DESIGN OF MULTIBAND 2-PORT MICROSTIP
MIMO ANTENNA FOR SUB-6 GHz 5G
APPLICATIONS
BY
1. Shailendra Pratap Yadav (2200910310150)
2. Shantanu Sharma (2200910310152)
3. Snehil Jaiswal (2200910310164)
Under the Guidance of
Mr. Rakesh Kumar
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION C-20/1 SECTOR-62,
NOIDA
June, 2025-26
Project Report
On
DESIGN OF MULTIBAND 2-PORT
MICROSTRIP MIMO ANTENNA FOR SUB-6
GHz 5G APPLICATIONS
by
Shailendra Pratap Yadav (2200910310150)
Shantanu Sharma (2200910310152)
Snehil Jaiswal (2200910310164)
Under the Guidance of
Mr. Rakesh Kumar
Submitted to the Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Electronics & Communication Engineering
JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow
June, 2025-26
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that this submission is our own work and that, to the best of our
knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another
person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any
other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except
where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.
1.Shailendra Pratap Yadav
Roll No:
2200910310150
2.Shantanu Sharma
Roll No:
2200910310152
3.Snehil Jaiswal
Roll No:
2200910310164
ii
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Project Report entitled “Design of Multiband 2-Port Microstrip
MIMO Antenna for Sub-6 GHz 5G Applications” which is submitted by Shailendra
Pratap Yadav, Shantanu Sharma and Snehil Jaiswal partial fulfillment of the requirement
for the award of B. Tech degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering of Dr. A.P.J.
Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow is a record of the candidate's own work
carried out by him under my/our supervision. The matter embodied in this thesis is original
and has not been submitted for the award of any other degree.
Signature
1.Mr. Rakesh Kumar
Assistant Professor
Date
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives us a great sense of pleasure to present the report of the B. Tech Project undertaken
during B. Tech. Final Year. We owe special debt of gratitude to Mr. Rakesh Kumar,
Assistant Professor , Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, J.S.S.
Academy of Technical Education, Noida for his constant support and guidance throughout
the course of our work. His sincerity, thoroughness and perseverance have been a constant
source of inspiration for us. It is only his cognizant efforts that our endeavors have seen
light of the day.
We also take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Dr Arun Kumar G, Head
of Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, J.S.S. Academy of
Technical Education, Noida for his full support and assistance during the development of
the project.
Signature:
Name: Shailendra Pratap Yadav
Roll No.: 2200910310150
Date:
Signature:
Name: Shantanu Sharma
Roll No.: 2200910310152
Date:
Signature:
Name: Snehil Jaiswal
Roll No.: 2200910310164
Date:
iv
ABSTRACT
The growing demand for high-speed 5G wireless communication has increased the need for
compact and efficient antennas capable of supporting multiband operation with reliable
performance. This project presents the design of a multiband 2-port microstrip MIMO
antenna optimized for Sub-6 GHz 5G applications. The antenna integrates two closely spaced
microstrip elements to achieve multiple resonant bands while maintaining a compact structure
suitable for portable and IoT devices.
The design is evaluated through electromagnetic simulation and optimization of key
parameters including S-parameters, radiation pattern, isolation, and envelope correlation
coefficient. The results indicate successful multiband operation across essential 5G frequency
bands with low return loss and strong port isolation, ensuring efficient MIMO performance.
The radiation characteristics exhibit stable gain and pattern suitable for high-speed
communication.
Overall, the work demonstrates that the proposed antenna is a feasible and effective solution
for Sub-6 GHz 5G systems requiring compact size, high efficiency, and reliable multiband
connectivity.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
DECLARATION ..................................................................................................................ii
CERTIFICATE ......................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................iv
ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................................................v
LIST OF FIGURES...............................................................................................................vii
LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................viii
LIST OF SYMBOLS ............................................................................................................ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................x
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………..….….…..1
1.1. PROBLEM STATEMENT………………………………………..…………..………....3
1.2. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT………………………………………………….….3
1.3. SCOPE OF WORK…………………………………….……..…….……………….…..4
1.4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE WORK………………………………………………….….5
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY & THEORY REQUISITE……………………6
