Puerto Rico zim:///A/Puerto%20Rico.

html

Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico, officially Free Associated State of
Puerto Rico (in English, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico) Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
Rico), it is a nation (in the sense of social identity Free Associated State of Puerto
cultural) whose legal system is that of a Rich
unincorporated territory of the United States with
status of self-government, located in the northeast of the Caribbean,
UnincorporatedterritoryoftheU.S.
to the east of the Dominican Republic and to the west of the
Virgin Islands. Its west coast is also located at
approximately 2,000 kilometers (1,280 miles) of
the coast of Florida, the closest to the continent. The
archipelago of Puerto Rico includes the main island of
Puerto Rico, the smallest of the Greater Antilles, Flag
Shield
and a number of smaller islands and cays, of the
the largest are: Mona, Vieques, and Culebra.
It is an island with a tropical climate, and despite its size, The motto: Latin: 'John is his name'
Juan is his name
it has a diversity of ecosystems: dry forests and
Hymn: La Borinqueña
rainy, karst area, mountainous areas, ecosystems
dockworkers and sailors, etc.

Puerto Ricans are American citizens.

since 1917, when the Congress of the United States
[1]
approved the Jones Law. Although his relationship with
The United States is similar to that of a state of the
Union[2] and the drafting was allowed of a
constitution for the management of internal affairs, it is
subject to the full powers of Congress
[]
U.S. citizen through the Territorial Clause.
This means that the existing powers in the islands, to
not enjoying protection in the constitution
Capital Saint John
American, are revocable.

Population 449.188 (2004)

Content Coordinates 18° 29′ N 66° 08′ O

Official language Spanish and English

1 Toponymy
Entity Unincorporated territory
2 History
Country United States
3 Idiots
4 Government and politics Head of State Barack Obama
4.1 Status Governor Luis Fortuño
SecretaryofState Kenneth McClintock
4.2 The Constitution
4.3 Political Organization Foundation Ceded to the USA 1
Date August 13, 1898
administrative
4.4 Political parties Foundation Dependency

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5 Geography Surface 169th place

5.1 Geology Total 9,104 km²
5.2 Clima Water 1.59%km²
5.3 Huso horario
Borders 0 km
6 Economy
Population 127th place
7 Demography
•Total 3,994,259 hab.
7.1 Population
Density 348 hab/km²
7.2 Ethnic Origins
8 Infrastructure Demonym Puerto Rican
8.1 Transportation Puerto Rican
Puerto Rican
8.2 Health system Puerto Rican
8.3 Education Boricua
9 Culture
GDP(nominal) 63rd place
9.1Music
Total 86.5 billion dollars
9.2 Christmas in Puerto Rico GDP per $ 22.058
9.3 National Festivals per capita
10 Sports Currency United States dollar
11 See also
HDI High
12 References
12.1 Notes Timezone UTC-4
13 Bibliography in summer UTC-4
14 External links Prefix 1 (787)
telephone +1 (939)
ISO 3166-2 630/PRI/PR
Toponymy Domain .pr
Internet
The current name 'Puerto Rico' alludes to the Code WAA-WZZ, AAA-ALZ
riches that departed from the port of San Juan Bautista. radio KAA-KZZ, NAA-NZZ
Christopher Columbus named it San Juan Member of: Transparency International, OEI
Bautista. The natives of the Taíno tribe called it
1
isla Borikén, which means 'Our Noble Lord' the Dependent territory of the United States that belonged
to Spain until the year 1898 and that enacted its
which evolved to the name of Borinquen, a name that
constitution in 1952
it is still used in reference to Puerto Rico. From there
the gentile 'boricua' emerges, synonymous with
"Puerto Rican". The Spaniards named the capital Puerto Rico. Over the years, they exchanged
the names in such a way that 'Puerto Rico' became San Juan, and San Juan Bautista became Puerto Rico.
Currently, the capital is San Juan.

History
The history of Puerto Rico began with the settlement of the Ostionoid people in the archipelago of Puerto Rico.
Rich between the years 3000 and 2000 B.C. Other tribes, such as the Arawak and Saladoid Indians, populated
the island between the years 430 B.C. and 1000 A.D. At the time of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New
World in 1493, the dominant indigenous culture was that of the Taínos.

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The island of Puerto Rico was discovered on November 19, 1493, by Christopher Columbus, on his second voyage.
of exploration. Some historians believe that Puerto Rico was discovered by Martín Alonso
Pinzón in 1492 during the time he was separated from Columbus. The Taínos, native inhabitants of the Island,
They called this "Boriquén" or "Borinquén", a term that bears some acoustic resemblance to the name.
original, and that has provided the still existing 'boricua', with which Puerto Ricans
they refer to themselves, the demonym by which they are known to other Latin Americans.

According to reports, the Taínos were a peaceful and hospitable culture. They handed over to the
Spanish golden gifts, a metal that held merely decorative value for them, like a necklace of
snails, while for the inhabitants of Europe, Asia, and Africa it was and continues to be very prized.

There is a theory that this behavior was due to the belief that the Spaniards were gods because of the
skin color; but modern opinion dismisses it as a myth. In reality, what emerges from the
writings of the colonizers is the reference that they were treated as gods by the Taínos, which is a
colonizer's own perspective, but it is not an objective indicator of what the Tainos really thought
about them. It should be remembered that at that time there were no good Spanish translators capable of
to delve into a conversation with the Taínos and that those who existed were carried away by their impressions.

Another incident worth examining is the death of Diego Salcedo, a colonizer who maintained
enslaved to a group of Taínos. They rebelled against him due to his cruel treatment and drowned him in a river.
Many people believe that the act took place to verify his condition as a god, but scholars
They differ. A fact used to refute this presumption is that in 1492 it was built in the current Republic
Dominican the Fort of Christmas with the remains of the vessel Santa Maria. When they returned the
Spaniards in 1493 found that the fort had been destroyed by fire and that the Taínos had
killed all the resident colonizers in it. Experts on the subject are of the opinion that the
The death of Salcedo was a premeditated act by Chief Agüeybaná, which represented the beginning of the rebellion.
taína against the colonizers.

