ATOMS

CHAPTER – 12

ATOMS
Various Models For Structure Of Atom allowed to fall on a thin gold foil. While passing through the gold
Dalton’s Theory foil, -particles are scattered through different angles. A zinc
Every material is composed of minute particles known as atom. sulphide screen was placed on the other side of the gold foil. This
Atom is indivisible i.e. it cannot be subdivided. It can neither be screen was movable, so as to receive the a-particles, scattered
created nor be destroyed. All atoms of same element are from the gold foil at angles varying from 0° to 180°. When an -
identical (Physically as well as chemically), whereas atoms of particle strikes the screen, it produces a flash of light and it is
different elements are different in properties. The atoms of observed by the microscope. It was found that :
different elements are comparable to hydrogen atoms. (The
radius of the heaviest atom is about 10 times that of hydrogen
atom and its mass is about 250 times that of hydrogen). The
atom is stable and electrically neutral.
Thomson’s Atom Model
The atom as a whole is electrically neutral because the positive
charge present on the atom (sphere) is equal to the negative
charge of electrons present in the sphere. Atom is a positively
charged sphere of radius 10–10 m. in which electron are
embedded in between. The positive charge and the whole mass
of the atom is uniformly distributed throughout the sphere.
Shortcomings of Thomson’s model
(i) The spectrum of atoms cannot be explained with the help
of this model. (i) Most of the -particles went straight through the gold foil
(ii) Scattering of -particles cannot be explained with the help and produced flashes on the screen as if there were
of this model. nothing inside gold foil. Thus, the atom is hollow.
(ii) Few particles collided with the atoms of the foil which have
Rutherford experiments on scattering of -particles by thin scattered or deflected through considerable large angles.
gold foil Few particles even turned back towards source itself.
The experimental arrangement is shown in figure. -particles (iii) The entire positive charge and almost whole mass of the
are emitted by some radioactive material (polonium), kepi inside atom is concentrated in small center called a nucleus.
a thick lead box. A very fine beam of a-particles pass through a (iv) The electrons could not deflect the path of a -particles
small hole in the lead screen. This well collimated beam is then i.e., electrons are very light.
(v) Electrons revolve round the nucleus in circular orbits. Bohr's theory of hydrogen atom is based on the following
So, Rutherford 1911, proposed a new type of model of the assumption
atom. According to this model, the positive charge of the An electron in an atom moves in a circular orbit about the
atom, instead of being uniformly distributed throughout a nucleus under the influence of coulomb's force of attraction
sphere of atomic dimension is concentrated in a very small between the electron and nucleus As the atom as a whole is
volume (Less than 10–13 cm is diameter) at it center. This stable the coulombian force of attraction provides necessary
central core, now called nucleus, is surrounded by clouds centripetal force:
𝑒2 𝑚𝑣 2
of electron makes the entire atom electrically neutral. = …..(i)
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2 𝑟
According to Rutherford scattering formula, the number of
-particle scattered at an angle e by a target are given by Only those orbits are possible for which the angular momentum
ℎ
𝑁0 𝑛𝑡(2 𝑍𝑒 2 )2 1 of the electron is equal to an integral multiple of i.e.
𝑁𝜃 = × 2𝜋
4(4𝜋𝜀0 )2 𝑟 2 (𝑚𝑣02 )2 𝑠𝑖𝑛4
𝜃 ℎ
2 𝑚𝑣𝑟 = 𝑛 …..(ii)
2𝜋
Where N0 = number of -particles that strike the unit
Where h is Planck’s constant.
area of the scatter
The electron moving in such allowed orbits does not radiate
n = number of target atom per m3 electromagnetic radiations. Thus, the total energy of the
t = thickness of target electron revolving in any of the stationary orbits remains
Ze = charge on the target nucleus constant.
2e = charge on -particle Electromagnetic radiations are emitted if an electron jumps
r = distance of the screen from target from stationary orbit of higher energy E 2 to another stationary
v0 = initial velocity of -particles orbit of lower energy, E1. The frequency v of the emitted
radiation is related by the equation.
E2 – E1 = hv …. (iii)
Shortcomings of Bohr's model
This model could not explain the fine structure of spectral lines,
Zeeman effect and Stark effect.
This model is valid only for single electron systems. (Cannot
explain electron-electron interaction)
This model is based on circular orbits of electrons whereas in
reality there is no orbit.
Electron is presumed to revolve round the nucleus only whereas
in reality motion of electron cannot be described.
1
Now closest approach distance is (𝑟0 ) = × This model could not explain the intensity of spectral lines.
4𝜋𝜀0
(2 𝑍𝑒)2 1 (2𝑍𝑒)2 It could not explain the doublets obtained in the spectra of some
1 =
[ 𝑚𝑣02 ] 4𝜋∈0 𝐸𝐾 of the atoms.
2
Where EK = K.E. of -particle Bohr’s model is semi quantum model, it means, it includes two
Failure of Rutherford's Atomic model: quantum numbers (E and L) but unfortunately it considers
(i) It couldn't explain the stability of atom. circular motion of electron.
(ii) It couldn't explain discrete nature of hydrogen spectra.
Bohr's Theory Of Hydrogen Atom

Q. In the Bohr model of a hydrogen atom, the centripetal force is furnished by the coulomb attraction between the proton
and the electron. If 𝑎0 is the radius of the ground state orbit, 𝑚 is the mass and 𝑒 is the charge on the electron and 𝑒0 is
the vacuum permittivity, then determine the speed of the electron.
Sol. Centripetal force = force of attraction of nucleus on electron
𝑚𝑣 2 1 𝑒2 𝑒
= ⇒𝑣=
𝑎0 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑎02 √4𝜋𝜀0 𝑎0 𝑚

