FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF MARANHÃO

CENTER FOR EXACT SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

PHYSICAL DISCIPLINE I

Professor Siqueira

ROTATIONAL MOVEMENT

Kinematics of rotation, Dynamics of rotation I and Dynamics of rotation II

Eduarda

LEANDRO

MAYARA

RAFAEL ARAUJO QI 08210-49

São Luís
 - 2009 –

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF MARANHÃO

CENTER FOR EXACT SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

PHYSICAL EDUCATION I

Professor Siqueira

Work presented for

partial grade acquisition from
3rd evaluation.

São Luís
 2009 -

INTRODUCTION

One of the movements of the rigid body is rotational movement, which is observed
whenever a torque is applied to it, like in a spinning top.
Recalling some bodies in rotational motion, pay attention to the details.
highlighted in the following example. In figure skating performances on ice,
Often one sees a skater spinning around herself with arms outstretched.
on the horizontal. When folding the arms over the chest, it is noticeable that its angular velocity
increases significantly. The distribution of mass of the body in space affects rotation.

In translational motion, when the same force is applied to objects of

different masses, different accelerations are observed. In the rotational movement,
when the month motor that is applied to identical objects with different distribution of
mass, different angular accelerations are observed. It is not the mass that affects the
angular speed of the skater, but the distribution of the mass of her body. This
distribution can be expressed through a quantity called moment of
inertia.
 1. Kinematics of Rotation

Kinematics is the branch of Physics that deals with the description of movements.
bodies, without worrying about the analysis of their causes (Dynamics). Generally
One works here with particles or material points, bodies in which all of their
points move in the same way and their dimensions are disregarded in
relation to the problem.

Rotation movement

The movement of wheels, gears, engines, the hands of a

clock, the turbines of a jet and the propellers of a helicopter are movements of
rotation. This is a spin movement (the movement around its own axis).

Thanks to rotation, the top stands upright by itself, in balance, supported.

only at one end of its axis. The Earth itself maintains a constant tilt
of the axis thanks to its rotational movement.
 What characterizes movement in general is the variation of the position vector.
We say that there has been movement if the position vector r has moved to another vector.
position r', that is,

We say that the motion is pure rotation if the direction and the sense of
position vectors change, that is, if only the magnitude of the vector remains constant.
Therefore, in a pure rotation:

Rotation: Periodic Motion

During the rotation movement, for example, a bicycle wheel turning,

each point of the wheel describes circumferences, continuously. In other words, each
the tip repeatedly passes through the same position. Therefore, the rotational movement is
considered a periodic movement.

The number of circles, or cycles, described in a unit of time is the

frequency of this movement. Thus, if each wheel of the bicycle completes 600 cycles
for minutes, we say that this wheel rotates at a frequency of 600 cycles per minute.
In this case, instead of cycles, it is usually referred to as rotations. Therefore, the frequency is 600.

rpm (revolutions per minute). Adopting SI, the unit of time should be the second.
Carrying, as this rose describes 600 cycles in 60 seconds (1 minute), its
frequency will be:

The unit cycles/s is called hertz, symbolized by Hz. Therefore, the

The frequency of this wheel, in SI, is 10 Hz, since 1 Hz = 60 rpm, therefore 600 rpm = 10 Hz.

When a point passes several times through the same position, there is an interval of

minimum time for him to pass through this position twice. It is the interval of
the time he spends to describe just one lap or one cycle. This interval of
time is designated as the period of movement.

The period of the rotation movement is the inverse of the value of the frequency.

By symbolizing frequency as f and period as T, we can represent this relationship

by the expression:

you

One can examine the rotation of rigid bodies around a fixed axis. A
A rigid body is a body that can rotate with all its parts locked.
together without any change in its form. A fixed axis means that the
rotation occurs around an axis that does not move. Each point of the body moves
about a circle whose center is on the axis of rotation, and each point has the same
angular displacement during a time interval. This case is different from a body
in a pure translational movement in a certain direction, when each body is
move in a straight line and everyone moves the same linear distance, during a
determined period of time.
 For their part, it is believed that the rotation variables, that is, the linear magnitudes
are position, displacement, velocity and acceleration.

In pure translation, the movement with constant linear acceleration (by

Example, the motion of a body in free fall) is an important case. In rotation
pure, the case of constant angular acceleration is also important, and for it there is a
set of equations, which are described from the corresponding linear equations,
substituting the linear quantities with their angular equivalents, how can it be
observed in the table below.

Table - Motion Equations for Constant Linear Acceleration and for

Constant Angular Acceleration

2. DYNAMICS OF ROTATION I
 Torque is defined from the component perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the
the force applied to an object that is effectively used to make it move
around an axis or central point, known as the pivot point or point of rotation.
the distance from the pivot point to the point where a force 'F' acts is called the lever arm

momentum is denoted by 'r'. Note that this distance 'r' is also a vector.

Torque is defined by the relationship:

According to Newton's second law and considering the distance to the pivot point constant

Then we have

What is the vector product or external product. In magnitude,

Being the angle between the moment arm and the applied force

Unit

The unit defined in theInternational System of Unitsfor the torque it is the

newton metroEven if mathematically the order of these factors, 'newton' and 'meters.'

Angular momentum of a particle

 The angular momentum of a particle is defined by the vector product of the vector-

position of the particle (in relation to a reference point) by its linear momentum
.

The angular momentum depends on the chosen reference point. If the reference is the
point occupied by the particle (and the function that defines the momentum is continuous) then the

angular momentum is null. There are also other conditions for angular momentum to
anule. They are:

the mass of the particle is null.

2. the speed of the particle is zero.
3. the speed of the particle is parallel to its position in relation to the point of
reference.