2.1. LITERATURE SURVEY…………………………….…………………….…………...6
2.1.1. Dual-band microstrip patch antennas for WLAN and MIMO applications………..6
2.1.2. Compact dual-band patch antenna for 5G applications…………………………….6
2.1.3. Dual-port wideband MIMO antennas for Sub-7 GHz 5G………………………….7
2.1.4. Summary and research gap…………………………………………………………7
2.2. THEORY REQUISITE…………………………………………………………………8
2.2.1. Microstrip patch antenna fundamentals……………………………………………
2.2.2. Multiband and bandwidth enhancement techniques……………………………….
2.2.3. MIMO antenna concepts…………………………………………………………..
2.2.4. Key antenna performance parameters……………………………………………..
2.2.5. Design considerations for Sub-6 GHz 5G multiband 2-port MIMO antennas……
CHAPTER 4 (OTHER MAIN HEADING) .....................................................................30
4.1. 39
CHAPTER 5 (RESULT & CONCLUSIONS)..................................................................40
APPENDIX ........................................................................................................................45
REFERENCES... .................................................................................................................49
vii
LIST OF FIGURE
vii
LIST OF TABLE
viii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
εr - Substrate relative permittivity
Ω - ohm ( for resistance of Microstrip fed line )
ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
MIMO - Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
ECC - Envelope Correlation Coefficient
WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
LTE - Long-Term Evolution
PCB - Printed Circuit Board
DGS - Defected Ground Structure
WiMAX - Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
VSWR - Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
MEG - Mean Effective Gain
CCL - Channel Capacity Loss
x
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Wireless communication has become one of the most defining pillars of modern technology,
enabling seamless connectivity between devices, people, and services across the globe. Over
the past five decades, communication systems have evolved from basic analog voice
transmission (1G) to extremely high-speed broadband wireless networks (5G). The demands
of users have shifted from simple calling services to bandwidth-intensive applications such as
high-definition video streaming, real-time gaming, industrial automation, autonomous
driving, smart healthcare, and immersive virtual/augmented reality. The advent of
Fifth-Generation (5G) communication systems is driven by the need to support these
next-generation services with higher capacity, enhanced reliability, ultra-low latency, and
massive device connectivity.
5G technology is categorized into two major spectrum domains: Sub-6 GHz and
millimetre-wave (mm-wave). Although mm-wave frequencies offer extremely large
bandwidth and multi-gigabit data capability, their propagation characteristics are susceptible
to attenuation, limited coverage radius, and reduced penetration through obstacles. In contrast,
Sub-6 GHz 5G presents an ideal compromise by offering high data rates, relatively longer
coverage, and better penetration, making it a preferred choice for global deployment of
mainstream 5G networks. As a result, antenna systems operating in the Sub-6 GHz region
(~3–6 GHz) have become a crucial component in contemporary wireless infrastructure and
portable devices.
At the heart of every wireless system lies the antenna, responsible for converting electrical
signals into electromagnetic waves for transmission and reception. The performance of the
entire communication system is therefore strongly dependent on antenna parameters such as
gain, bandwidth, impedance matching, and radiation patterns. Traditional single-element
microstrip patch antennas, although lightweight and easy to fabricate, offer limited bandwidth
and relatively low gain—which restrict their usefulness in multi-standard 5G environments
that demand high throughput and efficiency. Furthermore, single-element antennas suffer
1
from multipath fading, reduced spectral efficiency, and poor interference handling, making
them unsuitable for advanced multi-channel wireless systems.
To overcome the limitations of single-element antennas, Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
(MIMO) technology has emerged as a breakthrough solution. In a MIMO system, multiple
antennas operate simultaneously at both the transmitter and receiver, establishing multiple
parallel spatial communication paths and thereby increasing data rate and channel capacity
without requiring additional power or bandwidth. MIMO antennas also dramatically improve
link quality by mitigating fading effects, enabling enhanced spectral efficiency and reliability.
For this reason, MIMO has become a standard requirement in 5G smartphones, 5G modems,
Wi-Fi 6 routers, IoT gateways, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication modules, and
small-cell base stations.
However, integrating multiple antennas in compact devices introduces new challenges. The
proximity of multiple radiating elements causes mutual coupling, which leads to signal
interference, increased envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), degradation of radiation
patterns, and loss of channel capacity. Achieving high isolation between ports without
increasing antenna size is therefore a key challenge in MIMO design—especially in portable
Sub-6 GHz 5G systems where space is limited. In addition, most available MIMO antennas
are optimized for wideband operation rather than multiband operation. Sub-6 GHz
deployment in many regions spans multiple frequency bands, and support for multiple
operating bands in a single 2-port MIMO design is highly beneficial for multi-standard device
compatibility.
This leads to a crucial need in modern antenna engineering:
To design a compact multiband 2-port microstrip MIMO antenna that
supports Sub-6 GHz 5G frequencies while ensuring high isolation, low ECC,
and stable radiation characteristics—without increasing physical size or
structural complexity.
