature used:
a. Differential ailerons

88. Differential ailerons are a means used on some aeroplanes in order to:
a. Reduce aileron drag

89. The operation of frise ailerons is such that:

a. The hinge line of both ailerons is located slightly aft of their
leading edges

90. Frise ailerons are a design feature which may be installed on some
aeroplanes in order to:
a. Reduce aileron drag
91. The primary purpose of Fowler flaps is to:
a. Increase the surface area of a wing

92. An increase in the surface area of a wing will have an effect of:
a. Increasing both lift and drag

93. Flaps are provided on many light aeroplanes in order to:

a. Increase both the lift and the drag

94. Trailing edge flaps are provided on an aeroplane in order to:

a. Increase the value of lift created by a wing at a particular angle of
attack and airspeed

95. When lowering trailing edge flaps, the initial effect is that:
a. The centre of pressure generally moves aft

96. Application of trailing edge flaps will:

a. Reduce the L/D ratio

97. Application of flap will:

a. Allow an aeroplane to glide at a steeper angle

98. The application of trailing edge flaps will:

a. Reduce the lift/drag ratio and increase the glide angle

99. An aeroplane which has a high lift/drag ratio:

a. Will have a shallow gliding angle

100. The characteristics of a laminar flow aerofoil are:

a. A low value of coefficient of lift and a low coefficient of drag

101. During a flapless approach to land the nose position of the aeroplane
will be ……. in relation to normal approach with full flap:
a. Higher

102. During a full flaps approach to land the nose position of the
aeroplane will be ……. in relation to flapless approach:
a. Lower
103. The four forces acting on an aeroplane in level flight are normally
arranged so that:
a. An increase in thrust will cause the nose to pitch up

104. During a steady climb the arrangement of four forces is such that:
a. Thrust is greater than drag

105. During a straight climb at a constant speed:

a. lift is less than weight

106. The forces acting on an aeroplane in a climb are so arranged that:

a. The value of lift is less than that of weight

107. In a steady climb, during which both speed and power are constant:
a. Thrust will be greater than drag and lift will be less than weight

108. When climbing the maximum height gained in the shortest distance
will be achieved:
a. By climbing at the best/maximum angle of climb speed

109. When climbing to clear obstacles in the take-off path, an aeroplane

should climb:
b. At the best angle of climb speed

110. When climbing the maximum height gained in the shortest possible
time will be achieved:
a. By climbing at the maximum rate of climb speed

111. With reference to the figure below, the speed at point A indicates:

a. The best angle of climb speed

112. With reference to the figure below, the speed at point A represents:

a. The best rate of climb speed

113. When gliding into wind:

a. The glide angle will increase

114. When gliding with a tailwind:

a. The glide angle will decrease

115. During a glide:

a. Application of flap will reduce the best L/D ratio

116. An increase in weight will:

a. Have no effect on the glide angle

117. If the power is increased during a descent but the speed is kept
constant:
a. The rate of descent will decrease

118. If the power is reduced during a descent but the speed is kept
constant:
a. The rate of descent will increase

119. The force required by the aeroplane to make it turn is:

a. The centripetal force and is created by the wings

120. The force required to turn an aeroplane in flight is called:

a. The centripetal force
121. The total lift produced by the wings during a balanced level turn
must equal:
a. The vertical component of lift and the centripetal force

122. In order to maintain altitude during a turn:

a. The angle of attack must be increased

123. Load factor is the term given to:

a. The resultant of centrifugal force and the gross weight during a
turn

124. During a balanced, level turn at 60° angle of bank in an aeroplane,

the load factor is:
a. Twice the gross weight

125. During a level turn to the left or to the right, the ball of the slip
indicator is located at the centre. This indicates:
a. A balanced turn

126. During a level turn to the left, the ball of the slip indicator is
deflected to the left of centre. This indicates:
a. A slipping turn

127. During a level turn to the left, the ball of the slip indicator is
deflected to the right of centre. This indicates:
a. A skidding turn

128. Ailerons may have to be used to prevent the aeroplane from

underbanking during:
a. A gliding turn

129. An aeroplane will stall as a result of:

a. Exceeding the critical angle of attack

130. During a turn an aeroplane stalls at a higher IAS than it does with
wings level:
a. Because the critical angle of attack is reached at a higher IAS

131. Application of flaps during a turn will:

a. Decrease the stall speed
132. In a straight and level, power off stall, the application of flap will:
a. Decrease the speed at which the stall occurs

133. The use of flaps will affect a power off, straight and level stall by:
a. Decrease the stalling speed

134. The effect of maintaining engine power at the stall will be:
a. To cause a reduction in stalling speed

135. During the approach to a power off stall in level flight:

a. Control effectiveness decreases at a steady rate

136. If the weight of aircraft is increased:

a. The stalling speed will increase and the stalling angle of attack will
remain the same

137. The stalling angle of attack of a particular aerofoil:

a. Will remain constant irrespective of airspeed bank angle or weight

138. The stalling angle of attack of an aeroplane:

a. Remains constant regardless of airspeed or weight

139. Wingtip stalling may be reduced by the incorporation of:

a. Washout

140. Wash out is incorporated in some aeroplane designs in order to:

a. Prevent wingtip stalling

141. During the aerodynamic stage of a spin known as autorotation:

a. The outer wing is partially unstalled whilst the inner wing is stalled

142. During the autorotation stage of a spin to the left:

a. The left wing will have a greater angle of attack than the right
wing

143. In order to initiate spin recovery, the controls should be used in the
following manner:
a. Rudder is applied before elevator

144. In an aircraft which is spinning to the left the application of ailerons

to the right:
a. May delay the spin recovery
145. In terms of the International Standard Atmosphere (ISA), the sea
level density of the air is:
a. 1225 grammes per cubic metre and decreases with altitude

146. In terms of the ISA is the mean sea level temperature is:
a. +15deg C

147. If the temperature of a dry parcel of air is kept constant:

a. An increase in pressure will result in an increase in density

148. If the pressure of a parcel of air is kept constant and the:

a. Temperature is increased, the density will decrease

149. The effect on an aircraft’s performance of an increase in humidity is:

a. To decrease the lift

150. With regard to humidity and air density:

a. Humid air is less dense

151. True airspeed (TAS) is:

a. CAS/RAS corrected for temperature and altitude

152. True airspeed is:

a. Calibrated or rectified airspeed corrected for temperature and
density

153. In order to prevent the effect of gusts or manoeuvring on the

structural integrity of an aircraft, it should not be flown under normal
operating conditions above:
a. Vno