Characteristics Of Bohr Model 𝑛 2 ℎ2 𝜀

0
In general, 𝑟𝑛 = …. (iv)
Radii Of Orbits 𝜋𝑚𝑒 2
𝑛ℎ equation (iv) shows that the radii of the permitted orbits vary as
From equation 𝑣 = , Here n is number of orbits the square of n. For the smallest orbit n = 1substituting the
2𝜋𝑚𝑟
𝑒2 2
Substituting value of v in equation =
𝑚
[
𝑛ℎ
] 𝑟= values of h, 0, m and e we have radius of first orbit r1 = 0.529 ×
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2 𝑟 2𝜋𝑚𝑟
10–10m = 0.529 Å
𝑚𝑛2 ℎ2 .4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2 𝑛2 ℎ2 𝜀0
=
4𝜋2 𝑚2 𝑟 2 𝑒 2 𝜋𝑚𝑒 2
This calculation shows that the atom is about 10–10 meter in −𝑚𝑒 4 (9.11 × 10−31 )(1.6 × 10−19 )4
𝐸𝑛 = = −
diameter. 8𝜀02 ℎ2 𝑛2 8(8.854 × 10−12 )2 (6.62 × 10−34 )2 𝑛2
−19
Velocity of Revolving Electron 21.7 × 10 21.7 × 10−19 1
To obtain the velocity of the revolving electron, we substitute =− 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 = − × 𝑒𝑉
𝑛2 1.6 × 10−19 𝑛2
the value of r from eq. (iv) in eq. (ii), we have ( 1eV = 1.6 × 10 J) –19
𝑛2 ℎ2 𝜀0 ℎ −13.6
𝑚𝑣 [
𝜋𝑚𝑒 2
]=𝑛
2𝜋
 𝐸𝑛 = 2 𝑒𝑉
𝑛
𝑛ℎ 𝜋𝑚𝑒 2 1 𝑒2 The negative sign in energy shows that is thus electron is
 𝑣= · · =
2𝜋 𝑛2 ℎ2 𝜀0 𝑚 2𝑛ℎ𝜀0 bound to the nucleus by attractive forces and to separate the
This expression shows that the velocity of the electron is electron from the nucleus energy must be supplied to it.
inversely proportional to n i.e., the electron in the inner most Giving different values to n, we can calculate the energy of the
orbit has the highest velocity. electron in different orbits.
Frequency of Electron in an orbit E1 = –13.6 eV when n = 1 (K-shell)
Frequency of electron is given by E2 = – 3.4 eV n = 2 (K-shell)
1 𝑣
𝑣= = E3 = –1.5 eV n = 3 (M-shell)
𝑇 2𝜋𝑟
𝑒2 1 𝜋𝜇𝜀 2 𝑚𝑒 4 E = 0eV n =  (Limiting case)
𝑣 = × × = ….(vi)
2𝑛ℎ𝜀0 2𝜋 𝑛2 ℎ2 𝜀0 4𝜀02 ℎ3 𝑛3
This expression shows that the frequency of an electron is
inversely proportional to the cube of n.
Electron Energy
The electron energy consists of two types:
(i) Kinetic energy and (ii) Potential energy
(i) Kinetic energy is due to the motion of electron and its value
1
is mv2 where v is the velocity of the electron,
2
2
1 2 1  e2 
 K.E. = mv = m   from equation
2 2  2nh0 
me4
 K.E. =
8n 2 h 2 02
(ii) Potential energy is due to the fact that electron lies in. the
electric field of positive nucleus. We know that potential at
𝑒
a distance r from the nucleus is: 𝑣 =
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
The potential energy of election of charge e is P.E.=
−𝑒 2 −𝑒 2 ×𝜋𝑚𝑒 2 −𝑚𝑒 4
𝑉 × (− 𝑒) = = =
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑛2 ℎ2 𝜀0 4𝑛2 ℎ2 𝜀02 Energy of electron Binding energy or
So, Total energy in nth orbit, En = K.E. + P.E. Ionization energy
𝑚𝑒 4 𝑚𝑒 4
 𝐸𝑛 = − n= 0 0
8𝑛2 ℎ2 𝜀02 4𝑛2 ℎ2 𝜀02
−𝑚𝑒 4 n=4 –0.85 eV +0.85 eV
 𝐸𝑛 =
8𝑛2 ℎ2 𝜀02 n=3 –1.51 eV +1.51 eV
Frequency of Emitted Radiation n=2 –3.4 eV +3.4 eV
The frequency of emitted radiations can be found from the n=1 –13.6 eV +13.6 eV
following relation when electron jumps from higher orbit n2 to The diagram is known as energy level diagram. The lowest
lower orbit n1. energy level (n = 1) corresponds to normal unexcited state of
𝑚𝑒 4 1 1
ℎ𝑣 = 𝐸𝑛2 𝐸𝑛1 𝑣= [ − ] hydrogen. This state is also called as ground state. In energy level
8𝜀02 ℎ3 𝑛12 𝑛22
diagram the lower energy (more negative) are at the bottom
….. (viii)
1 𝑚𝑒 4 1 1 𝑚𝑒 4
while higher energies (Less negative) are at the top. By such a
= [ − ] Where R = ; consideration the various electron jumps between allowed orbit
𝜆 8𝜀02 ℎ3 𝑐 𝑛12 𝑛22 8𝜀02 ℎ3 𝑐
R = Rydberg’s constant = 10.97 × 106 m–1  1.1 × 7 m–1 will be vertical arrows between different energy level. The
1 1 1 energy of radiated photon is greater when the length of arrow is
𝑣̄ = = 𝑅 [ 2 − 2 ] greater.
𝜆 𝑛1 𝑛2
Spectral Series of Hydrogen Atom
ELECTRON ENERGY LEVELS IN HYDROGEN ATOM
It has been shown that the energy of the outer orbit is greater
Energy of an electron revolving in nth orbit is given by
than the energy of the inner ones. When the Hydrogen atom is
subjected to external energy, the electron jumps from lower Lyman Series:
energy State i.e., the hydrogen atom is excited. The excited state The series consist of wavelength which are emitted when
is not stable hence the electron returns to its ground state in electron jumps from an outer orbit to the first orbit i.e., the
about 10–8 seconds. The excess of energy is now radiated in the
electron jumps to K orbit give rise to Lyman series.
form of radiations of different wavelength. The different
wavelength constitutes spectral series. Which is characteristic of Here n1 = 1 and n2 = 2, 3, 4, ....... .
atom emitting, then the wavelength of different members of Balmer Series
series can be found from the following relations. This series is consisting of all wavelengths which are emitted
1 1 1 when an electron jumps from an outer orbit to the second orbit
v= =R 2 − 2
  n1 n 2  i. e. the electron jumps to L orbit give rise to Balmer series.
This relation explains the complete spectrum of hydrogen. A Here n1 = 2 and n2 = 3, 4, 5 ......... 
detailed account of the important radiations is listed below. Paschen Series
This series consist of all wavelengths are emitted when an
electron jumps from an outer orbit to the third orbit i.e., the
electron jumps to M orbit give rise to Paschen series.
Here n1 = 3 and n2 = 4, 5, 6 ....... 
Brackett Series
This series is consisting of all wavelengths which are emitted
when an electron jumps from an outer orbit to the fourth orbit
i.e., the electron jumps to N orbit give rise to Brackett series.
Here n1 = 4 and n2 = 5, 6, 7, ...... 
Pfund series
The series consist of all wavelengths which are emitted when an
electron jumps from an outer orbit to the fifth orbit i.e., the
electron jumps to O orbit give right to Pfund series.
Here n1 = 5 and n2 = 6, 7, 8 ......... 

Q. An electron makes a transition from orbit 𝑛 = 4 to the orbit 𝑛 = 2 of a hydrogen atom. What is the wavelength of the
emitted radiations? (𝑅 = Rydberg’s constant)
Sol. Transition of hydrogen atom from orbit 𝑛1 = 4 to 𝑛2 = 2.
1 1 1 1 1
Wave number = = 𝑅 [ − ] = 𝑅 [(2)2 − (4)2]
𝜆 𝑛12 𝑛22
1 1 4−1 3𝑅
= 𝑅[ − ] = 𝑅[ ]= ⇒ 𝜆 = 16/3𝑅
4 16 16 16

Q. Ionization potential of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. Hydrogen atoms in the ground state are excited by monochromatic
radiation of photon energy 12.1 eV. According to Bohr’s theory, the which spectral lines will be emitted by hydrogen.
Sol. Ionization potential of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. Energy required for exciting the hydrogen atom in the ground state to
orbit 𝑛 is given by
13.6 −13.6 13.6
𝐸 = 𝐸𝑛 − 𝐸1 i.e., 12.1 = − 2 − ( 2 ) = − 2 + 13.6
𝑛 1 𝑛
−13.6 13.6
or, −1.5 = or, 𝑛2 = = 9 or, 𝑛 = 3 Number of spectral lines emitted
𝑛2 1.5
𝑛(𝑛−1) 3×2
= = =3
2 2

De Broglie’s Explanation Of Bohr’s Second Postulate Of The circumference of the circular orbit must be an integral
Quantization number of wavelengths:
De Broglie came up with an explanation for why the angular nh h
2𝜋𝑟 = 𝑛𝜆 = (𝜆 = )
p p
momentum might be quantized in the manner Bohr assumed it
The momentum, p, is simply mv as long as we're talking about
was. De Broglie realized that if you use the wavelength
non-relativistic speeds, so this becomes:
associated with the electron, and assume that an integral nh
number of wavelengths must fit in the circumference of an orbit, 2𝜋r =
mv
you get the same quantized angular momenta that Bohr did. Rearranging this a little gives the Bohr relationship:
nh
Lr = mvr =
2𝜋
• Thomson’s Model of an Atom: (b) The shape of the trajectory of the scattered alpha-particle
An atom consists of positively charged matter in which depends on the impact parameter b and the nature of the
the negatively charged electrons are uniformly potential field.
embedded like plums in a pudding. This model could not (c) Rutherford deduced the following relationship between
explain scattering of alpha-particles through thin foils and the impact parameter b and the scattering angle θ:
hence discarded.