The present project addresses this need by developing a Multiband 2-Port Microstrip
MIMO Antenna for Sub-6 GHz 5G Applications. The antenna structure is optimized to
resonate at multiple Sub-6 GHz bands, making it suitable for 5G NR bands along with overlap
to WLAN/LTE services. The compact patch elements and ground structure are modelled to
2
ensure minimal mutual coupling while maintaining sufficient gain and bandwidth.
1.1 Problem Statement
Although many antenna structures exist for 5G, most either:
● operate in mm-wave rather than Sub-6 GHz,
● support wideband operation instead of multiband, or
● fail to provide sufficient isolation and low ECC when multiple elements are placed
compactly.
Therefore, the core problem addressed in this work is:
To design a compact microstrip antenna system that supports multiband
Sub-6 GHz 5G operation while maintaining strong isolation and reliable
MIMO performance in a 2-port configuration.
In simpler terms, the challenge is to ensure that each antenna port resonates properly at
multiple bands while preventing the two ports from interfering with each other.
1.2 Objectives of the Project
The primary objectives of this project are listed below.
Main Objective
● To design and evaluate a Multiband 2-Port Microstrip MIMO Antenna operating in
the Sub-6 GHz 5G frequency range.
Supporting Objectives
To accomplish the main objective, the project aims to:
● Achieve multiple resonant frequencies within the Sub-6 GHz band suitable for 5G
3
communication.
● Maintain compact overall antenna dimensions suitable for portable devices.
● Ensure good impedance matching by achieving return loss below −10 dB (S11, S22)
across all target bands.
● Improve isolation and reduce mutual coupling to achieve S21/S12 better than −15 dB
(or lower).
● Maintain a low envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) to ensure reliable MIMO
performance.
● Obtain stable radiation patterns and adequate gain across each resonant band.
● Validate performance using full-wave electromagnetic simulation through analysis of
S-parameters, gain and bandwidth, radiation pattern, and ECC/isolation
characteristics.
1.3 Scope of the Work
The scope of this project includes:
● Design and simulation of a compact 2-port microstrip MIMO antenna.
● Study of multiband generation techniques using patch and ground-based geometrical
modifications.
● Optimization of isolation through structural design rather than extensive add-on
components.
● Performance evaluation via simulation-based parametric analysis.
4
● Application relevance to portable 5G Sub-6 GHz wireless platforms.
The project does not include mm-wave fabrication testing or hardware deployment due to
laboratory and cost limitations, although the design remains fabrication-ready for future
expansion.
1.4 Significance of the Work
The proposed antenna is significant for the following reasons:
● Supports multiple Sub-6 GHz 5G frequency bands, enabling interoperability across
different geographic regions.
● Reduces the need for multiple antennas inside devices, saving cost and PCB space.
● Enables high isolation and low ECC, improving channel capacity in MIMO systems.
● Offers a low-profile and PCB-manufacturable structure, suitable for IoT devices,
smartphones, automotive modules, and wireless terminals.
Ultimately, this work aligns with practical industry requirements for compact 5G systems,
making it not just academically relevant but also industrially useful.
5
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY & THEORY REQUISITE
2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1.1 Dual-band microstrip patch antennas for WLAN and MIMO applications
Paper presented a dual-band microstrip-fed patch antenna in which the radiating structure is
formed using a pair of inverted L-shaped patches with a modified defected ground structure
(DGS). The antenna is fabricated on an FR-4 substrate (εr = 4.4, thickness 1.6 mm) and
achieves two operating bands with 10 dB return loss: 3.34–3.54 GHz and 4.90–6.26 GHz. The
upper band bandwidth of 1.36 GHz is sufficient to cover several standards such as WLAN,
WiMAX, AMSAT and vehicular communication bands [1].
In this design, the positions and dimensions of the inverted L-shaped patches, along with the
gap between them and the DGS, are optimized using CST Microwave Studio to excite dual
resonant modes with stable radiation characteristics. The use of a shaped ground plane
enhances the impedance bandwidth of the upper band, while a 50 Ω microstrip feed ensures
good matching, with VSWR < 2 at both resonances [1].
This work demonstrates that careful patch and ground-plane shaping can achieve dual-band
behaviour and wide impedance bandwidth while keeping the geometry relatively simple.
However, although the antenna is suitable for MIMO-related frequency bands, it is essentially
a single-port design and does not directly address mutual coupling, isolation, or diversity
parameters that are critical in practical MIMO systems [1].
