CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
The proposed project is a G+4 STRUCTURE designed to accommodate 30 students
per department annually. It includes well-planned classrooms, staff rooms, laboratories,
seminar halls, and administrative areas. The building emphasizes functionality, durability,
and sustainability while ensuring proper lighting, ventilation, and accessibility. The design
aims to provide a modern, efficient, and comfortable learning environment that supports
academic growth and excellence.
1.2 Standards and Codes
The proposed project is a G+4 Commercial Building designed to accommodate five
shops on each floor. The design and planning are carried out in accordance with NBC 2016
(both volumes) and relevant IS codes to ensure compliance with structural safety,
accessibility, and fire protection standards. The structure is planned as a reinforced cement
concrete (RCC) framed system with isolated footings provided to safely transfer loads to the
soil, ensuring stability and durability. The building layout includes retail spaces, service areas,
staircases, and sanitary facilities, designed for smooth circulation and ease of access.
Emphasis is placed on structural integrity, energy efficiency, and sustainability, incorporating
provisions for natural lighting and cross ventilation to create a comfortable indoor
environment. Overall, the project aims to establish a modern, safe, and efficient commercial
complex that supports business growth while contributing to sustainable urban development.
1.3 Types of Building
A G+4 commercial building can be categorized based on its structural system and
function. Generally, such buildings are designed as reinforced cement concrete (RCC) framed
structures, where beams, columns, and slabs carry the loads, and the walls serve only as
partitions. This system provides high strength, durability, and flexibility in planning for
various commercial uses such as offices, shops, or showrooms. Load-bearing structures are
rarely used for G+4 buildings as they are not economical or structurally efficient for taller
frames. In some cases, composite or precast systems may be adopted to improve construction
1
speed and performance, but RCC framed structures remain the most common and suitable
choice for G+4 commercial buildings due to their structural stability and adaptability.
1.3 RCC Framed
Structure RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) framed structures are commonly used
in college buildings for their strength, durability, and design flexibility. Beams and columns
form a frame that supports the building, allowing larger spans and open spaces without load-
bearing walls. RCC frames also resist natural forces like earthquakes and wind, making them
ideal for multi-storey buildings while following national guidelines to ensure safety and
long-term performance.
1.1 Objectives
• The main objective of this project is to plan, analyze, and design a safe, functional,
and cost-effective G+4 STRUCTURE building located in Avinashi. The project
aims to:
• Develop an efficient architectural layout that meets user requirements and complies
with building regulations.
• Create accurate 2D drawings using AutoCAD and 3D visualizations using Revit
for better design understanding.
• Perform structural analysis and design using [Link] to ensure the building’s
stability, safety, and durability under various loading conditions.
• Apply relevant IS codes and engineering standards for structural design and
detailing.
• Ensure optimal use of materials and construction techniques to achieve cost-
efficiency without compromising quality.
• Prepare comprehensive design documentation including structural drawings,
design calculations, and material estimations..
2
1.2 Scope
• Engineering drawing's scope encompasses the creation and interpretation of
technical drawings used in various engineering fields
• accurate production of objects and structures. This scope extends from basic
drafting skills to advanced 3D modeling and analysis techniques.
• Tools for drawings are
• Structural Engineering.
• Structural Design.
• AutoCAD Civil 3D.
• Revit.
3
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Liao W. (2024) — This review synthesizes recent advances in generative AI for building-
structure design, showing how generative models and optimization pipelines are increasingly
used to create materially efficient reinforced-concrete layouts and automate early-stage G+4
building geometry iterations while noting challenges in validation and code compliance.
Le Nguyen K. (2024) — Le Nguyen presents a combined generative-AI and multi-objective
optimisation framework applied to concrete mix design, demonstrating how AI can balance
strength, cost and embodied-CO₂ objectives—an approach relevant to selecting rainforest-
appropriate mixes for tropical G+4 commercial projects.
Pallapothu S. N. R. G. (2023) — This study focuses on predicting concrete compressive
strength u sing particle-packing theory and machine learning, offering practical mix-
design predictors that can feed into generative-design workflows for moderate-height
buildings where local aggregate and moisture conditions matter.