• Rutherford’s Model of an Atom: Ze 2 cot
1 2
Geiger and Marsden in their experiment on scattering of b= .
alpha-particles found that most of the alpha-particles 4 0 E
passed undeviated through thin foils but some of them
were scattered through very large angles.  2
Ze 2 cot
1 2
From the results of these experiments, Rutherford =
proposed the following model of an atom: 4 0 1 2
mv
(a) An atom consists of a small and massive central core in 2
which the entire positive charge and almost the whole • Quantization or Discretisation:
mass of the atom are concentrated. This core is called the The quantization or discretisation of a physical quantity
nucleus. means that it cannot very continuously to have any
(b) The nucleus occupies a very small space as compared to arbitrary value but can change only discontinuously to
the size of the atom. take certain specific values.
(c) The atom is surrounded by a suitable number of electros • Bohr’s Model for the Hydrogen Atom:
so that their total negative charge is equal to the total Basic postulates:
positive charge on the nucleus and the atom as a whole is (a) Nuclear concept:
electrically neutral. An atom consists of a small massive central called nucleus
(d) The electrons revolve around the nucleus in various orbits around which planetary electrons revolve. The centripetal
just as planets revolve around the sun. force required for their rotation is provided by the
(e) The centripetal force required for their revolution is electrostatic attraction between the electrons and the
provided by the electrostatic attraction between the nucleus.
electrons and the nucleus. (b) Quantum condition:
• Draw-back of Rutherford Model: Of all the possible circular orbits allowed by the classical
This model could not explain in stability of the atom theory, the electrons are permitted to circulate only in
because according to classical electromagnetic theory the such orbits in which the angular momentum of an
electron revolving around the nucleus must continuously electron is an integral multiple of h/2π , h being Planck’s
radiate energy revolving around the nucleus must constant.
continuously radiate energy in the form of
nh
electromagnetic radiate energy in the form of L = mvr = , n = 1, 2,3.....
electromagnetic radiation and hence it should fall into the 2
nucleus. where n is called principal quantum number.
• Distance of Closest Approach: (c) Stationary orbits:
When an alpha-particle of mass m and velocity v moves While revolving in the permissible orbits, an electron does
directly towards a nucleus of atomic number Z, its initial not radiate energy. These non-radiating orbits are called
energy E, which is just the kinetic energy K gets stationary orbits.
completely converted into potential energy U at stopping (d) Frequency condition:
point. This stopping point happens to be at a distance of An atom can emit or absorb radiation in the form of
closest approach d from the nucleus. discrete energy photons only, when an electron jumps
1 1 2𝑒𝑍𝑒 2𝑍𝑒 2 2𝑍𝑒 2 from a higher to a lower orbit or from a lower to a higher
𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 = = 𝑑=
2 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑑 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑑 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑘 orbit. If E1 and E2 are the energies associated with these
Hence, permitted orbits then the frequency V of the emitted
2𝑍𝑒 2
𝑑= absorbed radiation is,
4𝜋𝜀0 𝐾
hv = E2 – E1
• Impact Parameter:
(e) Radius of the orbit of an electron in hydrogen atom is,
(a) It is defined as the perpendicular distance of the velocity
of the alpha-particle from the central of the nucleus, e2
r=
when it is far away from the atom. 4 0 mv 2
(f) Kinetic energy K & electrostatic potential energy U of the 2𝜋 2 𝑚𝑘 2 𝑒 2 1 1
electron in hydrogen atom: 𝑣= 2
[ 2 − 2]
ℎ 𝑛1 𝑛2
1 2 e2 • Different Spectral Series of Hydrogen Atom:
K= mv = These are as follows:
2 8 0 r
a) Lyman Series. Here n2 = 2, 3, 4,…..and n1 = 1. This series
e2 lies in the ultraviolet region.
U =− b) Balmer Series. Here n2 = 3, 4, 5,…. and n1 = 2. This series
4 0 r
lies in the visible region.
(g) Total energy E of the electron in hydrogen atom: c) Paschen Series. Here n2 = 4, 5, 6,….. and n1 = 3. This
e2 series lies in the infrared region.
E = K +U = − d) Brackett Series. Here n2 = 5, 6, 7,….. and n1 = 4. This
8 0 r
series lies in the infrared region.
(h) Speed of an electron in the nth orbit is, e) P fund Series. Here n2 = 6, 7, 8,…. and n1 = 5. This series
2 ke2 c 1 c lies in the infrared region.
v= = . = .
nh n 137 n • Excitation Energy:
2 ke2 It is defined as the energy required by an electron of an
Where  = is fine structure constant. atom to jump from its ground state to any one of its
ch existed states.
(i) Energy of an electron in nth orbit is, • Ionization Energy:
2𝜋2 𝑚𝑘 2 𝑍 2 𝑒 4 13.6
𝐸𝑛 = = − 2 𝑒𝑉 It is defined as the energy required to remove an electron
𝑛 2 ℎ2 𝑛
• Failure of Bohr’s Model: from an atom, i.e., the energy required to take an electron
(a) This model is applicable only to hydrogen-like atoms and from its ground state to the outermost orbit (n = ∞ )
fails in case of higher atoms. • Excitation Potential:
(b) It could not explain the fine structure of the spectral lines It is the accelerating potential which gives sufficient
in the spectrum of hydrogen atom. energy to a bombarding electron so to excite the target
• Energy Level Diagram: atom by raising one of its electrons from an inner to and
It is a diagram in which the energies of the different outer orbit.
stationary states of an atom are represented by parallel • Ionization Potential:
horizontal lines, drawn according to some suitable energy It is the accelerating potential which gives to bombarding
scale. electron the sufficient energy to an outer orbit.
• Spectral Series of Hydrogen Atom: • De Broglie’s Hypothesis:
Whenever an electron in hydrogen atom makes a The electrons having a wavelength λ = h/mv gave an
transition from a higher energy level n2 to a lower energy explanation for Bohr’s quantized orbits by bringing in the
level n1, the difference of energy appears in the form of a wave particle duality. The orbits correspond to circular
photon of frequency V is given by, standing waves in which the circumference of the orbit
equals a whole number of wavelengths.
 PRACTICE EXERCISE
Q7. A 12.5 eV electron beam is used to bombard gaseous
MCQ hydrogen at room temperature. It will emit:
(a) 2 lines in the Lyman series and 1 line in the Balmer
Q1. The potential energy associated with an electron in the series
orbit (b) 3 lines in the Lyman series
(a) increases with the increases in radii of the orbit (c) 1 line in the Lyman series and 2 lines in the Balmer
(b) decreases with the increase in the radii of the orbit series
(c) remains the same with the change in the radii of the (d) 3 lines in the Balmer series
orbit
(d) None of these Q8. The radius of hydrogen atom in its ground state is 5.3 x
10-11 m. After collision with an electron, it is found to have
Q2. When an α-particle of mass 𝑚 moving with velocity 𝑣 a radius of 21.2 x 10-11 m. What is the principal quantum
bombards on a heavy nucleus of charge 𝑍𝑒, its distance of number n of the final state of the atom
closest approach from the nucleus depends on 𝑚 as (a) n = 4 (b) n = 2
1
(a) 2 (b) 𝑚 (c) n = 16 (d) n = 3
𝑚
1 1
(c) (d) Q9. When hydrogen atom is in its first excited level, its radius
𝑚 √𝑚
is
Q3. The diagram shows the energy levels for an electron in a
(a) four times its ground state radius
certain atom. Which transition shown represents the
(b) twice
emission of a photon with the most energy?
(c) same
(d) half
Q10. The figure indicates the energy level diagram of an atom
and the origin of six spectral lines in emission (e.g., line
no. 5 arises from the transition from level 𝐵 to 𝐴).