2.1.2 Compact dual-band patch antenna for 5G applications
Jandi et al. proposed a very compact dual-band microstrip patch antenna for 5G devices,
designed on a Rogers RT5880 substrate (εr = 2.2, thickness ≈ 0.7–0.8 mm). The overall
antenna size is 19 × 19 × 0.787 mm³ including the ground plane. The antenna operates at two
bands around 10.15 GHz and 28 GHz, both considered candidate frequencies for future 5G
services. Simulations show realized gains of about 5.51 dB at 10.15 GHz and 8.03 dB at 28
GHz with directional radiation patterns [5].
The design starts from standard transmission-line based patch calculations and then modifies
the geometry to obtain dual-band behaviour. The work also compares CST (finite integration
technique) and HFSS (finite element / integral equation) simulations, showing good
agreement in S11 characteristics and bandwidth. This highlights the importance of validating
antenna designs using multiple full-wave solvers [5].
6
This paper is highly relevant in showing how compact multiband patches can be realized for
5G, but it focuses on single-element operation at higher frequencies (10 GHz and 28 GHz). It
does not address Sub-6 GHz operation or MIMO-specific metrics such as isolation and
envelope correlation, which are central to the present project [5].
2.1.3 Dual-port wideband MIMO antennas for Sub-7 GHz 5G
Singh et al. introduced a dual-port wideband MIMO antenna operating in the sub-7 GHz
range, specifically targeting multiple 5G NR bands (n77, n79) and other wireless services.
The proposed two-port antenna element consists of interlinked circular patches with a partial
ground plane and rectangular extension. A single element measures 22 × 28 mm², while the
two-port configuration occupies 28 × 60 mm² with a substrate height of 0.8 mm [4].
The antenna exhibits a wide impedance bandwidth from 3.7 to 7.60 GHz with isolation
exceeding 20 dB between ports across the entire band. Maximum gain is about 4.6–5.42 dBi,
and envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is less than 0.001, indicating excellent diversity
performance. Diversity gain, mean effective gain (MEG), and channel capacity loss (CCL) are
also evaluated, confirming suitability for LTE, WLAN, 5G mid-band, Wi-Fi 6, and other
services [4].
To improve isolation in the compact layout, the authors connect the ground planes of the two
elements and introduce an elliptical ring-shaped decoupling structure between them. This
structure significantly reduces surface current coupling, improving isolation from below 12
dB to above 20 dB [4], [7].
The literature review in this work also highlights several other MIMO antenna designs using
techniques such as slots in the ground, metamaterial-inspired elements, and decoupling
structures for Sub-6 GHz and millimetre-wave 5G systems, reinforcing the importance of
isolation and compactness in MIMO configurations [4], [7].
2.1.4 Summary and research gap
From the above survey, several trends emerge:
● Dual-band and multiband microstrip antennas have been widely explored for WLAN,
WiMAX, satellite, and early 5G applications. Techniques such as inverted L-shaped
patches and defected ground structures help achieve multiple bands and wider
bandwidths [1].
● Compact 5G patch antennas at higher frequencies (10–28 GHz) have been
demonstrated with good gain and directivity, suitable for device-level integration [5].
7
● Sub-7 GHz MIMO antennas with wideband or multiband performance have shown
high isolation and excellent diversity metrics using decoupling structures and
ground-plane connections [4], [7].
However, there is still scope for designs that specifically target multiband Sub-6 GHz 5G
operation in a compact 2-port microstrip MIMO configuration, combining:
● multiple resonant bands within Sub-6 GHz,
● strong isolation and low ECC, and
● relatively simple geometry suitable for practical fabrication and undergraduate project
implementation [1], [4], [7].
The present project addresses this gap by designing a multiband 2-port microstrip MIMO
antenna for Sub-6 GHz 5G applications, inspired by the techniques used in these works
(ground modification, compact patch geometries, and isolation structures) but focusing
explicitly on multiband Sub-6 GHz performance [1], [4], [5], [7].
2.2 THEORY REQUISITE
2.2.1 Microstrip patch antenna fundamentals
A microstrip patch antenna typically consists of a conducting patch printed on one side of a
dielectric substrate with a continuous ground plane on the other side. The patch may be
rectangular, circular, or of more complex shape. Radiation occurs mainly due to fringing
fields at the open-circuited edges of the patch.
Key factors that influence antenna performance include:
● Substrate relative permittivity (εr) – Higher εr allows size reduction but usually
decreases bandwidth and radiation efficiency [1].
● Substrate thickness (h) – Thicker substrates can increase bandwidth and efficiency but
may excite surface waves if too thick.