Barbhuiya S. & Sharif S. (2023) — Their conference paper reviews AI advances in concrete
mix design and highlights practical applications and challenges (data scarcity,
generalisability), arguing that AI-generated mixes must be experimentally validated before
being used in real-world G+4 commercial construction
Gamil Y. (2023) — This broader review of machine learning in concrete technology surveys
applications from fresh-state prediction to durability assessment, and recommends hybrid
physics-informed + data-driven models for dependable mix design in aggressive
tropical/rainforest environments.
Luo D. (2025) — Luo’s review maps AI across the entire concrete lifecycle (material
selection, mix optimisation, process control and quality assurance), showing strong predictive
4
performance from ensemble models and outlining how lifecycle-aware AI could reduce
embodied carbon in G+4 commercial concrete systems
Muhit I. B. (2025) — This article surveys computational models for concrete degradation
(carbonation, chloride ingress, freeze–thaw) and highlights integrating AI with mechanistic
durability models—critical for rainforest-adjacent G+4 designs where long-term exposure
and serviceability must be forecasted.
Sinha and Roy (2018) -- Studied the behaviour of one-way slabs under different live loads
and observed that maintaining an appropriate effective depth and correct placement of tensile
reinforcement is critical to avoid excessive deflection. Their experiments confirmed that slabs
designed using IS 456:2000 codes performed reliably under service loads and provided
sufficient safety margins for bending and shear stresses.
Kumar et al. (2020)-- analyzed two-way slabs in multi-storey buildings and reported that load
distribution along the longer span often governs the reinforcement requirement. They
highlighted that neglecting this factor could lead to under-reinforced zones and early cracking.
Their findings emphasized the importance of proper calculation of bending moments in both
directions and spacing of main and secondary bars.
Rao and Sharma (2019) -- conducted experimental tests on short and slender reinforced
concrete columns subjected to axial and eccentric loads. They concluded that columns
designed with minimum longitudinal steel as per IS 456 exhibited ductile behaviour, whereas
columns with insufficient ties experienced sudden failure. The study reinforced the importance
of tie spacing and cover for durability and stability.
Patel and Desai (2021) -- investigated the impact of dead loads, live loads, and floor finishes
on slabs and beams. Their study found that using proper factored loads (1.5 times service
loads) during design ensures that both bending moments and shear forces remain within safe
limits
5
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
1 COLLECTING & VERIFY THE DOCUMENT
2 PLANNING OF BUILDING ( USING AUTOCAD)
3 2D DRAWING FOR RESPECTED STRUCTURE ELEMENT
4 3D DRAWING FOR RESPECTED STRUCTURE
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BUILDING (USING [Link])
5
6 DESIGN (USING [Link] 2025)
7 MANUAL DESIGN
CONCULUSION
8
REPORT PREPARATION
9
REPORT SUBMISSION
10
6
CHAPTER 4
SPECIFICATION
Standard /
Specification / Allocated /
Category Item / Utility Code
Description Provided
Reference
As per Ground + 4
Architectural Total Floors Ground + 4 Floors
building plan Floors
3.3 – 3.6 m (typical
Floor Height NBC Part 3 3.3m
commercial)
As per site
Plot Area — sq.m 2182SQFT
layout
Min 3 m sides, 6 m
Local 6m in front
Setbacks front (varies by local 4m in side
Authority
bylaw)
Lift Lobby &
Min width 1.5 – 2.0 m NBC Part 8 3m
Corridor
NBC Part 8,
Staircase Width Min 1.5 m 2m
Sec 3
1 car / 50 m² built-up 8-car
Parking Provision Local bylaw 13-bike
area (typical)
Ramp for Differently
1:12 slope NBC Part 3 -
Abled
300×600 mm to
Structural Column Size IS 456:2000 300x600mm
450×750 mm
230×450 mm to
Beam Size IS 456:2000 300x450mm
300×600 mm
Slab Thickness 125 – 150 mm IS 456:2000 150mm
Isolated / Combined /