(a) IV (b) III Which of the following spectral lines will occur in the
(c) II (d) I absorption spectrum?
Q4. Electrons in a certain energy level n = n1, can emit 3 (a) 4, 5, 6 (b) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
spectral lines. When they are in another energy level, n = (c) 1, 2, 3 (d) 1, 4, 6
n2. They can emit 6 spectral lines. The orbital speed of the Q11. According to Bohr’s principle, the relation between
electrons in the two orbits are in the ratio of principal quantum number (𝑛) and radius of orbit (𝑟) is
1 1
(a) 4: 3 (b) 3: 4 (a) 𝑟 ∝ (b) 𝑟 ∝ 2
𝑛 𝑛
(c) 2: 1 (d) 1: 2 (c) 𝑟 ∝ 𝑛 (d) 𝑟 ∝ 𝑛2
Q5. In a Rutherford scattering experiment when a projectile Q12. Energy levels 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 of a certain atom corresponding
of charge 𝑧1 and mass 𝑀1 approaches a target nucleus of to increasing values of energy i.e., 𝐸𝐴 < 𝐸𝐵 < 𝐸𝐶 . If 𝜆1 , 𝜆2
charge 𝑧2 and mass 𝑀2 , the distance of closest approach and 𝜆3 are wavelengths of radiations corresponding to
is 𝑟0 . The energy of the projectile is transitions 𝐶 to 𝐵, 𝐵 to 𝐴 and 𝐶 to 𝐴 respectively, which
(a) directly proportional to 𝑧1 𝑧2 of the following relations is correct?
(b) inversely proportional to 𝑧1 𝜆1 𝜆2
(c) directly proportional to mass 𝑀1 (a) 𝜆3 = 𝜆1 + 𝜆2 (b) 𝜆3 =
𝜆1 +𝜆2
(d) directly proportional to 𝑀1 × 𝑀2 (c) 𝜆1 + 𝜆2 + 𝜆3 = 0 (d) 𝜆23 = 𝜆21 + 𝜆22
Q6. In the Bohr model an electron moves in a circular orbit Q13. The ionization energy of the electron in the hydrogen
around the proton. Considering the orbiting electron to atom in its ground state is 13.6 eV. The atoms are excited
be a circular current loop, the magnetic moment of the to higher energy levels to emit radiations of 6
hydrogen atom, when the electron is in nth excited state, wavelengths. Maximum wavelength of emitted radiation
is: corresponds to the transition between
𝑒 𝑛2 ℎ 𝑒 𝑛ℎ (a) 𝑛 = 3 to 𝑛 = 1 states
(a) ( ) (b) ( )
2𝑚 2𝜋 𝑚 2𝜋 (b) 𝑛 = 2 to 𝑛 = 1 states
(c) 𝑛 = 4 to 𝑛 = 3 states
𝑒 𝑛ℎ 𝑒 𝑛2 ℎ
(c) ( ) (d) ( ) (d) 𝑛 = 3 to 𝑛 = 2 states
2𝑚 2𝜋 𝑚 2𝜋
Q14. The energy of the ground electronic state of hydrogen Q24. If an electron in a hydrogen atom jumps from the 3rd orbit
atom is –13.6 eV. The energy of the first excited state will to the 2nd orbit, it emits a photon of wavelength 𝜆. When
be it jumps from the 4th orbit to the 3rd orbit, the
(a) –27.2 eV (b) –52.4 eV corresponding wavelength of the photon will be
16 9
(c) –3.4 eV (d) –6.8 eV (a) 𝜆 (b) 𝜆
25 16
Q15. The minimum wavelength of the X-rays produced by 20 20
(c) 𝜆 (d) 𝜆
7 13
electrons accelerated through a potential difference of 𝑉
volts is directly proportional to Q25. Out of the following which one is not a possible energy
1 1 for a photon to be emitted by hydrogen atom according
(a) (b)
√𝑉 𝑉 to Bohr’s atomic model?
(c) √𝑉 (d) 𝑉 2 (a) 0.65 eV
Q16. Hydrogen atoms are excited from ground state of the (b) 1.9 eV
principal quantum number 4. Then the number of (c) 11.1 eV
spectral lines observed will be (d) 13.6 eV
(a) 3 (b) 6
(c) 5 (d) 2 ASSERTION AND REASONING
Q17. For which one of the following, Bohr model is not valid?
Directions: Each of these questions contain two statements,
(a) Hydrogen atom
Assertion and Reason. Each of these questions also has four
(b) Singly ionized helium atom (He+ )
alternative choices, only one of which is the correct answer. You
(c) Deuteron atom
have to select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) given below.
(d) Singly ionized neon atom (Ne+ ) (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a correct
Q18. The total energy of an electron in an atom in an orbit is – explanation for assertion.
3.4 eV. Its kinetic and potential energies are, respectively (b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is not a correct
(a) 3.4 eV, 3.4 eV (b) – 3.4 eV, – 3.4 eV explanation for assertion
(c) – 3.4 eV, – 6.8 eV (d) 3.4 eV, – 6.8 eV (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
Q19. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is –13.6 eV. (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct
When its electron is in the first excited state, its excitation Q1. Assertion: The force of repulsion between atomic
energy is nucleus and D-particle varies with distance according to
(a) 10.2 eV (b) 0 inverse square law.
(c) 3.4 eV (d) 6.8 eV Reason: Rutherford did D-particle scattering experiment.
Q20. The interplanar distance in a crystal is 2.8 × 10−8 m. The Q2. Assertion: According to classical theory the proposed
value of maximum wavelength which can be diffracted path of an electron in Rutherford atom model will be
(a) 2.8 × 10−8 m (b) 5.6 × 10−8 m parabolic.
−8
(c) 1.4 × 10 m (d) 7.6 × 10−8 m Reason: According to electromagnetic theory an
Q21. Hydrogen atom in ground state is excited by a accelerated particle continuously emits radiation.
monochromatic radiation of 𝜆 = 975 Å. Number of Q3. Assertion: Bohr had to postulate that the electrons in
spectral lines in the resulting spectrum emitted will be stationary orbits around the nucleus do not radiate.
(a) 3 (b) 2 Reason: According to classical physics all moving
(c) 6 (d) 10 electrons radiate.
Q22. The electron in the hydrogen atom jumps from excited Q4. Assertion: Hydrogen atom consists of only one electron
state (𝑛 = 3) to its ground state (𝑛 = 1) and the photons but its emission spectrum has many lines.
thus emitted irradiate a photosensitive material. If the Reason: Only Lyman series is found in the absorption
work function of the material is 5.1 eV, the stopping spectrum of hydrogen atom whereas in the emission
potential is estimated to be (the energy of the electron in spectrum, all the series are found.
−13.6
𝑛th state 𝐸𝑛 = 2 eV) Q5. Assertion: Hydrogen atom consists of only one electron
𝑛
(a) 5.1 V (b) 12.1 V but its emission spectrum has many lines.
(c) 17.2 V (d) 7 V Reason: Only Lyman series is found in the absorption
spectrum of hydrogen atom whereas in the emission
Q23. The ionization energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV.
spectrum, all the series are found.
Following Bohr’s theory, the energy corresponding to a
transition between 3rd and 4th orbit is Q6. Assertion: The angular momentum of an electron in an
(a) 3.40 eV (b) 1.51 eV atom is quantized.
(c) 0.85 eV (d) 0.66 eV Reason: In an atom only those orbits are permitted in
which angular momentum of the electron is integral
multiple of h/2π , where h is a plank's constant.
 Q3. Monochromatic radiation emitted when electron on
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS hydrogen atom jumps from first excited to the ground
state irradiates a photosensitive material. The stopping
Q1. Would the Bohr formula for the H-atom remain potential is measured to be 3.57 V. Then find the threshold
unchanged if proton had a charge (+4/3) e and electron frequency of the material.
had a charge (–3/4) e, where e = 1.6 × 10–19 C? Give
Q4. Given the value of Rydberg constant is 107 m−1 , then find
reasons for your answer. the wave number of the last line of the Balmer series in
Q2. When an electron falls from a higher energy to a lower hydrogen spectrum.
energy level, the difference in the energies appears in the Q5. If the orbital radius of the electron in a hydrogen atom is
form of electromagnetic radiation. Why cannot it be 4.7 × 10−11 m. Compute the kinetic energy of the
emitted as other forms of energy? electron in Kinetic energy of the electron in hydrogen
Q3. Write two important limitations of Rutherford nuclear atom’
model of the atom. Q6. It is found experimentally that 13.6 eV energy is required
Q4. Which is easier to remove: orbital electron from an atom to separate a hydrogen atom into a proton and an
or a nucleon from a nucleus? electron. Then, find the velocity of the electron in a
hydrogen atom.
NUMERICAL TYPE QUESTIONS Q7. If wavelength of the first line of the Balmer series of
hydrogen is 6561Å, find the wavelength of the second line
Q1. Consider 3rd orbit of He+ (Helium), using non-relativistic of the series.
approach, then find the speed of electron in this orbit. Q8. The ratio of wavelengths of the last line of Balmer series
[given 𝐾 = 9 × 109 constant, 𝑍 = 2 and ℎ (Planck’s and then last line of Lyman series.
constant) = 6.6 × 10−34 J s] Q9. The speed of an electron in ground state energy level is
Q2. The radius of the first permitted Bohr orbit for the 2.6 × 106 ms −1, then find its speed in third excited state.
electron, in a hydrogen atom equals 0.51 Å and its ground Q10. The total energy of an electron in an atom in an orbit is –
state energy equals –13.6 eV. If the electron in the 3.4eV. find Its kinetic and potential energies.
hydrogen atom is replaced by muon (μ− ) [charge same as Q11. An electron of a hydrogen like atom is in excited state. If
electron and mass 207 𝑚𝑒 ], then find the first Bohr radius total energy of the electron is – 4.6 eV, then find de-
and ground state energy. Broglie wavelength of the electron.
 HOMEWORK EXERCISE
Q8. What is the radius of iodine atom (At. no. 53, mass no.
MCQ 126)
(a) 2.5 x 10-11 m (b) 2.5 x 10-9 m
Q1. An electron in the hydrogen atom jumps from excited -9
(c) 7 x 10 m (d) 7 x 10-6 m
state n to the ground state. The wavelength so emitted
illuminates a photosensitive material having work Q9. When an α-particle of mass ‘m’ moving with velocity ‘v’
function 2.75 eV. If the stopping potential of the bombards on heavy nucleus of charge ‘Ze’, its distance of
photoelectron is 10 V, the value of n is closest approach from the nucleus depends on m as:
(a) 3 (b) 4 1 1
(c) 5 (d) 2 (a) (b)
m m
Q2. An energy of 24.6 eV is required to remove one of the
1
electrons from a neutral helium atom. The energy in (eV) (c) 2 (d) m
required to remove both the electrons from a neutral m
helium atom is Q10. An electron in hydrogen atom makes a transition n1 →
(a) 38.2 (b) 49.2 n2 where n1 and n2 are principal quantum numbers of the
(c) 51.8 (d) 79.0 two states. Assuming Bohr’s model to be valid the time
Q3. If the atom 100Fm257 follows the Bohr model and the period of the electron in the initial state is eight times that
radius of 100Fm257 is n times the Bohr radius, then find n. in the final state. The possible values of n1 and n2 are
(a) 100 (b) 200 (a) n1 = 4 and n2 = 2
(c) 4 (d) ¼ (b) n1 = 6 and n2 = 2
(c) n1 = 8 and n2 = 1
Q4. An electron is moving round the nucleus of a hydrogen
(d) n1 = 8 and n2 = 2
atom in a circular orbit of radius 𝑟. The Coulomb force 𝐹⃗
between the two is Q11. The spectrum obtained from a sodium vapor lamp is an
𝑒2 𝑒2 example of
(a) 𝐾 𝑟̂ (b) −𝐾 𝑟̂ (a) band spectrum
𝑟2 𝑟3
𝑒2 𝑒2
(c) 𝐾 𝑟⃗ (d) −𝐾 𝑟⃗ (b) continuous spectrum
𝑟3 𝑟3
1 (c) emission spectrum
(where 𝐾 = ) (d) absorption spectrum
4𝜋𝜀0