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In 1508, Juan Ponce de León colonized the

island and founded the village of Caparra.
Ponce de León was received by the
Cacique Agüeybaná and quickly took
control of the Island, in contrast with the
failed attempt by Vicente Yáñez Pinzón,
who was declared Captain General and
Corregidor and was limited to disembarking
Morro Castle domestic animals in the west of the
Island. After the death of Christopher
Colón, who had been declared
"Governor of the Indies", this title was denied to his son Diego Columbus.
and the Spanish Crown appointed Juan Ponce de León as the first
official governor of the Island.
Juan Ponce de León
Under the encomienda system, the Spaniards forced many Tainos to
conquistador of Puerto Rico.
abandon their villages to live in the estates in exchange for a
Christian education. Many Taínos died because they lacked
immunity against diseases brought by Europeans, such as the
measles, smallpox and possibly syphilis. However, a countless number
Indigenous people died in the many battles fought against the Spaniards.
The Taínos who survived were freed when Fray Bartolomé de
Las Casas convinced the Catholic Monarchs to eliminate the
encomienda. To fill the void left by the freed slaves, the
Spaniards began to bring black African slaves to Puerto Rico. The
Africans, for the most part, were established in the eastern area of the Island.
in towns like Vieques, Loíza, and Ponce. Due to this mix of ethnicities
modern Puerto Ricans describe Puerto Rico as a country with
citizens with a mixture resulting from three races (Taino, Spanish, and ...
African.

For centuries, the Spanish Empire and the British Empire fought against each other.
for the possession of this island. The island of Puerto Rico was a colonial possession of
Spain for more than 400 years, as was also Cuba. The
the movement, called the Grito de Lares, was an armed insurrection Royal Decree of Thanks
occurred on September 23, 1868, however, it was controlled 1815
quickly by the Spaniards. After the Grito de Lares, which coincided with the
[4]
The 1868 Revolution in Spain led to political and social reforms towards the end of the 19th century.
The struggle for autonomy almost reached its goal on November 25, 1897, when the Charter
Autonomous, which granted political and administrative autonomy to the island, was approved in Spain.

The United States entered Puerto Rican history by invading the Island on July 25, 1898 during the
Spanish-American War. On December 10, 1898, the Treaty of Paris was signed, by which Puerto
Rico and the rest of the colonial territories (Cuba and the Philippines) of the Spanish Empire were ceded to the States.
[citation needed]
United, on April 11, 1899, they invented the name "Porto Rico" , denomination
incorrect that today Americans themselves consider archaic and obsolete. Most of the
Puerto Ricans are aware that through that transaction they did not obtain freedom, but only a
change of settlers [citation needed].

In 1900, the Foraker Act created a civil government that replaced the military government of occupation. Puerto Rico

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it was administered by the Department of the Interior of the United States, but the governor was appointed
by the President of the United States. This type of government was based on a republican model, with three
branches: the Executive Power (Governor), the Legislative Power (Legislative Assembly), and the Judicial Power
(General Court of Justice). It is worth mentioning that the Legislative Assembly consisted of two Chambers: for
on one side, the Executive Council made up of the Governor's Secretaries; and, on the other, a Chamber of
Delegates composed of thirty-five members elected every two years by the qualified voters.
An important fact is the creation of the position of Resident Commissioner, representative of the island in Congress.
from the United States, but without the right to vote in any decision of that body.

In 1917, with the Jones Act, Puerto Ricans were granted U.S. citizenship, the
Executive Council as a Legislative Chamber and its officials were divided to form different
Independent Departments under the Executive Power. These were the Department of Justice, led by
by the Attorney General; the Department of Treasury, led by the Treasurer; the Department of
Interior, led by the Commissioner of the Interior; the Department of Instruction, led by the
Commissioner of Instruction; the Department of Agriculture and Commerce, headed by the Commissioner of
Agriculture and Commerce; the Department of Labor, led by the Commissioner of Labor, and the
Department of Health, led by the Health Commissioner.

In substitution of the Executive Council, the Senate of Puerto Rico was created, which would be composed of nineteen
members elected by the qualified voters and serving for terms of four years. In addition to these,
Seven senatorial districts are added, represented by two senators, plus five senators elected by
accumulation. This Senate would exercise all the powers and purely legislative functions that until that
At that moment, the Executive Council had exercised its authority, including the confirmation of the appointment of the Governor.

In 1922, the Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of Balzac v. Porto Rico, 258 U.S. 298 (U.S.
1922), interpreted that the Jones Act did not express that Puerto Rico was an incorporated territory, a phrase that
describe those territories in the process of incorporation and integration into the United States as a state
additional to this country.

In 1946, the pressure to grant powers that had been denied until then for almost half a century to the
Puerto Ricans began to see results with the appointment by President Truman of
Resident Commissioner Jesús T. Piñero Jiménez for the position of Governor of Puerto Rico. He became
Thus, Jesús T. Piñero was the first Puerto Rican to hold in ownership the highest political position in all.
the history of the Island. In 1947, Congress approved the law that allows Puerto Ricans to elect their
ruler by means of electoral vote for a term of four years.

In 1948, Luis Muñoz Marín, founder of the Party

Democratic Popular and son of Luis Muñoz Rivera, The Fortress and the Site
won the first elections for governor in the National History of San
history of Puerto Rico. On July 3, 1950 it was
approved by the United States Congress the Juan in Puerto Rico 1
Public Law 600, which allows the Assembly World Heritage — Unesco
Legislative to form a Constituent Assembly to
the creation of the Constitution of Puerto Rico, subject to subsequent approval by the President of the
United States and Congress. This law leaves the Jones Act intact and names it the Relations Act.
Federals, eliminating only the provisions that would be included at the time when the Constitution of
Puerto Rico comes into effect. On October 30, 1950, the Nationalist Insurrection took place in response
to the project of the 'Associated Free State'. Blanca Canales proclaimed the Republic of Puerto Rico in the Grito
from Jayuya and there were battles in different parts of the country. The town of Jayuya
Saint Philip was bombed from
of the Morro
the air, there were massacres in Utuado and La Fortaleza, residence of the Governor, was attacked by gunfire. In 1954,
Coordenadas 18°28′3″N 66°6′37″O

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to make it clear that the independence insurrection was not an internal problem of Puerto Ricans,
As the U.S. government used to say, the nationalists Lolita Lebrón, Rafael Cancel Miranda, Irving
Flores and Andrés Figueroa Cordero attacked the U.S. Congress and the Blair House. All the attackers
they were arrested, including Pedro Albizu Campos, and served long sentences in federal prisons.