Footing Type IS 456:2000 Isolated
Raft
M25 (min) for
Concrete Grade IS 456:2000 M25
structural
Steel Grade Fe 500 / Fe 550 IS 1786:2008 Fe 500
Clear Cover (Footing
25mm-beam
/ Beam / Slab / 50 / 25 / 20 / 40 mm IS 456:2000 40mm-column
Column)
Safety & At all entry/exit & All Entry and
CCTV Local Norms Exit
Security common areas
Site Utilities Compound Wall 1.8 – 2.1 m height NBC Part 3 2m
7
Standard /
Specification / Allocated /
Category Item / Utility Code
Description Provided
Reference
4.5 – 6 m (main), 3 m
Gate Width — 5m
(service)
Landscaping Area 10–15% of site — 10%
Concrete / Paver
Pathways & Paving IS 15658 Concrete
blocks
Miscellaneous Sign Boards As per local approval —
DG Room / As per load &
—
Electrical Room ventilation norms
For plumbing &
Maintenance Room —
electrical
Garbage Collection
Separated wet/dry SWM Rules
Point
8
CHAPTER 5
SURVEY WORK / DATA COLLECTION
5.1 Site Location
Our site located near semeambiyanallur in tirupur
1) Area Available : 13.72 Cent
2) Area Proposed : 2182.5QFT (Per Floor)
3)Soil Condition : Medium Soil
Fig 5.1 Showing the Location of the site
(The above picture is taken from GA Drawing)
9
Fig 5.2 Showing the Site Layout (Site no 14,15,16)
10
CHAPTER 6
PLANNING
6.1 BUILDING DRAWINGS
Fig 6.1 Showing the Elevation
Fig 6.2 Showing the Cross Section Details
11
Fig 6.3 Section A-A
Fig 6.4 Section B-B
12
Fig 6.5 Showing the Isometric View
Fig 6.6 Showing the Ground Floor Plan (Other Floors Are Same As First Floor)
13
Fig 6.7 PARKING
14
CHAPTER 7
ANALYSIS
7.1 Structural Design
Structural analysis for G+4 building involves assessing the structural integrity and
stability of the building. The below mentioned key steps are followed to do structural analysis
process
7.1.1 Load Calculation
Determine and calculate all relevant loads, including dead loads (self-weight of
concrete members like slabs, beams, and columns), live loads (occupancy, furniture, and
equipment), and Seismic loads (as per the site conditions and IS standards). Ensure
appropriate load combinations are applied for design safety.
7.1.2. Material Selection
Choose appropriate materials for the structural components, considering factors
such as strength, durability, and resistance to corrosion. Common materials include steel for
reinforcement and concrete for foundations.
7.1.3. Element Analysis
Select suitable materials for the reinforced concrete structure, considering strength,
durability, and environmental conditions. Use high-quality concrete of appropriate grade
(e.g., M25 or above) and reinforcement steel (e.g., Fe 500) to ensure safety and long-term
performance. Proper cover and curing should be provided to prevent corrosion and cracks.
7.1.4. Foundation Design
Design the foundation based on soil bearing capacity and type of substructure
required. Common types include isolated, combined, raft, or pile foundations. Ensure the
foundation transfers loads safely to the ground without excessive or differential settlement.
7.1.8 Analysis of Structural Components
Carry out detailed analysis for each structural component—beams, slabs, columns,
and footings—to determine bending moments, shear forces, and axial forces.
7.1.9 Serviceability Check
Verify deflection, cracking, and vibration limits to ensure comfort and long-term
performance of the building under service load
15
7.2 ANALYSIS OF RCC STRUCTURE USING [Link]
7.2.1. Geometry Input
Create the geometric model of the RCC structure in [Link]. Input nodes, members,
and supports. Ensure accuracy in terms of dimensions, member orientations, and connections.
7.2.2. Material Properties
Define material properties for all structural members. Typically, RCC structures use
concrete, so input the appropriate material properties such as modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio,
and density.
7.2.3. Support Conditions:
Specify support conditions at the foundation level. Common supports include fixed supports
or Pinned supports depending on the foundation type.