Q5. The energy of He+ in the ground state is – 54.4 eV, then Q12. Ionization potential of hydrogen atom is 13.6eV.
the energy of Li++ in the first excited state will be Hydrogen atoms in the ground state are excited by
(a) –30.6 eV (b) 27.2 eV monochromatic radiation of photon energy 12.1 eV.
(c) –13.6 eV (d) –27.2 eV According to Bohr’s theory, the spectral lines emitted by
Q6. Suppose an electron is attracted towards the origin by a hydrogen will be
k (a) three (b) four
force where ‘k’ is a constant and ‘r’ is the distance of (c) one (d) two
r
Q13. The largest wavelength in the ultraviolet region of the
the electron from the origin. By applying Bohr model to
hydrogen spectrum is 122 nm. The smallest wavelength
this system, the radius of the nth orbital of the electron is
in the infrared region of the hydrogen spectrum (to the
found to be ‘rn’ and the kinetic energy of the electron to
nearest integer) is
be ‘Tn’. Then which of the following is true?
1 (a) 802 nm (b) 823 nm
(a) 𝑇𝑛 ∝ 2 , 𝑟𝑛 ∝ 𝑛2 (c) 1882 nm (d) 1648 nm
𝑛
(b) 𝑇𝑛 independent of 𝑛, 𝑟𝑛 ∝ 𝑛
1 Q14. The ionization energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV.
(c) 𝑇𝑛 ∝ , 𝑟𝑛 ∝ 𝑛 Following Bohr’s theory, the energy corresponding to a
𝑛
1
(d) 𝑇𝑛 ∝ , 𝑟𝑛 ∝ 𝑛2 transition between 3rd and 4th orbit is
𝑛
(a) 3.40 eV (b) 1.51 eV
Q7. In Hydrogen spectrum, the wavelength of Hα line is 656 (c) 0.85 eV (d) 0.66 eV
nm, whereas in the spectrum of a distant galaxy, H Q15. When an electron does transition from 𝑛 = 4 to 𝑛 = 2, then
emitted line spectrum will be
α line wavelength is 706 nm. Estimated speed of the
(a) first line of Lyman series
galaxy with respect to earth is (b) second line of Balmer series
(a) 2  108 m/s (b) 2  107 m/s (c) first line of Paschen series
(c) 2  10 m/s
6
(d) 2  105 m/s (d) second line of Paschen series
 Q2. When is Ha line of the Balmer series in the emission
ASSERTION AND REASONING spectrum of hydrogen atom obtained?
Q3. What is the maximum number of spectral lines emitted
Directions: Each of these questions contain two statements, by a hydrogen atom when it is in the third excited state?
Assertion and Reason. Each of these questions also has four
Q4. Define ionization energy.
alternative choices, only one of which is the correct answer. You
How would the ionization energy change when electron
have to select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) given
in hydrogen atom is replaced by a particle of mass 200
below.
times that of the electron but having the same charge?
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a correct
explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is not a correct NUMERICAL TYPE QUESTIONS
explanation for assertion
Q1. A hydrogen atom in the ground state is excited by
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
radiations of wavelength 975 Å. Find:
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct
(a) the energy state to which the atom is excited.
Q1. Assertion: Large angle of scattering of a-particles led to (b) how many lines will be possible in emission spectrum
the discovery of atomic nucleus.
Q2. Find the atomic number of atom when given that its
Reason: Entire positive charge of atom is concentrated in
ionization potential is equal to 122.4 V.
the central core.
Q3. Find the first and second excitation potentials of an atom
Q2. Assertion: Bohr had to postulate that the electrons in
when its ionization potential is 122.4 V.
stationary orbits around the nucleus do not radiate.
Reason: According to classical physics all moving Q4. Find the maximum wavelength of Brackett series of
electrons radiate. hydrogen atom.
Q3. Assertion: Electrons in the atom are held due to coulomb Q5. An X-ray beam of wavelength 1.0Å is incident on a crystal
forces. Reason The atom is stable only because the of lattice spacing 2.8 Å. Calculate the value of Bragg's
centripetal force due to Coulomb's law is balanced by the angle for first order diffraction.
centrifugal force. Q6. In the experiment of Coolidge tube, wavelength of
Q4. Assertion: The total energy of an electron revolving in any electron striking at the target is 0.01 nm. What will be
stationary orbit is negative. value of minimum wavelength of X-rays obtained from
Reason: It is bounded to the nucleus. the tube?
Q5. Assertion: Between any two given energy levels, the Q7. An X-ray tube operates at 20 kV. A particular electron
number of absorption transitions is always less than the loses 5% of its kinetic energy to emit an X-ray photon at
number of emission transitions. the first collision. Find the wavelength corresponding to
Reason: It Absorption transitions start from the lowest this photon.
energy level only and may end at any higher energy level. Q8. Find out wavelength of K X-ray.
But emission transitions may start from any higher energy
Q9. For the given transitions of electron, obtain the relation
level and end at any energy level below it.
between 1, 2 and 3.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS Q10. An electron in the hydrogen atom jumps from excited
state 𝑛 to the ground state. The wavelength so emitted
illuminates a photosensitive material having work
Q1. Define ionization energy. What is its value for a hydrogen
function 2.75 eV. If the stopping potential of the
atom?
photoelectron is 10 V, then find the value of 𝑛.
 PRACTICE EXERCISE SOLUTIONS
1 1 1
= 𝑅( − )
MCQ 𝜆 𝑛1 2 𝑛2 2
(Where Rydberg constant, R = 1.097  107)
1 1 1
−𝑍𝑒 2 or, = 1.097 × 107 ( 2 − )
S1. (b) P.E. = . Negative sign indicates that revolving 993×10−10 1 𝑛2 2
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 Solving we get n2 = 3
electron is bound to be positive nucleus. So, it Spectral lines
decreases with increase in radii of orbit. Total number of spectral lines = 3
S2. (c) Distance of closest approach when an α-particle of Two lines in Lyman series for n1 = 1, n2 = 2 and n1 = 1,
mass 𝑚 moving with velocity 𝑣 is bombarded on a n2 = 3 and one in Balmer series for n1 = 2, n2 =3
heavy nucleus of charge 𝑍𝑒, is given by
𝑍𝑒 2 1
𝑟0 = ∴ 𝑟0 ∝
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑚𝑣 2 𝑚
1 1
S3. (b) E = Rho[ − ]
𝑛1 2 𝑛2 2
n=3 n=2 n=1
E will be maximum for the transition for which
[
1
−
1
] is maximum. Here n2 is the higher energy S8. (b) r  n2
𝑛1 2 𝑛2 2
radius of final state
level.
1 1
 = n2
Clearly, [ − ] is maximum for the third radius of initial state
𝑛1 2 𝑛2 2 21.2×10−11
= 𝑛2
transition, i.e., 2 → 1. I transition represents the 5.3×10−11
 n = 4 or n = 2
2
absorption of energy.
𝑅0 𝑛2
S4. (a) Number of emission spectral lines S9. (a) 𝑅 =
𝑍
𝑛(𝑛−1) R0
𝑁= Radius in ground state =
2
∴3=
𝑛1 (𝑛1 −1)
, in first case.
Z
2 R0  4
2
Or n – n1 – 6 = 0 or (n1 – 3) (n1 + 2) = 0
1
Radius in first excited state = ( n = 2)
Z
Take positive root. Hence, radius of first excited state is four times the
⸫ n1 = 3 radius in ground state.
n2 ( n2 − 1)
Again, 6 = , in second case. S10. (c) Absorption spectrum involves only excitation of
2 ground level to higher level. Therefore, spectral lines
Or n22 – n2 – 12 = 0 or (n2 – 4) (n2 + 3) = 0. 1, 2, 3 will occur in the absorption spectrum.
2𝜋𝐾𝑍𝑒 2 S11. (d) According to Bohr’s principle, radius of orbit
Take velocity of electron 𝜐 =
𝑛ℎ 𝑛 2 ℎ2
∴
𝜐1
=
𝑛2
= .
4 (𝑟) = 4𝜋𝜀0 × ; 𝑟 ∝ 𝑛2
4𝜋2 𝑚𝑒 2
𝜐2 𝑛1 3
where 𝑛 = principal quantum number.
S5. (a) Energy of the projectile is the potential energy at
1 𝑧1 𝑧2 S12. (b)
closest approach,
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
Therefore energy ∝ 𝑧1 𝑧2
S6. (c) Magnetic moment of the hydrogen atom, when the
electron is in nth excited state, i.e., n’ = (n + 1) As (𝐸𝐶 − 𝐸𝐴 ) = (𝐸𝐶 − 𝐸𝐵 ) + (𝐸𝐵 − 𝐸𝐴 )
magnetic moment Mn = InA = In(πrn2) ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐 1 1 1
= + or = +
𝑚𝑧 2 𝑒 5 𝜆3 𝜆1 𝜆2 𝜆3 𝜆1 𝜆2
𝑖𝑛 = 𝑒𝑉𝑛 = 1 𝜆1 +𝜆2 𝜆1 𝜆2
4𝜀02 𝑛3 ℎ3 ∴ = or 𝜆3 =
𝜆3 𝜆1 𝜆2 𝜆1 +𝜆2
𝑛 2 ℎ2 1
𝑟𝑛 = 2 (𝑘 = ) S13. (c)
4𝜋2 𝑘𝑧𝑚𝑒 4𝜋∈0
Solving we get magnetic moment of the hydrogen
atom for nth excited state
𝑒 𝑛ℎ
𝑀𝑛′ = ( )
2𝑚 2𝜋
ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐 6.62×10−34 ×3×108
S7. (a) 𝐸 = ⇒ 𝜆 = =
𝜆 𝐸 12.5×1.6×10−19
= 993Å
 The maximum wavelength emitted here corresponds After absorbing a photon of energy 12.75 eV, the
to the transition 𝑛 = 4 → n = 3 (Paschen series 1st line) electron will reach to third excited state of energy –
S14. (c) Energy of the ground electronic state of hydrogen 0.85 eV, since energy difference corresponding to 𝑛 =
atom 𝐸 = –13.6 eV. 1 and 𝑛 = 4 is 12.75 eV.
We know that energy of the first excited state for ∴ Number of spectral lines emitted
(𝑛)(𝑛−1) (4)(4−1)
second orbit (where 𝑛 = 2) = = =6
2 2
13.6 13.6
𝐸𝑛 = − (𝑛)2 = − (2)2 = −3.4 eV
ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐 1
S15. (b) = 𝑒𝑉 or 𝜆 = ∝
𝜆 𝑒𝑉 𝑉
S16. (b) In the question it is said that a hydrogen atom is
excited from the ground state. The principal quantum
number is given to us as 4. We are asked to find the
number of spectral lines when the atom is excited,
we know that to find the total number of spectral
S22. (d) Energy released when electron in the atom jumps
lines we have an equation,
𝑛(𝑛−1)
from excited state (𝑛 = 3) to ground state (𝑛 = 1) is
𝑁= 𝐸 = ℎ𝜐 = 𝐸3 − 𝐸1
2
−13.6 −13.6 −13.6
where ‘N’ is the total number of spectral lines and ‘n’ = 2 −( 2 )= + 13.6 = 12.1 eV
3 1 9
is the principal quantum number.
Therefore, stopping potential
From the question we know that n=4.
𝑒𝑉0 = ℎ𝜐 − ϕ0 = 12.1 − 5.1 = 7 eV
By substituting the value of ‘n’ in the equation, we
𝑉0 = 7 V [∵ work function ϕ0 = 5.1]
will get
4(4−1) S23. (d) 𝐸 = 𝐸4 − 𝐸3
𝑁= 13.6 13.6
2
(16−4) =− − (− ) = −0.85 + 1.51 = 0.66
42 32
𝑁=
2
12 S24. (c) When electron jumps from higher orbit to lower orbit
𝑁=
2 then, wavelength of emitted photon is given by,
N=6 1 1 1
= 𝑅( 2 − )
S17. (d) Bohr’s atomic model is valid for single electron 𝜆 𝑛𝑓 𝑛𝑖2
1 1 1 5𝑅 1 1 1
species only. A singly ionized neon contains more than so, = 𝑅( − )= and = 𝑅( − )=
𝜆 22 32 36 𝜆′ 32 42
one electron. Hence option (d) is correct. 7𝑅