Opponents of the Free Associated State and many academics claim that the greatest effect of this law was
change the name of the law that governed Puerto Rico and perpetuate the alleged 'colonial' relationship, since
It is mistakenly believed that in the year 1952 is when the election of the governor by popular vote was obtained.
and the republican system of government, things granted by the previously mentioned laws. The defenders
The Commonwealth claims that it ceased to be a colony through a 'bilateral pact', by
the relationship of the United States with Puerto Rico has been defined as 'in a nature of a compact'
association, a term not defined under International Law.

In 1952, Muñoz Marín led Puerto Rico to obtain the status of Associated Free State, under the
Constitution of the same, which is the current political situation on the Island.

English and Spanish have been the official languages of Puerto Rico since the signing of the Law of January 5th
1993, although the use of the second language predominates.

Language
Puerto Rico is a Spanish-speaking island. Legally, it is bilingual, in the sense that both Spanish
since English and Spanish are official languages, with Spanish being the vernacular language spoken by the entirety of the
population. English is taught as a second language, although less than 3% of the population is fully
bilingual.

The Spanish language of Puerto Rico has peculiarities that differentiate it from other Spanish-speaking nations.
as occurs in all regions. This is mainly due to the influences of ancestral languages,
such as those of the Taínos and Africans. More recently, the English language is becoming felt starting from the
derived influence from its relationship with the United States.

Government and politics

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Puerto Rico is a non-territory

incorporated from the United States. This
it means that Puerto Rico belongs to
United States, but is not part of
them. According to the resolved insular cases
by the U.S. Supreme Court, the
constitutional rights are not
automatically extended to all the
The Capitol, home of the territories under control
Senate and the Chamber of American. The territories and their
Representatives. citizens only have the right to the plenary
protection of the Constitution when the
Congress of the United States
incorporated as an 'integral part' of the nation.
The relationship between the government of Puerto Rico and the federal government of the United States The Jíbaro, monument to the
United is for many comparable to the relationship of the federal government. countryside in Cayey
American with its states. Everything related to the currency, the
defense, foreign relations, and most of the trade between
States come under the jurisdiction of the federal government. The government of Puerto Rico has fiscal autonomy and the
right to collect local taxes. Puerto Ricans are citizens of the United States with all
the rights and duties that this citizenship confers, but since the presidential elections are only held
in states and incorporated territories, residents of Puerto Rico do not participate in these, unless
have legal residency in a state or incorporated territory.

The Resident Commissioner is the only representative of the local government in the Congress of the United States.
The Resident Commissioner has the right to speak but not to vote in the United States Congress, except
cuando el mismo Congreso le concede voto en el "comité conjunto". Cuando esto ocurre, el Comisionado
Residente puede votar, pero sólo cuando su voto no sea determinante en el tema.

The government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is divided into three branches: the Executive Branch, the
Legislative Branch (divided into the House of Representatives and the Senate) and the Judicial Branch.

The Executive Branch is represented and directed by the Governor. The Governor is elected by direct vote.
in a general election every four years and appoints, with the advice and consent of the Senate, the
members of his cabinet, which is formed by the secretaries of the fifteen departments.

The legislative power of the Island lies with the Legislative Assembly, a bicameral legislature composed of the
Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate has 27 senators – two per district.
electoral and eleven by accumulation based on the proportion of the population. In 2005 there was a referendum in
only 22.6% (553,955) of the registered voters (2,453,292) participated, and of those, 83%
(464,010) voters voted for this Assembly to become unicameral, and in January 2007 the
The Senate approved a bill to initiate this process. The House of Representatives has 51
members - one for each electoral district and eleven by accumulation. If necessary, it is granted up to a
constitutional maximum of nine seats in the Senate and seventeen in the House of Representatives
additional to the minority parties, in case the Governor and the Legislative Assembly are of the same
party and in this there are 2/3 or more of the legislators.

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The Judiciary is the branch of Government

responsible for compliance of the PoliticalStatusPlebiscitesPuertoRico
[citation needed]
Constitution and the administration of the
1967 1993 1998
Justice. Directed by the Supreme Court
from Puerto Rico, the judicial system is Free Associated State 60,4 % 48,6 % 0,1 %
composed of three instances. The Court Statehood 39,0 % 46,3 % 46,5 %
The First Instance Court (TPI) is divided into
Independence 0,6 % 4,4 % 2,5 %
the Superior Room and the Municipal Room (with
different areas of competence). The ICC Free Association 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.3 %
it has thirteen judicial districts (San Juan, None of the Previous Options 0.0% 0.0% 50.3%
["Bayamón","Carolina","Caguas","Arecibo"]
Utuado, Aguadilla,Mayagüez, Ponce,
Aibonito, Guayama, Humacao, and Fajardo.
Dissatisfied Laparte with the decisions of the
TPI can request an appeal to the
second instance, known as Court
of Appeals, which is constituted by
panels. The final instance is the Court
Supreme, which is the only court
constitutional. The Supreme Court is
integrated by the Presiding Judge and six
Associate Judges. They are appointed
by the Governor with the advice and
Senate consent. Said
appointments are for life, until the
mandatory retirement age of seventy (70)
years. The number of judges can only be
varied by law, at the request of the party itself
Supreme Court.

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There are three parties in Puerto Rico.

main politicians: the People's Party
Democratic, the New Progressive Party and the Independent Party
Puerto Rican. A fourth political party, Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico
Rico 5 was certified as a political party on May 9, 2007. All
Elected officials in Puerto Rico serve a four-year term.
There are also several political groups dedicated to the fight for the
independence, among them the Socialist Workers' Movement of
Puerto Rico, founded in 1982 through the merger of the Movement
Popular Socialist and the Revolutionary Socialist Party, subsequently
Internationalist Workers' League; the Nationalist Party of
Puerto Rico, which does not believe in participating in the elections while
Puerto Rico is a colony, and the National Independence Movement.
Hostosiano, a movement that results from the fusion of the National Congress
Hostosian and of the New Puerto Rican Independence Movement.
Likewise, the Movement for Socialism (MAS) that was founded in the
2008 the result of the merger of the Revolutionary Workers Party Luis Guillermo Fortuño
(PRT-Macheteros), the Youth of the Revolutionary Left (JIR), the Governor of Puerto Rico
Political Training Workshop (TFP) and the Political Work Project
since January 2, 2009.
(PTP).

