Defects in Crystal : -
Imperfection
Defi
Any departure from perfectly ordered/
atomslion
arrangement of in crystal is called
in
imperfections defects
or
as
crystal
- As
Tamp4 then
defects o
imperfections ↑
Types of imperfections -
:
↓
↓
Electronic
imp Nus-electronic
impo
Ex Silium & Hermanium
!-
.
↓
-
's' removed
Thermally Point ip
>
wine
Imp
-
from their covalent bund . or Atenic ump
>
- Presence
of preve choles
Point
defects / Afemic Imp
: -
Defect due to
irregularity
in
arrangements of atamslious are called as
point defect .
Thechiometric defects
.
2 Impuritie s
.
3 Non- stoichiometric "
.
1 Strichiometric
Dejects : -
Ratio cation & Arim is present
o
- same as
Chemical
formula
>
- Maintain Electrically
neutrality (Neta
may
Thermal intrinsic
Also Ka defects defect
>
- or .
#y
bes
1A
Vacancy Dejects
:
. -
Lips are vacant in crystal when heated .
Decrease in
density
·
by
·
shown non-ionic solid.
-B
.
Interstitial
Defects
-
:
someatums/inclecules present in interstitial space .
4
Density
·
shown non-ionic solid
by
·
1
[Link] Defects
: + (s .
D) (1930 ,
Herman
Equal cations & Ariore present
of
.
1
ratio are
Electrical is maintained .
.
2 neutrality
.
3 Equal ratio cations
of missing
a thirns are
in molecule.
as
present their
[like vacancy defects)
4 Types compounds which
of exhibiting ED
. are .
shown
by highly zonic compound .
·
C. N
Stigh
· .
·
cations & Anime have similar size
5
5
Ex Nall
Agin
.
. -
,
KU C4
= , ,
N C E RT
. . .
.
- 106 cm3
in
pair s .
D 1
y
Nas
1 102 present in
/
wall
... "
E/RT
↑ m = Ne
S D
g
n = no. .
in crystal
g Ionspair
N = no .
Activation
E=
Energy
-consequence P.
Y
.
I
gious density
.
1 20 ·
so
.
2 Conduct
electricity with small extent
3
. Dith holes & ime
of
movement are
of
in dish .
opposite (Figure pu
N . C .
E .
R T.
.
4
-
.
Stability of crystal to due to decrease in
Lattice
energy
.
5
Entropy 4
(FD) (1926)
1 D Frenkel
Defects : -
.
Russian)
In sonic
compounds
·
· Ions dislocate to interstitial site
created.
·
vacancy
at lattice
point
dislocation
Also known as
defect
·
.
Types of umon having
a which have
· can FD
low C . N ..
↑ Large difference
both cations & Arions
InS
2 Y
Ages Agle Ag
-
(Transition metal halides ; not in
Alkalistatides
consequence
-
-
in densi
angeconstant ty
· NO Ch
· Dielectric
conduct
electricity
·
↓
stability of crystal
·
chemical
properties also
T
can
influence
+
·
Entropy
.
2 Non-stoichiometric
defects
-
:
Ratio cation & anion not
of
· are same as
in their moecular
formula .
Ex Fef 2n0
VOx in
presence you
↓
-
50 150 (Wustite)x 0 6 to 1 3
.
+ .
Nase in presence No 1
of yellow)
(Pink]
2;
wil 1) ↑
ke I K (violet)
&
Ike
↓
# Non-metal Excess
-S
(1) Metal Excess
defects
metalions are in excess
(a) Anion vacancies .
b Excess cations
occupy
I .
strious are removed interstitial position
from
their position a more metalions are
creating
vacancy present interstitial
· position
at
·
electrical
neutrility is maintai
.
2 The vacant space filled Med
"f
Y
2 :
by K/9 centre
1F-Parden /German) mas (dour
Natu in sodium rap out
Natu in sodium vapour
e
Nat 4 -Na
vo
Nat C Nach
[ F- Centre
Due to
formation of f centre ,
·
cour .
exhibiting
more centre then
·
more
intense colour
.
1 Non-metal Excess
lesser no
of metalin/cation
·
of trious compair molecular
more no as to
formula ratio
oxa
Arises due to
charge balanced by of
·
·
↓ 1 Metal ion (40 . N .
)
cations Erious Transitions metals--
·
vacancy
interstitial EFFSbes
at
.
3 in
Impurity defect crystallize
sonic solids :
Due addi
to
foreign
of add ions .
·
In lattice
of sol call
of
·
Nad or
This ↑ electrical
conductivity
-
le . c .
)
0 to Nall 4
>
-
11srly 100 times
by
e C
.
. .
in
du Age
·