−13.6𝑍 2 144
S18. (d) Total energy of electron in 𝑛th orbit, 𝐸𝑛 = eV ∴ 𝜆′ =
144
×
5𝜆
=
20𝜆
𝑛2 7 36 7
13.6𝑍 2
Kinetic energy of electron in 𝑛th orbit, K.E. = eV S25. (c) The energy of 𝑛 th
orbit of hydrogen atom is given as
𝑛2
Potential energy of electron in 𝑛th orbit, P.E. = 13.6
𝐸𝑛 = − 2 eV
−27.2𝑍 2 𝑛
eV ∴ 𝐸1 = −13.6 eV; 𝐸2 = −
13.6
= −3.4 eV
𝑛2 22
P.E.
Thus, total energy of electron, 𝐸𝑛 = −K.E. = 13.6
𝐸3 = − 2 = −1.5 eV; 𝐸4 = − 2 = −0.85 eV
13.6
2 3 4
∴ K.E. = 3.4 eV [Given 𝐸𝑛 = −3.4 eV] ∴ 𝐸3 − 𝐸2 = −1.5 − (−3.4) = 1.9 eV
P.E. = 2 × −3.4 = −6.8 eV 𝐸4 − 𝐸3 = −0.85 − (−1.5) = 0.65 eV
S19. (a)
ASSERTION AND REASONING

S1. (b) Rutherford confirmed that the repulsive force of

1 excitation energy 𝐸𝑛2 − 𝐸𝑛1
st
= (−3.4 + 13.6) Particle due to nucleus varies with distance according
= 10.2 eV to inverse square law and that the positive charges
are concentrated at the center and not distributed
S20. (b) 2𝑑 sin ϕ = 𝑛𝜆 ; (sin ϕ)max = 1
throughout the atom.
i.e., 𝜆max = 2𝑑
⇒ 𝜆max = 2 × 2.8 × 10−8 = 5.6 × 10−8 m. S2. (d) According to classical electromagnetic theory, an
21. (c) accelerated charged particle continuously emits
ℎ𝑐 radiation. As electrons revolving in circular paths are
Energy of the photon, 𝐸 =
𝜆 constantly experiencing centripetal acceleration,
6.63×10−34 ×3×108
𝐸= J hence they will be losing their energy continuously
975×10−10
6.63×10−34 ×3×108 and the orbital radius will go on decreasing, form
= eV = 12.75 eV
975×10−10 ×1.6×10−19 spiral and finally the electron will fall in the nucleus
S3. (b) Bohr postulated that electrons in stationary orbits electrons volt energy while the removal of a nucleon
around the nucleus do not radiate. This is the one of from a nucleus requires nearly 8 MeV energy.
Bohr's postulates, according to this the moving
electrons radiates only when they go from one orbit NUMERICAL TYPE QUESTIONS
to the next lower orbit.
S1. Energy of electron in He+ 3rd orbit
S4. (b) When the atom gets appropriate energy from 𝑍2 4
outside, then this electron rises to some higher 𝐸3 = −13.6 × eV = −13.6 × eV
𝑛2 9
energy level. Now it can return either directly to the 4
= −13.6 × × 1.6 × 10−19 J ≃ −9.7 × 10−19 J
9
lower energy level or come to the lowest energy level
As per Bohr’s model,
after passing through other lower energy levels
Kinetic energy of electron in the 3rd orbit = −𝐸3
hence all possible transitions take place in the source 1
and many lines are seen in the spectrum. ∴ 9.7 × 10−19 = 𝑚𝑒 𝑣 2
2