Status

The debate over the political status of Puerto Rico has been a constant in many local and federal spheres.
(United States) and international (United Nations). In 2007, a working committee from the White House
it concluded that Puerto Rico remains fully subject to the authority of the U.S. Congress under the
[6]
territorial clauses. The Popular Democratic Party, founder of the 'Associated Free State', protests.
this opinion from the White House. However, they are the only ones protesting this report and continue
defending the current political status.

However, the legal restrictions related to the political status of Puerto Rico do not transfer to the
citizen, as they only limit to the territory. In this way, any citizen of the United States, even the
born in Puerto Rico, can vote for the president and Congress from any other point. But,
No citizen will be able to vote for federal elective positions from the territory encompassed by this island.
For this reason, several people defend the argument that the United States continues to treat Puerto Rico.
7
like a colony.

The Constitution

Law 600 (P.L. 81-600), which was approved by the Congress of the United States, authorized the people of
Puerto Rico to develop its own Constitution. This law granted the people control of activities.
of internal government. However, this law left all the articles under the Jones Act and the Law intact.
Foraker, just like the Treaty of Paris.

After the Constituent Assembly drafted the Constitution, the people ratified it through a
referendum. The United States Congress, following the procedure required by the Law of
Federal Relations approved the Constitution, which came into force on July 28, 1952.

The Constitution includes a modern Bill of Rights that follows the tradition of the Bill of Rights.

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Humans of the United Nations. Of the twenty original articles, however, one was amended from
agreement with the Congress order to limit free secondary education, and another article was removed
by Congress without the approval of Puerto Ricans. The republican form of government mimics the
Constitution of the United States. A governor leads the executive branch while two chambers
legislative, the Senate and the House of Representatives, make up the legislative branch. The Supreme Court
from Puerto Rico is the final court of appeals in most judicial cases, but its decisions
they can be appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States.

Only in 1993 did the Eleventh Circuit of the United States Court of Appeals
determined that the Congress's decision to allow an internal government in Puerto Rico did not invalidate that of the
jurisdiction of the Territorial Clause of the Constitution of the United States. The court concluded that not
there has been no fundamental alteration in the relations of Puerto Rico with the United States; Puerto
Puerto Rico continues to be constitutionally an unincorporated territory, with no separate sovereignty. The court
it established that "Congress can unilaterally eliminate the Constitution of Puerto Rico or the Law of
Federal relations and replace them with any law or regulation deemed appropriate. Despite the
approval of the Federal Relations Act and the Constitution of Puerto Rico, the courts of Puerto
Rico continues to derive all its authority from the Congress of the United States.

Nevertheless, most local and international political observers agree that the
the political condition of Puerto Rico is extremely stable, and that no member of Congress
an American has the slightest intention of trying to unilaterally modify the "Magna Carta" that
It governs the lives of more than four million citizens and residents of the Island. [citation needed]

The government is composed of the executive, judicial, and legislative branches. The latter consists of two chambers:
the Senate and the House of Representatives. The legislative branch being composed of the House
of Representatives and the Senate is a bicameral system (two chambers). Bicameralism originated in
England in the 13th century. It was established that it was essential to recognize the division of classes.
socioeconomic. There was one chamber representing the nobility and clergy and another chamber in
representation to the bourgeois and the knights. Since there were two chambers that fulfilled the
needs of the different social classes of the country, there was a social balance that was very
convenient to the British kingdom. Bicameralism was adopted by the United States of America in the century
XVIII although with some changes. The cameras would not represent social levels, but rather a camera
(Senate) would represent the states and another (House of Representatives) would represent the representatives by number
similar depopulation. Before the United States adopted bicameralism, it was adopted by
Puerto Rico at the end of Spanish rule under the Autonomic Charter. According to the Jones Act and later the
The Constitution of Puerto Rico established bicameralism to reap the benefits of double examination.
to the measures taken by the legislative power, to avoid disputes and under the idea that double work refines
the best legislative criterion (Report of the Legislative Branch Commission, 4 Journal of Sessions of the
Constitutional Convention 2579 (1961)). Another reason is that this bicameral system would avoid setbacks.
politicians. Finally, and the most prominent of all, it was wanted to avoid conflict when drafting and
will send the Constitution of Puerto to the Congress of the States (United Luis Pérez Bonilla, Convenience of
a unicameral legislative assembly for Puerto Rico, LIV Rev. Jur. U.P.R. 711, 723 (1985)). Currently
the government of Puerto Rico has in its legislative power the Senate and the House of Representatives
Representatives. Since the bicameral system was implemented, it has been thoroughly studied.
same. The advantages presented by the Puerto Rican government are as follows: the chamber levels the
control of the other two branches of government (Judicial Branch and Executive Branch) thus preventing excesses.
Having two cameras allows for the establishment of various representative schemes, and having so many people...
"reduce" the systematic error. Some time ago, officials from the Puerto Rican government presented the
sistema unicameral ante elpueblo ciudadano. Las ventajas, luego de mucha consideración, se han
argued and they have given rise to the possibility of change. The advantages of unicameralism

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A single legislative body makes it easier to reach a general consensus, saving time and resources.
economic since the reality of the government of Puerto Rico is that the legislative branch is extremely large
which amounts to many expenses. Furthermore, the concentration of a single legislative body allows
locate and maximize research economic resources, a sense of responsibility is generated already
that there is only one legislative body and finally the analysis of other constitutions in the world leads to the
conclusion that this chamber system has actually been successful. Unicameralism has been rejected
there has been an attempt to imitate the system of the United States and because it is not actually convenient for the
members of the legislative power to reduce its size because it would result in a reduction of
seats. On March 17, 2003, the Honorable Luis Raúl Torres Cruz expressed that "unicameralism
meets some of the objectives that the legislature has: reduce expenses, improve the quality of work
legislative and improve the balance between the powers of the State, particularly through the strengthening of a
unicameral legislature facing the executive power.
Constitution of Puerto Rico to change its legislative power to a single chamber since the bicameral system
it has been seen as defective. In Puerto Rico in the last decade, a great deficiency of it has been revealed
since the people have elected the government with much wider gaps (much difference) and this has
unleashed in an overwhelming majority that holds the legislative power bringing power to a dictatorship
of the majority which is completely undemocratic. With these deficiencies, the Independence Party of
Puerto Rico (more than any other) has called for a referendum for the people to decide whether to
wants to continue with bicameralism which many have presented glaring defects. In the following
dates have been held referendums to know the people's feelings regarding bicameralism or unicameralism:
September 23, 2004, August 25, 2005, and July 10, 2007. The referendum under Law No.
477, better known as the Referendum Law on the Chamber System of the Legislative Assembly,
it establishes that if the people of Puerto Rico express their will in favor of a proposal by more than 50
percent must validate the voting.

