Selective Collection

SEST – Social Service of Transport

SENAT - National Service for Learning in Transportation

[Link]
Summary
Presentation 5

Unit 1 | Importance of Selective Collection 7

1 Recycling and Selective Collection 8

1.1 History of Recycling and Selective Collection 9

1.1.1 Public Policies Aimed at Selective Collection 10

1.2 Integrated Solid Waste Management 11

1.2.1 Educação Ambiental e Coleta Seletiva 11

Glossary 13

Activities 14

References 17

Unit 2 | Types of Discarded Materials 18

1 Recyclable Materials and Non-Recyclable Materials 19

2 Energy Recovery from Urban Solid Waste 21

3 Technological Innovations and Recycling Technologies 22

Glossary 23

Activities 25

References 27

Unit 3 | Forms of Selective Collection 28

1 Implementation of Selective Collection 29

2 Examples of Selective Collection 30

Glossary 31

Activities 32

References 35

Unit 4 | Source of Income Generated by Selective Collection 36

1 Economic Viability of Selective Collection and Recycling 37

3
Waste Management and Social Inclusion 38

3 Health Risks Among Trash Collectors 39

4 Network Organization and Popular Recycling Cooperatives 39

5 Corporate Recycling Goals 40

6 Recycling of Difficultly Recyclable Materials 41

Glossary 42

Activities 43

References 45

Unit 5 | The 3 Rs – Reduce, Reuse and Repurpose 46

1 Applicability of the 3 R's 47

Glossary 49

Activities 50

References 53

Unit 6 | Environmental Preservation 54

1 Sustainable Development 55

2 Environmental Legislation 56

Activities 57

References 60

Answer key 61

4
Presentation

Dear student,

Welcome to the Selective Collection course!

The waste produced mainly in urban areas has been pointed out as one of the
the most concerning environmental issues of today. Selective waste collection is
of great relevance, as it generates income, savings for companies and, mainly,
reduction of various environmental problems.

In this course, you will have the opportunity to critically reflect on the issues.
that involve selective trash collection and the importance of each social agent for it
this practice should be recognized in its broad aspects.

It is expected that, at the end of the course, you will recognize the social and economic benefits.
environmental aspects of recycling, as well as the practices of the "3 Rs" – reduction, reuse and
recycling – and the advantages of encouraging the organization of selective collection actions
and recycling in the spaces where it operates (institutions, companies, condominiums, neighborhoods,
etc.) and also to directly or indirectly support existing initiatives in the region where
reside.

The course has a total workload of 10 hours and is organized into 6 units, as per
the following table.

Units Workload

Unit 1 | Importance of Selective Collection 3h

Unit 2 | Types of Discarded Materials 2h

Unit 3 | Forms of Selective Collection 1h

Unit 4 | Income Source Generated by Selective Collection 2h

Unit 5 | The 3 Rs – Reduce, Reuse, and Repurpose 1h

Unit 6 | Environmental Preservation 1h

5
Stay alert! To complete the course, you need to:

a) navigate through all the content and carry out all the planned activities in the
Interactive Classes

b) respond to the 'Final Assessment' and obtain a minimum score of 60 or higher;

c) respond to the 'Reaction Assessment'; and

d) access the 'Student Environment' and issue your certificate.

This course is self-instructive, meaning it has no tutor support. In case of

If you have any questions, please contact us by email at eletrônicosuporteead@sestsenat.
[Link]

Happy studying!

6
UNIT 1 | IMPORTANCE OF
SELECTIVE COLLECTION

7
1 Recycling and Selective Collection

Thelargeamountofwasteproducedespeciallybyurbanpopulations(wholive
in the cities) generates enormous challenges that involve social issues (like the waste pickers)
ofwaste),health(forexample,diseasestransmittedbyrats)andenvironmental(pollution).

Recycling is a technique that aims to transform materials that initially

would be discarded in new products. Through the savings of raw material, energy
and water for the production of products, recycling reduces pollution, decreases the use of
Sanitary landfills and dumps generate jobs and enable new forms of production.

Understand the differences between landfills and dumps by observing the figure below:

Selective collection is the process of collecting recyclable materials (paper,

plastic, metal and glass) and separation for sending to recycling plants, being a
two pillars for the reuse of materials and encouragement of environmental education.

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1.1 History of Recycling and Selective Collection

Since the Industrial Revolution (18th century), the increase in waste production has been
gradually increasing as industrial capitalism strengthened around
of the world. The types of waste have also become increasingly diverse such as,
example, electronic, industrial, chemical, and toxic waste.

With the majority of the world's population living in urban areas, the amount of
garbage and the ways to dispose of it have become increasingly larger problems and the
recycling has been gaining ground, becoming a topic of international political discussions
starting from the 1970s.

Selective collection originated in Europe, with Germany and France being

precursors in the 1970s and 1980s. In Brazil, selective collection began in
Niterói (Rio de Janeiro) in 1985, but it was only from 1990 that the governments
municipalities began to take on greater responsibilities, joining associations and
cooperatives of collectors.