S5. (b) When the atom gets appropriate energy from 2 × 9.7 × 10−19
outside, then this electron rises to some higher 𝑣=√ = 1.46 × 106 m s −1
9.1 × 10−31
energy level. Now it can return either directly to the
lower energy level or come to the lowest energy level S2. Given, radius of first Bohr orbit for electron in a
after passing through other lower energy levels, hydrogen atom, 𝑟 = 0.51 Å
hence all possible transitions take place in the source and its ground state energy, 𝐸𝑛 = –13.6 eV
and many lines are seen in the spectrum. At ordinary Charge of muon = charge of electron
temperature, all atoms are present at their lowest Mass of muon = 207 × (mass of electron)
energy level (n=1). Hence absorption transition can Therefore, when electron is replaced by muon then,
0.51 Å
start only from n=1 (and not from n=2,3, 4,). Hence first Bohr radius, 𝑟1′ = = 2.56 × 10−13 m
207
only Lyman series is found in the absorption ′
and ground state energy, 𝐸1 = – 13.6 × 207
spectrum of hydrogen atom whereas in the emission = –2815.2 eV = –2.815 keV
spectrum, all the series are found. 13.6
S3. For hydrogen atom, 𝐸𝑛 = − 2 eV
S6. (a) According to Bohr's postulates, the angular 𝑛

momentum of an electron (mvr) is an integral For ground state, 𝑛 = 1

13.6
multiple of h /2π Thus, mvr= nh /2π Only those ∴ 𝐸1 = − 2 = −13.6 eV
1
orbitals are permitted which satisfy the above For first excited state, 𝑛 = 2
13.6
equation. Hence, the angular momentum of an ∴ 𝐸2 = − 2 = −3.4 eV
2
electron in an atom is quantized. The energy of the emitted photon when an electron
jumps from first excited state to ground state is
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS ℎ𝜐 = 𝐸2 − 𝐸1 = −3.4 eV − (−13.6 eV) = 10.2 eV
Maximum kinetic energy,
S1. Yes, since the Bohr formula involves only the product 𝐾max = 𝑒𝑉𝑠 = 𝑒 × 3.57 V = 3.57 eV
of the charges. According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation
S2. This is because electrons interact only 𝐾max = ℎ𝜐 − ϕ0
electromagnetically. where ϕ0 is the work function and ℎ𝜐 is the incident
S3. Two important limitations of Rutherford Model are: energy
(i) According to Rutherford model, electron orbiting ϕ0 = ℎ𝜐 − 𝐾max = 10.2 eV − 3.57 eV = 6.63 eV
ϕ0 6.63×1.6×10−19 J
around the nucleus, continuously radiates energy Threshold frequency, 𝜐0 = =
ℎ 6.63×10−34 J s
due to the acceleration; hence the atom will not = 1.6 × 1015 Hz
remain stable.
(ii) As electron spirals inwards; its angular velocity S4. Here, 𝑅 = 107 m−1
and frequency change continuously, therefore it The wave number of the last line of the Balmer series
should emit a continuous spectrum. But an atom in hydrogen spectrum is given by
1 1 1 𝑅 107
like hydrogen always emits a discrete line = 𝑅( − )= = = 0.25 × 107 m−1
𝜆 22 ∞2 4 4
spectrum. 𝑒2
S5. KE =
S4. It is easier to remove an orbital electron from an 8𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
1
atom. The reason is the binding energy of orbital were, 𝑒 = 1.6 × 10−19 C, = 9 × 109 N −
4𝜋𝜀0
electron is a few electron-volts while that of nucleon m2 C −2
in a nucleus is quite large (nearly 8 MeV). This means and 𝑟 = 4.7 × 10−11 m.
that the removal of an orbital electron requires few (9×109 Nm2 C−2 )(1.6×10−19 C)
2
=
(2)(4.7×10−11 m)
 2.45×10−18 𝜆2 20 20
= 2.45 × 10−18 J = eV = 15.3 eV atom. ∴ = ⇒ 𝜆2 = × 𝜆1
1.6×10−19 𝜆1 27 27
20
S6. Total energy of the electron in hydrogen atom is – ⇒ 𝜆2 = × 6561 = 4860 Å
27
13.6 eV. S8. Wavelength of spectral lines are given by
⇒ 𝐸 = −13.6 × 1.6 × 10−19 J = −2.2 × 1 1 1
10 −18
J = 𝑅( − )
𝜆 𝑛12 𝑛22
As we know, total energy E of the electron in a For last line of Balmer series, 𝑛1 = 2 and 𝑛2 = ∞
hydrogen atom is S9. According to Bohr’s model, velocity
−𝑒 2 −𝑒 2
𝐸= ⇒ 𝑟= 2𝜋𝑘𝑒 2 𝑍 1
8𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 8𝜋𝜀0 𝐸 𝑣= 𝑜𝑟 𝑣 ∝
1 𝑛ℎ 𝑛
were, 𝑒 = 1.6 × 10−19 C, = 9 × 109 N − ∴
𝑣𝐴
=
𝑛𝐵
∴ 𝑣𝐵 = 𝑣𝐴 ×
𝑛𝐴
4πε0 𝑣𝐵 𝑛𝐴 𝑛𝐵
m2 C −2 Given, 𝑛𝐴 = 1, 𝑛𝐵 = 4 and 𝑣𝐴 = 2.6 × 106 ms −1
2
(9×109 )×(1.6×10−19 ) 1
⇒ 𝑟=− = 5.3 × 10−11 m 𝑣𝐵 = 2.6 × 106 × = 6.5 × 105 ms −1
2×(−2.2×10−18 ) 4
As, electron revolves around the nucleus, by S10. According to Bohr’s model, the kinetic energy of
centripetal force, so the electrostatic force required electron is given by
to separate electron from atom should be equal to 𝑚𝑒 4
KE = … (𝑖)
this centripetal force. 8𝜀02 𝑛2 ℎ2

i.e., 𝐹𝑐 = 𝐹𝑒 where, h = Planck’s constant

𝑚𝑣 2 1 𝑒2 𝑒 and n = principal quantum number.
⇒ = ⇒ 𝑣=
𝑟 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2 √4𝜋𝜀0 𝑚𝑟 Similarly, potential energy is given by
were, ε0 = 8.85 × 10−12 C 2 /N − m2 , m = 9.1 × PE = −
𝑚𝑒 4
… . (𝑖𝑖)
10 −31
kg 4𝜀02 𝑛2 ℎ2
𝑚𝑒 4
and 𝑟 = 5.3 × 10−11 m. ∴ Total energy, 𝐸 = PE + KE = −
8𝜀02 𝑛2 ℎ2
1.6×10−19
⇒ 𝑣= [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
√4×3.14×8.85×10−12 ×9.1×10−31 ×5.3×10−11
= 2.2 × 10 m/s 6 ⇒ 𝐾𝐸 = −𝐸 and PE = 2E
Given, 𝐸 = −3.4 eV
S7. Wavelength of spectral line in Balmer series is given
∴ KE = −(− 3.4) = 3.4 eV
by
1 1 1
and PE = 2 (−3.4) = − 6.8 eV
= 𝑅( − )
𝜆 22 𝑛2 S11. Given, 𝐸 = −4.6 eV
For first line of Balmer series, n = 3 𝐾 = −𝐸 = −(−4.6) = 4.6 eV
1 1 1 5𝑅
⇒ = 𝑅( − )= … (𝑖) de-Broglie wavelength,
𝜆1 22 32 36
ℎ 6.6×10−34
For second line, n = 4 𝜆= =
√2𝑚𝐾 √2×9.1×10−31 ×4.6×1.6×10−19
1 1 1 3𝑅
⇒ = 𝑅( − )= … (𝑖𝑖) = 0.57 × 10 −9
m = 0.57 nm
𝜆2 22 42 16
Dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
 HOMEWORK EXERCISE SOLUTIONS
 kinetic energy is constant
MCQ  T is independent of n.
S1. (b) KEmax = 10eV 1 1 𝑐−𝑣
S7. (b) = √
𝜆′ 𝜆 𝑐+𝑣
Ф = 2.75 eV
Here,  ' = 706 nm,  = 656 nm
Total incident energy
𝑐−𝑣 𝜆 2 656 2
E = Ф+KEmax = 12.75 eV ∴ =( ) =( ) = 0.86
𝑐+𝑣 𝜆′ 706
𝑣 0.14
⸫ Energy is released when electron jumps from the ⇒ =
𝑐 1.86
excited state n to the ground state.  v = 0.075  3  108 = 2.25  107 m/s
E4 – E1 = {-0.85-(-13.6) ev}
S8. (a) 53 electrons in iodine atom are distributed as 2, 8, 18,
= 12.75eV
18, 7 ⸫ n = 5
⸫ Value of n = 4
𝑛2
S2. (d) When one e − is removed from neutral helium atom, 𝑟𝑛 = (0.53 × 10−10 )
𝑍
it becomes a one e − species. =
0.53×10−10 ×52
= 2.5 × 10−11 𝑚
For one e − species we know 53
S9. (a) At closest distance of approach, the kinetic energy of
−13.6Z 2
En = Ev/atom the particle will convert completely into electrostatic
n2 potential energy.
For helium ion, Z = 2 and for first orbit n = 1. 1
−13.6 Kinetic energy K.E. = mv 2
 E1 =  2 = −54.4 eV
2
2
(1)
2
𝐾𝑄𝑞
Potential energy P.E. =
𝑟
⸫ Energy required to remove this e − =+54.4 eV 1
𝑚𝑣 2 =
𝐾𝑄𝑞
⇒𝑟∝
1
⸫ Total energy required = 54.4 + 24.6 =79 eV 2 𝑟 𝑚