Before the referendum on August 25, 2005, Dr. Luís Roberto Piñero González II, President of
Pro Unicameral Independence supporters appeared before the Puerto Rican people, giving a message for
written which established its position on unicameralism as the best option for the legislative power.
Dr. Piñero González: "On July 10, 2005, the Puerto Rican electorate expressed itself in the
referendum, overwhelmingly in favor of replacing the current bicameral legislative system with one
unicameral. Según los resultados del Referéndum sobre el Sistema Cameral de 2005, la opción uno (1) que
represents the votes in favor of changing the Legislative Assembly to a single chamber (unicameralism)
received 83.8 percent of the votes cast." The State Election Commission certified that after the
The referendum of July 10, 2005 favored the Unicameral System. It is still under analysis and debate.
The decision of the electorate means that preparations must be made for elections so that the people can choose if
wants to amend the Constitution and establish a unicameral system or not.

Political administrative organization

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It is administratively divided into seventy and

eight municipalities; each municipality elects a
mayor and a "Municipal Legislature" for a
four-year term. The cities
the main ones are San Juan (capital), Guaynabo,
["Bayamón","Carolina","Caguas","Mayagüez","Ponce"]
Cataño, Trujillo Alto and Arecibo. Puerto Rico
it has two municipality islands, Vieques and Culebra
that are located to the east of the big island.

The municipalities are: Map of Puerto Rico

Map of Puerto Rico, with its respective municipalities

divided.

Attachments Corozal Manatee Toa Baja

Watershed Culebra (Municipality Island) Maricao Trujillo Alto
Aguadilla Golden Maunabo Utuado
Good Waters Fajardo Mayagüez Vega Alta
Aibonito Florida Mocha VegaBaja
Añasco Guánica Morovis Vieques (Municipality Island)
Arecibo Guayama Naguabo Villalba
Stream Guayanilla Little Orange Yabucoa
Barceloneta Guaynabo Orocovis Yauco
Barranquitas Gurabo Patties
Bayamón Hatillo Peñuelas
Red Cape Ant Hills Ponce
Caguas Humacao Quebradillas
Camuy Isabela Corner
Canóvanas Jayuya Big River
Carolina Juana Díaz Great Savannah
Cataño Juncos Salinas
Cayey Slabs San Germán
Ceiba Lares San Juan
Ciales The Marias Saint Lawrence
Sour orange The Stones San Sebastián

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Coamo Loíza Saint Isabel

Comerío Luquillo Toa Alta

The political parties

Currently, the Island has four recognized political formations.

for the electoral elections: the Popular Democratic Party (PPD), which
defends the Free Associated State as a political option; the New Party
Progressive (PNP), which promotes full integration as a state to the
United States; the Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP), which
promulgates independence and the Puerto Rican Party for Puerto Rico
without specific proposals regarding the political status of the Island.
New Party Insignia
On the other hand, the New Progressive Party emerged as a break. Progressive (PNP).
within the local Republican Party. Its ideology is to achieve the
statehood for Puerto Rico. Currently, they have the support of the
50% of the popular vote. It has been highlighted for major reforms in the public transportation system.
and health which are still under controversy due to the high cost and the deficiency of services
health.

The Popular Democratic Party stands out as the oldest active party in Puerto Rico. It was
founded by dissenters from the Liberal Party. Although at first its political philosophy defended the
independence, later changed to autonomism upon finding that this option provided greater
benefits to the population of the Island without the need to integrate as a State in the U.S. Currently
represents 47% of the population of the Island.

The Independence Party is also one of the oldest. It emerged when the Popular Party began to
to defend autonomism, then some of its members founded the Independence Party which, as
its name indicates, it promotes independence for Puerto Rico. Although in the 1950s they achieved 20% of the
support from the people, their support has decreased to the extent that they lost their franchise in the 2004 elections.
Currently, it only has 2.5% support from the people.

Geography

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Geology

Puerto Rico is made up of volcanic rocks.

plutonic rocks from the Cretaceous and Eocene periods covered by
Oligocene and recent sedimentary rocks. Most of
the caves appear in the karst area of the north in the rocks of
Oligocene and recent. The oldest rocks on the Island are
around 190 million years and are located in Sierra
Bermeja, to the southwest of the Island. These rocks represent part of
the oceanic crust and could have moved from the area
from the Pacific Ocean to its current place in the Caribbean. Port
It lies on the border between the Caribbean tectonic plates and
from North America. This means that the Island is currently
being deformed by the stresses created at that boundary.
These efforts can cause earthquakes and tsunamis. Puerto Rico seen from space
These seismic events, accompanied by landslides
lands represent some of the most dangerous geological disasters on the Island and in the northeast Caribbean.

Climate

Puerto Rico, despite being an island, has climatic variations. The east, where the forest is located
The rainy national park of El Yunque receives more rainfall than the rest of the island. With a climate of
tropical and subtropical rainy, the north is generally rainy throughout the year, with variations of
temperatures between 10C and 15C with a subtropical climate. The south is drier, with a semi-desert climate, in
This area is home to the dry forest of Guanica with temperatures reaching 100 °F (37.7 °C) in.
Summer. It receives very little rainfall, in summer it is slightly rainy and very warm, with sensations
temperatures that can reach up to 115 °F (46.1 °C). The West is rainy in summer and less rainy in
winter, with warm temperatures in summer but quite cool in winter, where they can drop down to
50 °F (10 °C). The center of Puerto Rico is very mountainous, rainy, and somewhat cool, with temperatures that
they can drop to less than 40 °F (4.4 C) and a climate that ranges from subtropical to temperate in areas
where the elevation is higher than 3000 feet.