7.2.4. Load Application:
Apply various loads to the structure, including dead loads, live loads, seismic loads, and any
other relevant loads based on the structure's intended use and location. Ensure proper load
combinations as per the Indian design code .
7.2.5. Load Combinations:
Define load combinations as per the Indian design code specifications. [Link] allows
you to create combinations considering various load scenarios, such as different combinations of
dead load, live load, seismic load, etc.
7.2.6 Perform Structural Analysis:
Run the analysis in [Link]. The software will calculate the member forces, reactions,
and deformations based on the applied loads and structural configuration.
7.2.7 Review Analysis Results:
Review and interpret the analysis results, which include member forces, support reactions,
and displacements. Ensure that the structure satisfies the required safety and serviceability criteria.
7.2.8 Design Code Check:
Perform a design code check to verify whether the structural members meet the code
requirements for strength, deflection limits, and other design criteria.
7.2.9 Generating Reports:
Generate analysis and design reports from [Link]. These reports provide a detailed
overview of the structure's behaviour and member design checks.
16
7.3 Geometry
Fig 7.1 Showing the Main Structure
7.4 Properties
Fig 7.2 Showing the Primary Column Properties
17
Fig 7.3 Showing the Primary Beam Properties
7.5 Supports
Fig 7.4 Showing the Supports of the Structure
18
7.6 Loads
Fig 7.5 Showing the Dead Load of the Structure
Fig 7.6 Showing the Live Load of the Structure
19
Fig 7.7 Showing the Seismic Load of the Structure
7.7 Bending Moment and Shear Force
Fig 7.8 Showing the Bending Moment of Structure
20
Fig 7.9 Showing the Shear Force of Structure
7.8 Three-Dimensional Rendered View
Fig 7.10 Showing the 3D Rendered View of Structure
21
7.9 Design Result from Staad
Fig 7.11 Showing the STAAD. PRO Res
22
CHAPTER 8
DESIGN
8.1 COLUMN DESIGN
Column size 450 × 450 mm
Leff = 5 m
Effective span / length
= 5000 mm
w = 40 kN/m
Service load (DL+LL) → total factored axial load Pu
= 1.5 × (40 × 5) = 300 kN
λ = Leff / least lateral dimension
Slenderness ratio (λ)
= 5000 / 450 = 11.11 → short column
lmin = L / 500 + D / 30
= 5000 / 500 + 450 / 30
Minimum eccentricity (lmin)
= 10 + 15
= 25 mm
Minimum eccentricity (emin) emin = 0.05 × D
23
= 0.05 × 450
= 22.5 mm
Ag = b × h
Gross sectional area (Ag) = 450 × 450
= 202500 mm²
Axial load formula Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc
300 × 10³
Solve for steel area (Asc) = 0.4 × 25 × (202500 - Asc) + 500 × Asc
→ Asc = 2074 mm²
p = (Asc / Ag) × 100
Percentage of steel (p) = 2074 / 202500 × 100
≈ 1.02% → OK
ast = π / 4 × 25²
Area of single 25 mm bar
= 490.87 mm²
n = Ast /ast
Number of bars (n)
= 2074 / 490.87 ≈ 4.22
24
→ provide 4 bars of 25 mm
Diaties = 1/4 main bar
= 25 / 4
Lateral tie diameter
= 6.25 mm
→ provide 8 mm ties