S3. (d) For an atom following Bohr’s model, the radius is S10. (a)
given by T  n3
r0 m2 Tn1 = 8 Tn2 (given)
rm = where r0 = Bohr’s radius and
Z Hence, n1 = 2n2
m = orbit number. S11. (c) A spectrum is observed, when light coming directly
For Fm, m = 5 (Fifth orbit in which the from a source is examined with a spectroscope.
outermost electron is present) Therefore, spectrum obtained from a sodium vapor
r0 52 1 lamp is emission spectrum.
 rm = = nr0 ( given )  n =
100 4 S12. (a) Energy of ground state 13.6 eV Energy of first excited
S4. (d) The charge on hydrogen nucleus state
13.6
𝑞1 = +𝑒 =− = −3.4eV
4
charge on electron, 𝑞2 = −𝑒 Energy of second excited state
𝑞 𝑞 (+𝑒)(−𝑒) 13.6
Coulomb force, 𝐹 = 𝐾 1 2 2 = 𝐾 2 =−
9
= −1.5eV
𝑟 𝑟
𝐾𝑒 2 𝐾𝑒 2
𝐹⃗ = − 3 𝑟⃗ = − 2 𝑟̂ Difference between ground state and
𝑟 𝑟 2nd excited state = 13.6 – 1.5 = 12.1 eV So, electron
S5. (d) Energy of electron in nth orbit is can be excited up to 3rd orbit No. of possible
Z2 transition
En = – (Rch) = −54.4 eV
n2 1→2, 1→ 3, 2→ 3
For He+ is ground state So, three lines are possible.
(2)2
𝐸1 = −(𝑅𝑐ℎ) (1)2 = −54.4 ⇒ 𝑅𝑐ℎ = 13.6 S13. (b) The smallest frequency and largest wavelength in
⸫ For Li++ in first excited state (n = 2) ultraviolet region will be for transition of electron
(3)2 from orbit 2 to orbit 1.
𝐸′ = −13.6 × (2)2 = −30.6𝑒𝑉 1 1 1
∴ = 𝑅( − )
𝜆 𝑛12 𝑛22
k 1 1 1 1 3𝑅
S6. (b) When F = = centripetal force, then ⇒ = 𝑅 [ 2 − 2 ] = 𝑅 [1 − ] =
r −9
122 × 10 𝑚 1 2 4 4
𝑘 𝑚𝑣 2 4 −1
𝑟
=
𝑟
 mv2 = constant ⇒𝑅= −9 𝑚
3×122×10
 The highest frequency and smallest wavelength for
infrared region will be for transition of electron from
 to 3rd orbit.
1 1 1 1 4 1 1
∴ = 𝑅( − )⇒ = ( − )
𝜆 𝑛12 𝑛22 𝜆 3×122×10−9 32 ∞
3×122×9×10−9
∴𝜆= = 823.5𝑛𝑚
4
S14. (b) E = E4 – E3
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
13.6  13.6 
=− −−  = −0.85 + 1.51
42  32  S1. Ionization energy: The energy required to knock out
= 0.66 eV an electron from an atom is called ionization energy
of the atom. For hydrogen atom it is 13.6 eV.
S15. (b) Jump to second orbit leads to Balmer series. The
jump from 4th orbit shall give rise to second line of S2. Balmer series is obtained when an electron jumps to
Balmer series. the second orbit (n1 = 2) from any orbit n2 = n > 2.
S3. For third excited state, n2 = 4, and n1 = 3, 2, 1 Hence
ASSERTION AND REASONING there are 3 spectral lines.

S1. (a) Alpha particle is positively charged, so is the nucleus, S4. Ionization energy: “The minimum energy, required
so the large angle of scattering of alpha particle to free the electron from the ground state of the
shows that the nucleus is positively charged and hydrogen atom, is known as Ionization Energy.”
concentrated in the central core. The ionization energy is given by:
𝑒4
𝐸0 = 𝑚
S2. (b) Bohr postulated that electrons in stationary orbits 8𝜖02 ℎ2
around the nucleus do not radiate. This is the one of Ionization Energy will become 200 times,
Bohr's postulates. According to this moving electron ∵ the mass of given particle is 200 times.
radiates only when they go from one orbit to the next
lower orbit.
NUMERICAL TYPE QUESTIONS
S3. (c) The nature of atoms and the manner in which
electrons interact and move about their nucleus. S1. (a)  = 975 Å = 975 × 10–10 m
There is always a force of attraction between the 1 1 1
= 𝑅[ 2 − ]
electrons and nucleus. They strictly follow coulomb 𝜆 1 𝑛2
1 1 1
law and attract themselves in order to generate  = 1.1 × 107 [ 2 − ] or n = 4
975×10−10 1 𝑛2
necessary centripetal force which will allow them to (b) n=4
perform circular motion. 𝑛(𝑛 −1)
Number of spectral lines (N) =
2
S4. (a) Electron is bound to nucleus by electrostatic force of 4×(4−1)
 𝑁= =6
attraction. Now, that it revolves in an orbit as well, its 2

kinetic energy is not enough so that it can break free Possible transition 4→3, 4→2, 4→1, 3→2, 3→1,
from the orbit. Hence the total energy of electron is 2→1
negative. Therefore, both assertion and reason are S2. I.P. = 122.4 V
correct and reason is the correct explanation of E = Z2EH
assertion. 𝐸 122.4
𝑍=√ =√ =3
𝐸 𝐻2 13.6
S5. (a) Beginning from any level n to another upper energy
level m, only m−n absorption transitions can be S3. I.P. = 122.4 V
made, but since emission from m to n can involve 122.4
𝐸𝑒𝑥1 = 122.4 − = 91.8𝑉
transition between any two levels between n and m, 4
122.4
m−n
C 2 transitions are possible which is always  𝐸𝑒𝑥2 = 122.4 − = 108.8𝑉
9
greater than m−n. Hence both statements are correct S4. n1 = n 2 = 5
and second one is correct explanation for first. 1
 1 1
Absorption transition 𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 [ 2 − 2 ]
4 5
25×16×1010
or 𝜆
9×1.1×107 𝑚𝑎𝑥

S5. From Bragg's equation 2d sin  = n

2 × 2.8 × 10–10 × sin  = l × 10–10
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 =  sin  = 0.1786 or  = sin–1 (0.1786)
5.6
Two possibilities in absorption transition
 12.27
S6. Wavelength of a moving electron 𝜆𝑒 = Å  21
√𝑉𝑎
Therefore 3 =
Or Va = accelerating potential of electron =
150
𝜆2
=  2 + 1
𝑒
150
= 15000 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
(0.1)2
Minimum wavelength of X-rays
ℎ𝑐 6.62×10−34 ×3×108
𝜆
𝑒𝑉𝑎 1.6×10−19 ×15000 𝑚𝑖𝑛

S7. Kinetic energy acquired by the electron = 20 × 103 eV

5
The energy of the photon = × 20 × 103 𝑒𝑉 =
100
3
10 𝑒𝑉
ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐 12400𝑒𝑉−Å
Thus, = 103 𝑒𝑉 or𝜆 = = =
𝜆 103 𝑒𝑉 103 𝑒𝑉
12.4Å
S8. Ka means transition from n2 = 2 to n1 = 2 and b = 1 for S10. Here, Stopping potential, 𝑉0 = 10 V
K series Work function, 𝑊 = 2.75 eV
1 1 1 1
= 𝑅(𝑍 − 1)2 [ − ] = According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation
𝜆𝐾𝛼 𝑛12 𝑛22 𝜆𝐾𝛼
2 1 1 𝑒𝑉0 = ℎ𝜐 − 𝑊 or ℎ𝜐 = 𝑒𝑉0 + 𝑊
𝑅(𝑍 − 1) [ 2 − ]
1 22 = 10 eV + 2.75 eV = 12.75 eV ...(i)
1 3𝑅(𝑍 −1)2
= When an electron in the hydrogen atom makes a
𝜆𝐾𝛼 4
R = 1.097 × 107 m–1 and
1
= 912Å transition from excited state 𝑛 to the ground state
𝑅
4 (𝑛 = 1), then the frequency (𝜐) of the emitted
𝜆𝐾𝛼 =
3𝑅(𝑍 −1)2 photon is given by
1216
𝜆𝐾𝛼 = Å ℎ𝜐 = 𝐸𝑛 − 𝐸1 ⇒ ℎ𝜐 = −
13.6
− (−
13.6
)
(𝑍 −1)2 𝑛2 12
13.6
S9. For given condition E3 – E1 = (E3 – E2) + (E2 – E1) [∵For hydrogen atom, 𝐸𝑛 = − eV]
𝑛2
ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐
 = + According to given problem
𝜆3 𝜆2 𝜆1
13.6
1 1 1 − + 13.6 = 12.75 (Using (i))
𝑛2
 = + 13.6
= 0.85 ⇒ 𝑛2 =
13.6
= 16
3  2 1 𝑛2 0.85
or 𝑛=4