Puerto Rico has a tropical climate with an average temperature of 24 °C (76 degrees Fahrenheit), and a
total rainfall very high. The temperatures and rainfall vary a lot between different areas of the Island. The north is
cooler and rainier with temperatures between 13 °C (55 °F) and 27 °C (80 °F) in winter and between 21 (70) and
32 °C (90 °F) in the summer. The climate in the south is semi-arid almost all year round, with temperatures
between 13 (55) and 32 °C (90 °F) in winter and 24 (75) to 38 °C (100 °F) in summer. Places like San
Germán and Mona Island have recorded 40.5 °C (105 °F). The mountainous center of the Island is rainier and
cold, with an average rainfall of more than 2540 mm (100 in) and temperatures between 4 °C (40 °F) (especially
in the winter months), even sometimes 32 °C (90 °F) (in the summer. Storms and hurricanes pass
about the around Puerto Rico every summer, causing flooding on many occasions. Also in
Puerto Rico can experience tornadoes, hail, severe thunderstorms, and waterspouts, with the latter two being the most significant.
the most common. Tornadoes are not very common in Puerto Rico, and those that do develop do not
winds reach over 110 km/h (70 mph) (TF0). The waters north of the Island are cold in winter,
but those in the south are around 27 °C (80 °F) year-round. Other weather events are
cold fronts, troughs, tropical waves, and high and low pressures. High pressure brings dry air mass and
sunny weather, while low pressures bring a lot of rain, thunderstorms, and strong winds. These
events abound throughout the year, except in summer. Summer precipitation is due to
mostly storms or troughs. The best time to visit Puerto Rico is during the months of April,

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June and July, as far as climatic conditions are concerned. The most recent hurricanes that have affected
directly to Puerto Rico are Georges in 1998 and Jeanne in 2004.

Time zone

Puerto Rico utiliza la hora estándar del Atlántico todo el año; esto es, GMT(-4:00). El Horario de Verano
(known as Daylight Saving Time in the United States) does not apply in the archipelago because there is no
mucha diferencia entre laspuestas y salidas del sol a lo largo del año. Lapuesta de sol varía entre las 17:40
in winter at 19:10 and in summer, while sunrise varies between 7:00 in winter and 5:30 in
summer.

Economy
Puerto Rico has one of the most dynamic and diverse economies in Latin America. In the mid-century
XX the Puerto Rican economy was dominated by agriculture, especially the cultivation of sugar cane.
sugar. However, a large investment in infrastructure and extensive incentive programs have
managed to considerably transform the economy. Since the 60s, numerous have been established on the Island
multinational companies in the pharmaceutical, electronic, textile, petrochemical industries, and more
recently biotechnological. Nowadays, manufacturing and the service industry (including tourism)
have replaced agriculture as the main source of income. Likewise, livestock and the
Production of dairy products has replaced the sugar industry as the main sector of agriculture.
The economy slowed down between 2001 and 2003 due to the slowdown of the U.S. economy.
2004 began to recover. Puerto Rico entered a recession period in fiscal year 2006, this period
has continued uninterrupted until the fiscal year 2009. Economic prospects point to a
There was an improvement in the behavior of the Puerto Rican economy in the fiscal year 2010 due to,
mainly, to a better behavior of the global economy and to the rescue plan approved by the
President Obama. This plan includes an economic injection of more than five billion dollars for
Puerto Rico.

The country's leaders tried to develop Puerto Rico through light industry, high in labor.
but it falls in capital. This attempt failed with the recovery of European markets after the Second
World War. The government of the 1960s saw how the country was plunged into economic bankruptcy.
and politics and tried to rescue the economy through investment in the petrochemical industry. With the
increase in oil prices carried out by the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries,
The country's petrochemical industry was plunged into a second crisis, which led to a review of the
economic model developed up to then. The rulers launched a third alternative that was the
extension of contributions from private corporations through section 936 of the Revenue Code
Internal. In 2005, the deadline given to companies that had adhered to the Internal Revenue Code expired.
of the United States, section 936. To date, there is no development program.
coherent economic solution that fills the gap left by the closure of the 936. However, some groups
politicians have suggested that the existing crisis in Puerto Rico can only be resolved through a
integral development of the economy that encompasses agricultural self-sufficiency along with the development of
high-tech industries that contribute to the country's economy through contributions.

The government of Aníbal Acevedo Vilá introduced changes in the tax systems to normalize the
load and distribute it more equitably to all sectors of the country's economy. An example of that is the
recent creation of a Sales and Use Tax (IVU) or 'sales tax' that fluctuated during the
first months after being established between 5.5% and 7% (a 5.5% state and up to 1.5%
municipal) on purchases and services, but was finally unified to 7% throughout in 2007.

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territory. The IVU was established in order to try to alleviate the serious fiscal problems affecting the
To prevent degradation in the scale of devaluation of Puerto Rico's bonds, which would have been
what happened would have increased the financing of public projects. This tax was balanced with the
elimination of the 6.6% discretionary charge that was collected at the import point. This was because this system
The arbitrations were not entirely reliable and it was public knowledge that it did not collect the amounts it should.
having entered the treasury, mostly due to a lack of personnel to carry out cargo inspections and the
time required for these inspections.

Another reason why the new sales tax was established is to drastically reduce the so much
"underground economy", whose amount was estimated by the Development Bank
Governmental equal to that of the legal economy. The registration of every merchant is required to legalize the
collection of the IVU, attempts are made to reduce tax evasion. Other changes have also been instituted, such
like the increase in electricity and water services to reduce the subsidies that were given to them
quasi-governmental agencies that manage them under legal monopoly. Again, the logic is that these
services should be financed based on consumption instead of subsidizing them with public funds, which
it further affected the imbalance of the tax burden towards the wage-earning class.

The GDP per capita for 2008 was 17,800 dollars.

The total GDP is US$88,000,000,000. (2008 est)[2]
The total GDP is (Purchasing Power Parity) US$70,590,000,000. (2008 est)
The composition of GDP comes from:
0.4 %: agriculture (2006)
44.4%: industry (2006)
55.2 %: services (2006)
Tasa de inflación: 14.1 % (2007)
Commerce:
Exportaciones: $10,641,000,000 (2007)
Importaciones: $7,006,000,000 (2007)
Balanza comercial: +$3,635,000,000 (2007)
Workforce: 1.4 million (2006). They are distributed in:
agricultura: 1.8 %
industria: 17.9 %
servicios: 80.3 %
Desempleo: 16.5 % (2009)

Demography

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Population

According to the United States census, in Puerto

By the year 2004, the population was around
3,940,000 inhabitants. In the United States already the
Puerto Rican population exceeds 4.3 million.
people. The growth rate is 0.393% per year.
The life expectancy is 82.67 years for women.
and 74.6 for men, with an average of 78.54
years.
Demographic Evolution of Puerto Rico between
Ethnic origins 1961 y 2003. Población en miles de habitantes.

