Mini project Report
On
“Create a dApp (de-centralized app) for e-voting system”
By
Karan Sukhadiya 117
Under the Guidance of
Prof. Avnit Mam
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING
Shalaka Foundation’s Keystone School
of Engineering Near Handewadi Chowk,
Pune-412308
SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY
2025-26
A
Mini Project Report
on
“Create a dApp (de-centralized app) for e-voting system”
is Successfully Completed
by
Karan Sukhadiya 117
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING
Shalaka Foundation’s Keystone School
of Engineering Near Handewadi Chowk,
Pune-412308
SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY
2025-26
Prof. Avnit Mam Prof. Sagar Rajebhosale
Project Guide HOD
Shalaka Foundation’s
Keystone School of Engineering
Department of Computer Engineering
Certificate
This is to certify that the Project entitled "Create a dApp (de-centralized app) for
e-voting system" Submitted by Karan Sukhadiya a record of Bonafide work carried
out by him/her, in the fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Degree of Bachelor
of Engineering (Computer Engineering) at Keystone School of Engineering, Pune under
the Savitribai Phule Pune University. This work is done during year 2025-2026.
Prof. Avnit Mam Prof. Sagar Rajebhosale
Guide HOD
Department of Computer Engineering Department of Computer Engineering
Dr. Sandeep Kadam
Principal
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It takes immense pleasure in presenting the complete Mini-Project report on Create a dApp
(de-centralized app) for e-voting system . I extend my deepest gratitude to my guide, Prof. Avnit
Mam for her unwavering support and guidance. I also wish to thank my Head of Department, Prof.
Sagar Rajebhosale, for his invaluable insights. My heartfelt appreciation goes to Dr. Sandeep
Kadam, Principal of my institution, and Prof. Y.R. Soman, Director, for their encouragement and
cooperation throughout the Mini-Project. This Mini-Project would not have been possible without
the support of my faculty members, dear parents, and friends.
Karan Sukhadiya
ABSTRACT
In any democratic country, Voting is a fundamental right of any citizen that enables them to choose the
leaders of tomorrow. As a digital platform, they eliminate the need to cast your votes using paper or
having to gather in person. They also protect the integrity of your vote by preventing voters from being
able to vote multiple times.
Electronic voting or e-voting has fundamental benefits over paper based systems such as increased
efficiency and reduced errors. The electronic voting system tends to maximize user participation, by
allowing them to vote from anywhere and from any device that has an internet connection. The
blockchain is an emerging, decentralized, and distributed technology with strong cryptographic
foundations that promises to improve different aspects of many industries. Expanding e-voting into
blockchain technology could be the solution to alleviate the present concerns in e-voting. Here we
propose a blockchain-based voting system that will limit the voting fraud and make the voting process
simple, secure and efficient.
INDEX
Topic
Certificate
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Chapter- 1 Introduction
1.1 Problem statement
1.2 Background
1.3 Existing system
Chapter-2 Literature Survey
Summary table comparing approaches of Literature Survey papers at least 5
2.1
key published papers
2.2 Gap analysis that justifies your topic
Chapter-3 Methodology /Proposed System Architecture
3.1 Architecture of Blockchain
3.2 Blockchain Network
3.3 Smart Contracts
Chapter-4 Implementation & Results
Implementation details /case study / Experimental setup, screenshots / code
4.1 snippets (if applicable), Observed data/ graphs/ performance metrics
Chapter-5 Advantages / Disadvantages
Conclusion and future work
References
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Problem statement:
The current traditional voting system has several limitations such as lack of transparency, security,
and accountability. The system is vulnerable to fraud, manipulation, and hacking, which can
compromise the accuracy and integrity of the results. Additionally, the traditional voting system
involves a lot of manual processes, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and prone to errors.
Moreover, the current voting system is not accessible to all voters, especially those who are
physically disabled, living in remote areas, or unable to travel to the voting centres. This leads to low
voter turnout, which can affect the legitimacy of the election results.
1.2 Background:
The first things that come to mind about the blockchain are cryptocurrencies and smart contracts
because of the well-known initiatives in Bitcoin and Ethereum. Bitcoin was the first crypto-currency
solution that used a blockchain data structure. Ethereum introduced smart contracts that leverage the
power of blockchain immutability and distributed consensus while offering a crypto-currency
solution comparable to Bitcoin. The concept of smart contracts was introduced much earlier by Nick
Szabo in the 1990s and is described as “a set of promises, specified in digital form, including
protocols within which the parties perform on these promises”. In Ethereum, a smart contract is a
piece of code deployed to the network so that everyone has access to it. The result of executing this
code is verified by a consensus mechanism and by every member of the network.