● Patch geometry – Slots, stubs, and irregular shapes can introduce additional current
paths, enabling dual-band or multiband operation [1].
8
In many practical designs, the patch is fed by a 50 Ω microstrip line or probe, and the physical
dimensions are tuned so that the resonant frequency and input impedance match the desired
operating band [1].
2.2.2 Multiband and bandwidth enhancement techniques
To support multiple communication standards, antennas often need to operate at more than
one frequency band. Common techniques to achieve multiband behaviour include:
● Using multiple resonant paths by incorporating inverted L-shaped, U-shaped, or
fractal geometries on the patch [1], [3].
● Introducing defected ground structures (DGS) such as slots or shaped cuts in the
ground plane to modify the current distribution and enhance bandwidth in specific
bands [1], [7].
● Using partial ground planes and additional stubs to create extra resonances and wider
bandwidth, as seen in wideband and dual-band patches [4], [5], [7].
These techniques are directly relevant to the proposed multiband MIMO design, where
multiple sub-6 GHz bands must be covered while maintaining compact size.
2.2.3 MIMO antenna concepts
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology employs multiple antennas at the
transmitter and receiver to improve data rate, reliability, and spectral efficiency without
increasing bandwidth or transmit power [4]. By using spatial multiplexing and diversity,
independent data streams can be transmitted over the same frequency band, significantly
increasing channel capacity.
In compact devices, however, the antennas are placed close to each other, leading to mutual
coupling, which can:
● reduce isolation between ports,
● distort radiation patterns,
● increase correlation between channels, and
● degrade overall system capacity [4], [7].
Therefore, MIMO antenna design must carefully address:
9
● physical arrangement of elements,
● decoupling structures (slots, rings, neutralization lines, metamaterials), and
● ground-plane engineering (connected grounds, stubs, or DGS) [3], [4], [7].
2.2.4 Key antenna performance parameters
For the proposed multiband 2-port microstrip MIMO antenna, several theoretical parameters
are important:
1. S-parameters (S11, S22, S21, S12)
○ S11/S22 indicate how much power is reflected back from each port; low values
(e.g., below −10 dB) indicate good impedance matching and acceptable
bandwidth [1], [4].
○ S21/S12 represent transmission between ports; low magnitudes (e.g., below
−15 to −20 dB) indicate good isolation and low mutual coupling, which is
crucial for MIMO performance [4], [7].
2. VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio)
VSWR close to 1 indicates good matching. Practical antennas often target VSWR ≤ 2
across the operating band, corresponding to return loss better than −9.5 dB.[1]
3. Radiation pattern and gain
The radiation pattern describes the directional distribution of radiated power. For
many 5G and IoT applications, stable broadside or quasi-omnidirectional patterns with
moderate gain (3–6 dBi) are desirable to ensure good coverage [1], [4], [5].
4. Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC)
ECC quantifies how similar the radiation patterns and signals at different MIMO ports
are. For good diversity performance, ECC should be very low (typically < 0.5, and
often < 0.1 or even < 0.01 for high-performance systems).[4]
5. Diversity Gain (DG)
DG indicates the improvement in signal reliability due to diversity; values close to 10
dB are considered good for practical MIMO antennas.[4]
6. Mean Effective Gain (MEG) and Channel Capacity Loss (CCL)
MEG describes how efficiently each antenna element receives power from a
10
multipath environment, while CCL relates to the reduction in theoretical channel
capacity due to correlation and imbalance. These metrics help ensure that the antenna
performs well under realistic fading conditions [4].
2.2.5 Design considerations for Sub-6 GHz 5G multiband 2-port MIMO antennas
For a multiband Sub-6 GHz MIMO antenna targeted at 5G:
● The resonant frequencies should be chosen to cover key 5G NR sub-6 GHz bands
(such as portions of n77, n78, n79) and possibly overlap with WLAN and LTE bands
for multi-standard support [3], [4].
● The geometry should provide multiple current paths (e.g., slots, stubs, shaped patches)
to create multiband behaviour while retaining a compact footprint [1], [5], [7].
● Isolation mechanisms like decoupling structures or ground-plane modifications must
be integrated to keep S21 low and ECC small, ensuring effective MIMO operation [3],
[4], [7].
● The design must balance size, bandwidth, gain, and complexity to remain suitable for
practical fabrication and integration in compact devices [1], [4], [5].
These theoretical concepts form the basis for the design, simulation, and analysis of the
proposed multiband 2-port microstrip MIMO antenna for Sub-6 GHz 5G applications
presented in the later chapters of this report.
11
APPENDIX
12
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