Figures prepared by the Government Development Bank. (2006)

The white population accounts for 80.5% of the total.

The mestizo population makes up 11.3% of the total.
The Afro-Caribbean population makes up 8.0% of the total.
The Asian population accounts for 0.2% of the total.

The white population is the most prevalent in Puerto Rico, accounting for 80.5% of the population. The Afro-Caribbean people
they are found especially in the municipalities of Loíza and Río Grande. The mestizos are found throughout
the Island, but they are more abundant in the center and north. The whites are found throughout the Island as well, but
They are more abundant in the west and in the metropolitan area. Asian inhabitants are very few in general.
Other ethnicities and cultures also appear mixed: countless Cubans and Dominicans live there; also
there are immigrants from Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, Costa Rica, Spain, Italy, Venezuela,
China, Peru, Chile, and Jamaica among other countries.

A group of scholars from Puerto Rican universities conducted a study on mitochondrial DNA.
that has provided surprising data, they discovered that the current population of Puerto Rico has a high
Taino genetic component (Puerto Rican aboriginal) and Guanche (Canarian aboriginal, especially from the
Guanches of the island of Tenerife. [8]

Infrastructure
Puerto Rico has one of the most modern infrastructures in the Caribbean and Latin America. Its cities
main, San Juan, Bayamón, Caguas, Guaynabo, Carolina, Ponce and Mayaguez (Puerto Rico) have
with modern buildings, and with large factories from different companies. San Juan is the metropolis of the Caribbean,
with large and modern buildings, San Juan ranks 71st as the city with the highest quality of life in the
world and is one of the most modern cities in Latin America. However, despite having a
modern infrastructure, the development pattern suffers from lack of planning, which affects the environment
environment, due to not providing protection for the natural resources of the Island. Some studies
they show that if the development pattern continues, in less than 70 years the Island will be a city-island. The Island
it also has a very modern metropolitan railway system called Tren Urbano, which is
concentrated in the San Juan metropolitan area, it stretches from San Juan to the municipality of Bayamón and
is set for expansion in the coming years, with three additional lines, one of which will arrive
to the International Airport. The Urban Train system has modern facilities. Its
Stations are equipped with the most modern electronic systems.

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Transport

There are twenty-one airports, three with international flights: San

Juan, Ponce, and Aguadilla. The airport of the Naval Base.
Roosevelt Roads in Ceiba was closed when the Navy
abandoned its operations there, but the property is in
rehabilitation process and it is expected that the airport will open and
offer your service as an air cargo transshipment point
largest in the Caribbean. This will also grant it a useful life
undefined to Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport, already
that its loading operations are expected to be transferred to
Ceiba.

The San Juan Metro, Tren Urbano, travels some of the Train in Bayamón
main points of the metropolitan area of the capital. The
Metropolitan Bus Authority (AMA) operates buses in the metropolitan area that includes San
Juan, Carolina and Bayamón. Operators of public transportation of various types and sizes cover the
totality of the Island on routes regulated by the Public Service Commission. It also regulates the large
number of taxis operating across the entire Island. However, all these public transport systems
they are not very well integrated, causing a great loss of time in moving through them. For the
Most citizens are forced to use their own car to get around.

The Island also has a network of ports that can be used by all types of vessels.
private and commercial, including the largest passenger cruises in the world. Currently, it is being
building a new port in the south of the island named Rafael Santiago (former mayor of the
Ponce city). This port is expected to serve as a spearhead for advancing development
economic of the island.

Health system

The privatization of health has diminished the guarantee and quality of services due to high costs.
in medical and pharmacy services. Despite the large magnitude of pharmaceutical industries
In the United States, medications are sold at extremely high costs that force citizens
private insurance policies, which are also [Link] there is a public health plan, called
"La Reforma", es limitado apersonas de escasos ingresos.

The high costs of medications are due to the ironic application of the Cabotage Law, which establishes
that the pharmaceutical products made in the country must have the import costs added to them.

Education

Education up to the secondary level is free and constitutionally guaranteed. There are around
1,523 public schools and the Department of Education of Puerto Rico hires around 42,000
teachers. The Department is divided into educational regions, which in turn are divided into school districts.
They provide their services to hundreds of thousands of students and are the main educational institution of
Country. The language of instruction is Spanish, but English is a mandatory subject in all grades.
The Department of Education of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico operates most of the schools.
public services of the Country.

Within the Department of Education, there are several specialized schools, including:

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Educational Opportunities Residential Center of Mayagüez (CROEM)

University Gardens
Sergio Ramírez de Arellano Hostos Bilingual Regional Secondary School
Bilingual School Father Rufo
Antonio González Suárez Bilingual Regional Elementary School
Ernesto Ramos Antonini Free School of Music ([Link])
Central Higher School of Visual Arts
Julian Blanco Specialized Ballet School
Rafael Cordero Molina Specialized School in Commercial Education

There are 47 universities: 39 private - 13 of them for profit - and eight public. The University of
Puerto Rico is the largest in the country and its eleven units make up the public system. It includes the campus.
of Medical Sciences, from which a significant percentage of doctors have graduated. 9.6% of the
State funds are allocated to pay for public university. The cost per credit recently increased to
US$ 40.00 dollars.

Among the private universities are the Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico; the University of
Phoenix, Puerto Rico Campus; the University of the Sacred Heart; the Pontifical Catholic University of
Puerto Rico; the InterAmerican University of Puerto Rico; the Adventist University of the Antilles; the
Columbia University Center in Caguas and the Ana G. Méndez University System, which comprise it
Metropolitan University in San Juan; the University of Turabo in Gurabo; and the University of the East,
in Carolina.

The educational system of Puerto Rico is integrated into the U.S. system. The first four or five
years of university study are referred to as bachelor's degree, instead of
bachelor's degree, as it is known in Latin America and Spain. This is followed by master's and doctoral degrees.