Figure 1: The Blockchain Structure
1.3 Existing System:
In traditional voting systems, citizens must physically go to a designated polling place and cast their
vote. The voting process is typically paper based, where voters mark their choices on a ballot paper
and drop it into a ballot box. The counting of votes is also carried out manually, which can be
time-consuming and prone to errors. This system can also be susceptible to fraud, as there is no easy
way to verify the accuracy of the results.
Snapshot 1 Traditional Voting system
Some existing e-voting systems use centralized servers to store and process votes. This can be
problematic, as a single point of failure can compromise the entire system. Other systems use
cryptography to secure the voting process, but these systems can be complex and difficult to
implement.
Overall, the existing voting systems have limitations in terms of security, transparency, and accuracy,
which can lead to a lack of trust in the voting process.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE
SURVEY
Sr No Paper Title Author Published Methodology Findings of
Year Paper
Helios: Web-based Ben Adida Proposed an Demonstrated
1 Open-Audit Voting open-source that online voting
web-based can be transparent
2008 e-voting system and verifiable
using
cryptographic
techniques
Survey: Sonia Nakamura 2019 Functional & UI Improved testing
2 Blockchain-Based et al testing coverage
Electronic Voting
(multiple authors)
Emami et al. — A. Emami, M. JavaScript Reduced invalid
3 Scalable Abbaszadeh, and validation study user input
privacy-preserving F. Farahmandian 2023
e-voting
Russo et al. — A. Russo, C. MySQL-based Strengthened data
4 Chirotonia: ring Esposito, and K. security testing security
signature e-voting Fedorov
2021
Hajian-Berenjestana M. Manual & Improved system
5 ki — Hajian-Berenjesta automated testing reliability
Blockchain-Enabled naki and H. Zhou 2023
E-Voting Systems
(review)
\ CHAPTER3
METHODOLOGY /PROPOSED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
3.1 Architecture of Blockchain
1. Components:
These are the main architectural components of Blockchain:
Figure 2: Core Components of Blockchain Architecture
❖ Node: Users or computers in blockchain layout (every device has a different copy of
a complete ledger from the blockchain)
❖ Transaction: It is the blockchain system’s smallest building block
(records and details), which blockchain uses.
❖ Block: A block is a collection of data structures used to process transactions over the network
distributed to all nodes.
❖ Chain: A series of blocks in a particular order.
❖ Miners: Correspondent nodes to validate the transaction and add that block into the
blockchain system.
❖ Consensus: A collection of commands and organizations to carry out blockchain processes.
Blockchain architecture has many benefits for all sectors that incorporate blockchain. Here are a
variety of embedded characteristics :
□ Cryptography: Blockchain transactions are authenticated and accurate because of
computations and cryptographic evidence between the parties involved;
□ Immutability: Any blockchain documents cannot be changed or deleted;
□ Provenance: It refers to the fact that every transaction can be tracked in the blockchain ledger;
□ Decentralization: The entire distributed database may be accessible by all members of the
blockchain network. A consensus algorithm allows control of the system, as shown in the core
process;
□ Anonymity: A blockchain network participant has generated an address rather than a user
identification. It maintains anonymity, especially in a blockchain public system;
□ Transparency: It means being unable to manipulate the blockchain network. It does not
happen as it takes immense computational resources to erase the blockchain network.
Figure 3.2 Characteristics of Blockchain Architecture
3.2 Blockchain Network:
The blockchain network will ensure that the voting data is secure and tamper-proof, and that the
results are accurate and trustworthy.
Here are some important aspects and characteristics of a blockchain network:
□ Decentralization: Blockchain networks are decentralized, meaning there is no central authority
or single point of control. Instead, the network consists of multiple nodes, each participating in
the validation and maintenance of the blockchain. This decentralized structure enhances
security, transparency, and resistance to censorship or tampering.
□ Distributed Ledger: The blockchain is a distributed ledger that records a chronological and
immutable history of all transactions and data within the network. Each participating node
maintains a copy of the entire blockchain, ensuring that all nodes have access to the same
information. This distributed nature eliminates the need for a central database and enables
transparency and consensus among participants.
Figure 3: Block Structure
3.3 Smart Contracts:
A smart contract is a self-executing computer program that is built on top of a blockchain network.
Smart contracts are designed to automatically execute the terms of an agreement when certain
conditions are met. They are used to automate the execution of contracts, agreements, and other types
of transactions.
Here are some key characteristics and aspects of smart contracts:
□ Digital Agreements: Smart contracts are digital representations of traditional legal
agreements. They define the terms, conditions, and rules of a particular agreement or
transaction. The terms are written in code, making them verifiable, transparent, and
tamper-proof.