From the definition, it can be said that its magnitude is:

Under the vector-position module, it is the module of the linear momentum.

the modulus of the velocity and θ is the angle between these two vectors.

Angular momentum of a system of particles

The angular momentum of a set of particles in relation to a point of

reference is defined as the sum of the angular momentum of all particles in
regarding this point. Thus:

Where is the angular momentum of particle i, and N is the total number of particles.
When we are dealing with the total angular momentum of any body, the definition
above transforms into the limit of the sum, with N tending to infinity:

Where, for the limit to exist, each must tend to 0. This is intuitive since
we are considering smaller and smaller pieces of matter, which implies masses and
smaller angular moments. That is, the angular momentum of a body E is defined
by:

Rotational kinetic energy

A rigid body rotates around a fixed axis. Each particle of the body has the
same angular velocity, but the tangential velocity v varies with the distance r from the

particle to the axis of rotation. Thus, m1e m2they have the same angular velocity

more v2> v1why r2> r1.

The total kinetic energy K of the rotating body is the sum of the kinetic energies of
all the particles that make up the body and can be written as
 The magnitude in parentheses in the expression above is called rotational inertia of
body in relation to the considered axis of rotation and is represented by the symbol I:

Thus, the total kinetic energy of the rotating rigid body can be expressed in the form:

analogous

Rotational Translational

3. Rotation Dynamics II

The top

Many people have played with the spinning top, but few know that physics is used.
to explain your movement.

When you spin a top, its axis of rotation is initially in the

vertical. Due to friction with the ground, its angular velocity decreases causing the
tilt of the spinning top, but it will continue to spin making a certain angle with the vertical. A
this movement is called precession.
 Since now the axis of rotation of the spinning top does not coincide with the vertical axis, the force

gravitational that previously did not exert torque, as its lever arm was null, produces
at this moment a torque regarding the point of contact. This torque has direction
perpendicular to the plane formed by the gravitational force and also to the motion of
rotation that does not change its intensity, but only its direction and sense.

Angular momentum and angular velocity

The angular momentum, L, is defined as the vector product of the position vector and the
momentum vector.

It can be seen that L is a vector perpendicular to r and p and, therefore, most of the time,
it ultimately leads to difficulties in visualization. However, it is a physical quantity
fundamental and important in the study of the rotation of a body.

The momentum of a body can be zero (which means that it

(is not in translational motion) and yet have a different total angular momentum
from scratch.

The total angular momentum is to rotational motion as the

total momentum is to translational motion.

As p = mv, and using expression , we can write the moment

angular in terms of angular velocity, how

L = r x (ω) x r

For a particle system, we define the total angular momentum as the sum
two angular moments of each of the particles. For a system of N particles,
we have:

LtotalL1+ L2+ L3+ ...... + LN

 r1x p1+ r2x p2+ ...... + LNx pN

A body in rotation has a defined value for angular momentum.

It can therefore be said that if the body is in rotation, it has momentum.

angular and vice versa.

[Link] of Angular Momentum:

Let's consider the expression that concerns a particle. The

angular momentum of the particle, in relation to a fixed point of the inertial reference frame, will be

a constant function if its derivative at the point is zero, that is, if This happens

himself The moment of a force in relation to a point is null if , or

e e collinear planes

Let the particle is at rest or has uniform and rectilinear motion.

It is a free particle.
 If e collinear lines, the line of action of pass through O. The force

it is called central force, at point O, center of force. Examples of this situation are the
electron movement around the nucleus in the hydrogen atom, and that of a planet to
return of the Sun.

Let's now consider the expression of the law of Variation of Angular Momentum for

a system of particles, rigid or not. The angular momentum

the system will be constant if , that is, if This result is
known as the Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum:

If the resulting moment, in relation to a fixed point, of all is null

external forces applied to a system, the total angular momentum of the system, in
In relation to this point, it will be constant in magnitude, direction, and sense.

From this statement, three scalar equations can be established, one for
each axis that passes through the reference point. So, if a body rotates around a
fixed axis, in an inertial reference frame, if the sum of the moments of the forces is zero
external to this axis, the angular momentum of the body, with respect to the axis, is
constant. Matching OZ with this axis, then LZis constant in the expression:
LZ= I.ω

In the case of a rigid body, since I is constant, ω will also be constant.

in the case of a deformable body, where the moment of inertia varies due to
alteration of the relative position of its parts, to an increase in the moment of inertia
corresponds to a decrease in angular velocity and vice versa, so that the
angular momentum LZit remains. So Li(sist) = Lf (sist), that is, Ii.ωiIf.ωf,in what
The indices i and f mean initial and final.
 If a body rotates around an axis that passes through the center of mass and if
it moves parallel to itself, the angular momentum with respect to this axis is constant
if the moment of the external forces is null with respect to the center of mass. In cases
in which the only external force is the weight, the moment of this with respect to the center of mass
it is null, if we consider that the center of gravity coincides with the center of mass.
Therefore:

a rigid body launched into the air, with rotational motion around an axis that
passes through the center of mass, having constant angular momentum and moment of inertia,
keep constant;

The acrobats (non-rigid bodies) use this in somersaults. The moment of weight
is null in relation to the center of mass. So, they increase, respectively, their
moment of inertia.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

HALLIDAY, David; RESNICK, Robert; WALKER, Jearl. Fundamentals of Physics -

Mechanics 1. Translation by Flávio Menezes de Aguiar, José Welligton Rocha Tabosa. 7th
Edition. Rio de Janeiro, 2006.

GERTHSEN; KNESER; VOGEL. Physics, 2nd edition. Translation by Aníbal Armando

Inocêncio and Maria Alice A. M. Inocêncio.

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Centripetal Acceleration Circular

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