As per IS 456: max 16 × bar dia or 300 mm
Spacing of lateral ties
→ use 8 mm @ 200 mm c/c
Concrete cover 40 mm
8.2 BEAM DESIGN
Formula Calculation & Answer
L 5.0 m
b 300 mm
D 450 mm
d 400 mm
w 40 kN/m
fck 25 MPa
fy 415 MPa
25
Formula Calculation & Answer
M = 40 × 5² / 8
M = wL²/8 = 125 kN·m
= 125 × 10⁶ N·mm
0.138 × 25 × 300 × 400²
Mu,lim = 0.138 fck b d² = 165.60 × 10⁶ N·mm
= 165.60 kN·m
Comparison: M vs Mu,lim 125 kN·m < 165.60 kN·m
xu,lim = 0.46 d 0.46 × 400 = 184 mm
0.36 × 25 × 300 × 184 / (0.87 × 415)
A_st1 = 0.36 fck b xu,lim / (0.87 fy)
= 1375.99 mm²
0.9 × 400
z ≈ 0.9 d
= 360 mm
125 × 10⁶ / (0.87 × 415 × 360)
Ast = M × 10⁶ / (0.87 fy z)
= 961.70 mm²
961.70 / 201 ≈ 4.78
n_16 = Ast / A_16 (A_16 = 201 mm²)
→ provide 5 × Ø16 mm (total 1005 mm²)
26
Formula Calculation & Answer
1.5 × 40
wu = 1.5 w
= 60 kN/m
60 × 5 / 2
Vu = wu L / 2
= 150 kN
150 × 10³ / (300 × 400)
τv = Vu / (b d)
= 1.25 N/mm²
0.85 × 300 × 400 / 415
Ast,min = 0.85 b d / fy
= 245.78 mm²
0.04 × 300 × 450
Ast,max = 0.04 b D
= 5400 mm²
27
8.3 DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLAB
Step / Formula Calculation & Answer
Slab size 5×2m
Width of wall 230 mm
Assumed B 1m
fy 500 N/mm²
fck 25 N/mm²
Ly / Lx
Lateral span ratio =5/2
= 2.5 → One-way slab
l/d
= 25 → d
Step 1: Thickness of slab = L / 25
= 2000 / 25
= 80 mm
d’ = 20 mm;
Effective cover
π = 10 mm
28
Step / Formula Calculation & Answer
→ cover = 20 + (10/2)
= 25 mm
D = d + d’
Overall depth = 80 + 25
= 105 mm
i) Clear span + effective depth
Step 2: Effective span = 2 + 0.08
= 2.08 m
ii) c/c of supports
= 0.23/2 + 2 + 0.23/2
= 2.23 m
→ L_eff = 2.16 m (least value)
Self-weight
= b × D × unit wt of concrete
Step 3: Load calculation
= 1 × 0.105 × 25
= 2.625 kN/m
29
Step / Formula Calculation & Answer
L.L = 4 kN/m;
Floor finish
= 1.5 kN/m
Total load
= 2.625 + 4 + 1.5
= 8.125 kN/m
Wu = 8.125 × 1.5
Ultimate load
= 12.1875 kN/m
B.M = Wu × L² / 8
Step 4: Bending Moment &
= 12.1875 × 2.8 × 2.8 / 8
Shear
= 11.99 kN·m
SF = Wu × L / 2
= 12.1875 × 2.8 / 2
= 17.06 kN
Mu_lim = 0.138 × fck × b × d²
30
Step / Formula Calculation & Answer
Step 5: Check for Mu_lim = 0.138 × 25 × 1000 × 80²
= 22.08 × 10⁶ N·mm
Mu < Mu_lim
→ Under-reinforced section
Step 6: Reinforcement (Area of Mu = 0.87 × fy × Ast × d (1 – (Ast × fy)/(b × d ×
Steel) fck))
11.99 × 10⁶
= 34800 Ast – 8.7 Ast²
→ Ast = 380 mm²
Use 10 mm rod → Ast_single
= π × 10² / 4
= 78.5 mm²
Number of bars
= 100 × (Ast_single / Ast)
= 100 × (78.5 / 380) ≈ 20.65
→ 130 mm spacing (say)
31
Step / Formula Calculation & Answer
Pt = 100 × Ast / (b × d)
Step 7: Check for reinforcement = 100 × 380 / (100 × 80)
= 0.475%
Minimum steel
= 0.12% of section
= 0.12 / 100 × b × d
= 96 mm²
Shear stress: Zc = 0.4 N/mm²;
Zv = Vu / (b × d)
= 0.213 N/mm²
→ Zc > Zv
Sv = 100 × (Ast_single / Ast)
= 100 × (π / 4 × 8² / 96)
= 53.35 mm
τc × k
32
Step / Formula Calculation & Answer
= 0.4 × 1.24
= 0.496
→ τc(k) > Zc → OK
(L/d)max = (L/d)basic × Kc × Kt × Kf; Kc
= Kt = Kf = 1