□ Self-executing and Autonomous: Once deployed on a blockchain, smart contracts are
self-executing, meaning they automatically perform the actions defined within the code when
specific conditions are met. They operate without human intervention and follow a
predetermined logic, eliminating the need for intermediaries or third parties.
CHAPTER 4
IMPLEMENTATION & RESULTS
Snapshot 5 Deployed Contract on Polygon Test Network
Snapshot 6 Home Page of Blockchain Voting System
Snapshot 7 Admin User Interface
Snapshot 8 Transaction Conformation through MetaMask
Snapshot 9 User Interface before start of an Election process
Snapshot 10 User Interface for Voting Process and Transaction Conformation
CHAPTER 5
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
● Advantages:
○ Security and Tamper Resistance: Blockchain’s distributed ledger structure makes it extremely
difficult for malicious actors to manipulate voting records or corrupt data, ensuring votes are
recorded securely and are immutable.
○ Transparency and Auditability: All transactions, including votes, are transparently recorded,
allowing open review and verifiability of results without reliance on a central authority.
○ Decentralization: Eliminates a single point of authority or failure, reducing the risk of manipulation
or systemic shutdowns. Elections become less prone to centralized fraud and more robust to
cyberattacks.
○ Privacy (potentially): Voter-identifying information can be protected with encryption and use of
public-key cryptography and anonymized hashes, giving voters privacy while preserving
auditability.
○ Remote Participation: Enables remote voting, increasing accessibility for eligible voters who
cannot physically access polling stations.
● Disadvantages:
○ Technical Complexity: Implementing secure, decentralized protocols introduces significant
software and governance complexity. Fixing vulnerabilities takes longer and coordination is harder
due to decentralized system design.
○ Key Management and Usability Risks: If voters lose their cryptographic keys, they are
permanently locked out; compromised keys allow attackers undetectable access to vote as someone
else.
○ Privacy and Coercion Risk: Poorly designed blockchain systems may fail to fully protect voter
anonymity, exposing ballots to potential coercion or linking votes to voter identities, which is a
major concern in election integrity.
○ Scalability and Cost: As transaction rates grow, blockchain networks may experience delays and
increasing costs, making large-scale elections technically and financially challenging.
○ Regulatory and Social Acceptance: Jurisdictions may resist adopting this technology over
concerns about trust, technical capacity, or auditability. Some implementations have failed due to
lack of transparency or open source verification
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the proposed e-voting system based on blockchain technology has the potential to
revolutionize the traditional voting process. The system provides numerous benefits, including
increased security, transparency, and accuracy. Utilizing blockchain technology, the proposed e-voting
system provides a tamper-proof and immutable record of all transactions, ensuring that the results of
the election are accurate and trustworthy.
The use of smart contracts in the proposed system also automates the voting process, reducing the chances
of human error and manipulation. The system's transparency and auditability features enable voters to
verify their votes and ensure that their votes are counted. The proposed system's decentralized and
distributed nature makes it resistant to attacks and manipulation, enhancing its security.
The evaluation of the proposed system will provide insights into its effectiveness and feasibility. The
evaluation results will help identify areas for improvement and future development, ensuring that the
proposed e-voting system continues to meet the evolving needs of voters and election officials.
REFERENCES
[1] Benabdallah, A. Audras, L. Coudert, N. El Madhoun and M. Badra, "Analysis of Blockchain Solutions
for E-Voting: A Systematic Literature Review," in IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 70746-70759, 2022, doi:
10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3187688.
[2] S. Al-Maaitah, M. Qatawneh and A. Quzmar, "E-Voting System Based on Blockchain Technology: A
Survey," 2021 International Conference on Information Technology (ICIT), Amman, Jordan, 2021, pp.
200-205, doi: 10.1109/ICIT52682.2021.9491734.
[3] M. Al-madani, A. T. Gaikwad, V. Mahale and Z. A. T. Ahmed, "Decentralized E- voting system based on
Smart Contract by using Blockchain Technology," 2020 International Conference on Smart Innovations
in Design, Environment, Management, Planning and Computing (ICSIDEMPC), Aurangabad, India,
2020, pp. 176-180, doi: 10.1109/ICSIDEMPC49020.2020.9299581.
[4] S. T. Alvi, M. N. Uddin and L. Islam, "Digital Voting: A Blockchain-based E-Voting System using
Biohash and Smart Contract," 2020 Third International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive
Technology (ICSSIT), Tirunelveli, India, 2020, pp. 228- 233, doi: 10.1109/ICSSIT48917.2020.9214250.
[5] K. Patidar and S. Jain, "Decentralized E-Voting Portal Using Blockchain," 2019 10th International
Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT), Kanpur, India,
2019, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/ICCCNT45670.2019.8944820.