In terms of accreditation, the Higher Education Council is the entity that locally accredits the
schools, institutes, and universities. On the scale of the United States, educational institutions
Secondary schools in Puerto Rico are mostly accredited by the Middle States Association and the colleges.
of engineering by the American Board of Engineering and Technology ABET.

Culture
Music

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The Island has different folk rhythms such as Bomba and Plena, in the
Jíbaro music (peasant) the Six with décima and the Jíbaro Christmas carol, in music
classical, the Puerto Rican Dance and the Puerto Rican Mazurka. Currently their
Rhythms with international rise are undoubtedly Salsa and Reggaeton. These
latest, rhythms with foreign roots, Salsa evolved from Cuban rhythms and the
Reggaeton, which is a fusion of Rap and Reggae in Spanish and currently it
it has fused with all types of rhythm, with the fusion with Bachata being successful
Dominican. On the other hand, the Flow, a variation of the ballad type of Reggaeton,
it is also very popular.

Christmas in Puerto Rico

Daddy Yankee, one
of the elders
In Puerto Rico, Boricua Christmas begins in November the day after Thanksgiving.
exponents of
Thanksgiving in the U.S.; on Christmas, December 25
gender of the
December, and on Three Kings' Day, January 6, gifts are given to children.
adults); and ends the Christmas season 16 days after Epiphany with reggaeton.
the octaves.

There are ten solemn Christmas celebrations in Puerto Rico: the Aguinaldos Masses, Christmas Eve, the Mass of
Rooster, Easter (Christmas Day), New Year's Eve, New Year, Epiphany, the octaves and
octaves, and the Christmas carols (parrandas, trullas or assaults).

National Festivals

In Puerto Rico, all national holidays of the United States are observed, except for Thanksgiving.
Discovery of America (Columbus Day). While the Federal Government of the United States celebrates that
On the second Monday of October, Puerto Ricans officially commemorate it on October 12 of each year.
year.

Date Festival
January 1 New Year (U.S.)
January 6 Three Kings' Day
Second Monday of January Birthday of Eugenio M. De Hostos*
Third Monday of January Birth anniversary of Martin Luther King (U.S.)
Third Monday of February Presidents' Day (U.S.)
March 22 Abolition of slavery
April 16 Birthday of José de Diego
According to the lunar calendar
Good Friday
Second Sunday of May Mother's Day (U.S.)
Last Monday of May Memorial Day (USA)
Third Sunday of June Father's Day (U.S.)
July 4 Declaration of Independence (U.S.)
July 17 Birthdate of Luis Muñoz Rivera

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July 25 Constitution Day of the Free Associated State

July 27 Birthday of José Celso Barbosa
Primer lunes de septiembre Día delTrabajo (EE. UU.)
October 12 Hispanic Day
November 11 Veterans Day (U.S.)
November 19 Discovery of Puerto Rico
Fourth Thursday of November Thanksgiving Day (USA)
December 25th Christmas (U.S.)

Some holidays could soon be unified through a project that is being

evaluated by the legislature of the country.

Sports
In Puerto Rico, the most important sports are the
basketball (Piculín Ortiz and Carlos Arroyo are the most
famous basketball players of the country); baseball, with the League
of Professional Baseball of Puerto Rico and with Roberto
Clemente like his legendary player; volleyball in
disciplines in teams, and boxing in disciplines
individuals. Tennis and soccer are two of the
most popular sports in recent years.
Since the beginning of the 21st century, the island has had a
representation in the USL First Division/United Soccer
League (Second Category of MLS - Major League)
Soccer with the Puerto Rico Islanders, whose stadium View of Hiram Bithorn Stadium San Juan,
(Juan Ramón Loubriel) is located in the municipality of Puerto Rico.
Bayamón. The organizations of also stand out
non-Olympic sports, such as golf and billiards.

For university athletes, there is the Intercollegiate Athletic League of Puerto Rico (L.A.I.) which is
a nonprofit organization whose primary purpose is to regulate sports among institutions
members. The L.A.I. is a founding member of the Central American University Sports Organization and
of the Caribbean (ODUCC - 1970) and of the International University Sports Federation (FISU for its
acronyms in English.

Puerto Rico in the Olympic Games

Puerto Rico national football team

See also
New Progressive Party (PNP)
Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP)

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Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico (PPR)

Hostosian National Independence Movement
Democratic Popular Party (PPD)
Captaincy General of Puerto Rico

References
Puerto Rico USA
2. ↑ Government of Puerto Rico
3. ↑ Puerto Rico and the United States - Puerto Rico Achieves Greater Autonomy
4. ↑ Brás, Marisabel, par. 8-13
5. ↑ Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Website of the Party 'Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico'
6. ↑ Report By The President’s Task Force On Puerto Rico’s Status (in English)
7. ↑ Trias Monge, José; "Puerto Rico: Trials of the Oldest Colony in the World"; Yale University Press;
ISBN0-300-07110-8
8. ↑ Study of the Taíno and Guanche genome

Notes

Resolution 748 (VIII) —approved during the 8th session of the General Assembly of the Organization
the United Nations—recognized the internal government of Puerto Rico on November 27, 1953.

Bibliography
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The World Factbook (2005). United States of America.
The United Nations. General Assembly Resolutions 8th Session *1953). United States of
America.
Government of Puerto Rico. Official portal
[Link]
Chaplin, Julia;The New York Times, "36 Hours in San Juan"; 29 de octubre de 2006, edición impresa
and from the Internet of The New York Times Company.

Andino Rivera, Damaris, 2007, Unicameralidad: unapropuesta para enmendar la Constitución de Puerto
Rico, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus. School of
Public Administration pp. 1 – 8, 20 – 40.

Hernández, Enrique, 1994, Sobre laspropuestas enmiendas a la Constitución, Caguas, P.R: Oficinas
Social Media pp. 60 - 90.

University of Puerto Rico. Río Piedras Campus. School of Public Administration, 2005, The New
Constitution of Puerto Rico, San Juan, P.R: Editorial of the University of Puerto Rico. pp. 100-150.

External links
Wikinews has news related to Puerto Rico.
Associated Free State
Governor's Office

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State Elections Commission (CEE)

Senate
House of Representatives
Resident Commissioner (delegate from Puerto Rico in the U.S. Congress)

Categories: Wikipedia:Articles with passages that require references | Puerto Rico

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