Step 8: Deflection check → (L/d)max
= 2080 / 80
= 26
Fs = 0.58 × fy × (Ast_req / Ast_pro)
= 0.58 × 500 × 380 / 480
(L/d)actual
= 2800 / 80 = 25;
(L/d)max = (L/d)basic × Kc × Kt × Kf = 20 × 1.4
×1×1
= 29
(L/d)actual
33
Step / Formula Calculation & Answer
= 26 < 29
→ In control
8.4 DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB
Step / Formula Calculation & Answer
Lx 1.828 m
Ly 4.876 m
Width of slab 1m
Concrete grade M25 (fck = 25 N/mm²)
Steel grade Fe500 (fy = 500 N/mm²)
Exposure Moderate
Support condition Simply supported
Ly / Lx = 4.876 / 1.828
Step 1: Slab type = 2.67
→ One-way slab
l/d = 25 → d
Step 2: Thickness of slab
= Lx / 25
34
Step / Formula Calculation & Answer
= 1828 / 25
≈ 73 mm
d’ = 20 mm;
assumed bar dia = 10 mm
Effective cover
→ cover = 20 + 10/2
= 25 mm
D = d + d’
Overall depth = 73 + 25
= 98 mm
Clear span + effective depth
Step 3: Effective span = 1.828 + 0.073
≈ 1.901 m
c/c of supports
= 1 + 0.1/2 + 0.1/2
= 1.1 m (least value)
→ L_eff = 1.901 m
35
Step / Formula Calculation & Answer
Self-weight = b × D × unit wt
Step 4: Load Calculation = 1 × 0.098 × 25
= 2.45 kN/m
Live load = 4 kN/m;
Floor finish = 1.5 kN/m
Total load = 2.45 + 4 + 1.5
= 7.95 kN/m
Wu = 1.5 × 7.95
Ultimate load
= 11.925 kN/m
B.M = Wu × Lx² / 8
Step 5: Bending Moment
= 11.925 × 1.828² / 8
& Shear
≈ 4.99 kN·m
SF = Wu × Lx / 2
= 11.925 × 1.828 / 2
≈ 10.90 kN
Mu_lim = 0.138 × fck × b × d²
Step 6: Check for Mu_lim
36
Step / Formula Calculation & Answer
= 0.138 × 25 × 1000 × 73²
≈ 14.59 × 10^6 N·mm
Mu < Mu_lim → Under-reinforced section
Mu = 0.87 × fy × Ast × d (1 – (Ast × fy) / (b × d ×
Step 7: Area of Steel (Ast)
fck))
4.99 × 10^6 = 0.87 × 500 × Ast × 73 (1 – (500 ×
Ast)/(1000 × 73 × 25))
→ Ast ≈ 145 mm²
Bar dia = 10 mm
Step 8: Bar selection → A_bar = π / 4 × 10²
= 78.5 mm²
Number of bars = Ast / A_bar
= 145 / 78.5 ≈ 1.85
→ Provide 2 bars of 10 mm
Minimum shear = τc = 0.4 N/mm²;
Step 9: Lateral ties / min
check Zv = Vu / (b × d) = 10.9 × 10^3 / (1000 ×
shear
73)
37
Step / Formula Calculation & Answer
≈ 0.149 N/mm²
→ τc > Zv → OK
(L/d)actual = Lx / d
= 1828 / 73
Step 10: Deflection check
≈ 25.04
8.5 DESIGN OF FOOTING
Formula Calculation & Answer
Given column factored load Pu = 2300.00 kN
Base soil bearing qbase = 120.00 kN/m²
Multiplying factor for ultimate loads = 1.70
= 120 × 1.70
Ultimate bearing capacity qult
= 204.00 kN/m²
Provided footing plan size L × W = 4.00 × 4.00
38
Formula Calculation & Answer
= 16.00 m²
Required area (given) Amin = 13.80 m²
Provided area Aprov = 16.00 m²
Footing thickness D = 0.60 m
= 4 × 4 × 0.6
Volume of footing Vf
= 9.60 m³
Unit weight of concrete γc = 25.00 kN/m³
= 9.60 × 25
Self-weight of footing Wf
= 240.00 kN
Soil height above footing hs = 0.50 m
Unit weight of soil γs = 17.60 kN/m³
= 4 × 4 × 0.5 × 17.6
Weight of soil over footing Ws
= 140.80 kN
= 2300 + 240 + 140.8
Total vertical load on footing Ptot
= 2680.80 kN
Applied pressure qapp = 2680.80 / 16
39
Formula Calculation & Answer
= 167.55 kN/m²
167.55 < 204.00
Compare qapp vs qult
→ OK
= 204.00 - 167.55
Bearing capacity margin
= 36.45 kN/m²
= (167.55 / 204) × 100
Bearing capacity utilization (%)
= 82.15%
Sliding disturbing force Fd = 23.34 kN
Sliding resisting force Fr = 130.51 kN
= 130.51 / 23.34
Sliding factor of safety
= 5.59
Overturning disturbing moment Md = 4.75 kN·m
Overturning resisting moment Mr = 522.03 kN·m
= 522.03 / 4.75
Overturning factor of safety
= 109.84
Eccentricity ex = 0 (centred)
40
Formula Calculation & Answer
Edge pressure qmax = qmin = 167.55 kN/m²
= 600 - 50 – 6
Effective depth d
= 544 mm
= 4 × (0.45 + 0.544)
Critical punching perimeter uo
= 3.976 m
Footing clear cover = 50 mm
Fig 8.1 Foundation Design
41
Fig 8.2 Foundation Design
42
CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION
The project “Planning, Analysis, and Design of a G+4 Arts College Building” provided an
opportunity to apply engineering concepts to a real-world scenario. The main objective was to
design a functional, safe, and sustainable structure in compliance with NBC 2016 and AICTE
guidelines. The process included architectural planning with well-lit, ventilated, and accessible
classrooms, labs, seminar halls, and administrative spaces, visualized using AutoCAD and Revit.
Structural analysis was performed using [Link] under dead, live, wind, and seismic loads,
confirming safety and serviceability. RCC was chosen for its strength and durability, and each
element—beams, columns, slabs, and footings—was designed for efficiency. Real site conditions
like soil type and foundation depth were considered, and manual verification complemented
software results. Overall, the project bridged theory and practice, enhancing technical skills and
confidence in handling real-life civil engineering challenges.
43
CHAPTER 10
REFERANCE
[Link] et al., "Analysing and Designing of a High-Rise Building (G+10) By
[Link]," April 2017.
2. Mr. Patil, "Design & Analysis of Multi-Storied Building (G+10) By Using STAAD. Pro V8i
(Series 4)," Mar. 2017.
3. Devi Krishna Chaitanya et al., "Analysis and Design of a (G+6) Multi-Storied Building Using
STAAD Pro," Jan. 2017.
4. Manoj Sen et al., "Analysis of Various Effects on Multi-Storied Building (G+27) by
[Link]," Nov. 2018.
5. Mr. Prabin Kumar et al., "A Study on Design of Multi-Storied Residential Building by Using
[Link]," 2018.
6. Prof. Hedgire et al., "Manual Calculation Analysis and Design of Multi-Storied (G+6)
Residential Building," Mar. 2019.
7. Ibrahim et al., "Design and Analysis of Residential Building (G+4)," Apr. 2019.
8. Rashmi Agashe et al., "To Study Analysis and Design of Multi-Storied Building Using
STAAD-Pro and Comparing with Manual Calculations," Apr. 2020.
9. Sowrav Saha et al., "Design and Analysis of Multi-Storied (G+14) Residential Building
Using [Link] and AutoCAD," May–June 2021.
10. Ramesh, "Design and Analysis of Multi-Storied Structure by Using STAAD Pro," June 2021.
44