It is important to emphasize that the problem of urban waste is exacerbated by disposal.

inadequate waste disposal in open-air dumps and landfills that do not comply
completely to the health and environmental safety standards, causing several
types of pollution and negative health consequences.

According to Ribeiro (2006), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

it reveals that the waste produced worldwide is expected to be 70% larger by 2030 if it continues
the alarming current levels. There is a lot of variation in waste production per capita in
different countries of the world, with the United States being the largest producer with two
kilograms and a half per inhabitant/day and developing countries, such as India, produce
half a kilo per inhabitant per day.

Brazil also follows the trend of increasing waste production. Data from 2012 from
ABRELPE (Brazilian Association of Public Cleaning Companies and Special Waste)
they revealed that, in that year, the average amount of waste produced was just over a kilogram
per capita/day. The majority of Brazilian waste is improperly sent to landfills.

9
1.1.1 Public Policies Aimed at Selective Collection

The most comprehensive policy on the subject is the National Solid Waste Plan
(BRAZIL, 2010) which establishes goals for the environmentally appropriate disposal of
waste. In the Plan, it is possible to see how each one has an essential role, since
from manufacturers to consumers.

Article 9 of Law No. 12.305/10 (BRAZIL, 2010), also known as Policy

National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS) establishes that selective collection should be
implemented by the holder of the public urban cleaning service and prioritize participation
of associations and cooperatives of collectors formed by low-income individuals.

The PNRS also addresses the shared management of the Product Life Cycle (history
of the product from the extraction of the raw material to post-use disposal) and determines
the responsibilities of manufacturers, importers, distributors, retailers,
State, citizen, and public services for cleaning and solid waste management by
minimization of the volume of waste generated, as well as the reduction of impacts
caused to the environment.

The law also addresses reverse logistics, which characterizes a set of actions
for the return of solid waste, difficult to recycle, to the business sector, for
reuse or environmentally correct final disposal.

It also ensures actions such as the use of biomass in production

energy and in the refining of used lubricating oils, as well as the management of
hazardous waste such as batteries, fluorescent lamps, chemicals,
hospital and radioactive material. In addition, the PNRS determines the creation of plans for
solid waste management at the state, municipal, and regional levels and imposes
that companies develop their Solid Waste Management Plans.

Article 71 of the same law (BRAZIL, 2010) deals with the formation of a National System of
Information about Solid Waste Management, to collect and systematize data and
disseminate the activities of the National Solid Waste Policy. Educational activities
environmental ones were also established with the aim of encouraging awareness
of consumers and support for research.

10
1.2 Integrated Solid Waste Management

Integrated solid waste management encompasses all practices aimed at

improving waste management, involving national, state, and federal policies
between regions, in addition to private sector actions. It deals with actions such as selective collection,

recycling, environmental technologies, reuse and environmental education.

The integrated management of solid waste also determines ways to deal with
with so-called hazardous waste (like hospital waste) and difficult to recycle waste (like from
civil construction.

According to Massukado (2004), there are continuity issues in management projects.

of solid waste with each new administrative management in Brazil, in addition to the actions
municipalities being focused only on selective collection.

There are several waste management models, making it important to consider the
characteristics of each region, from environmental aspects to the availability of labor
of qualified work.

1.2.1 Environmental Education and Selective Collection

Environmental Education has been presented as an important topic for the

world transformation of the relationships between man and the environment. The Conference
Intergovernmental Conference on Environmental Education, held in Tbilisi in 1977, the
I define it as a constant process of awareness of individuals about the environment.
environment, in such a way that they acquire knowledge and values that make them act individually
and socially in the search for solutions to environmental issues.

In 1999, Brazil established the National Policy on Environmental Education, which establishes the
environmental education as one of the essential tools for sustainability.

11
Linked to Environmental Education is selective collection, a theme that requires participation.
politics and processes built collectively. Thus, Environmental Education
appears as an incentive for society to take on, according to Jacobi
(2003), a questioning stance regarding public policies aimed at
environment.

The relationships between the environment and education are complex and challenging, and require
knowledge of different areas, including: history, ecology, sociology, management
environmental and agronomy. There are also different historical perspectives (traditional and
contemporary), that go beyond the application of specific environmental projects and
lead to a broader social transformation.

b To learn more about the subject we are studying,

watch the documentary "Extraordinary Garbage," available on
follow the link. Check it out!

[Link]/watch?v=61eudaWpWb8

12
Glossary

Landfills: a technically suitable location for the final disposal of waste

solids.

Biomass: biological mass formed from the decomposition of organic matter that
it can generate energy.

Industrial Capitalism: phase of the capitalist economic system based on property

private, profit, and competitiveness) in which industrial production techniques have passed
to be widely used in place of handcrafted production.

Reverse logistics: a set of actions aimed at the collection and restoration of

solid waste for reuse.

Organic matter: remains of living beings (animals, plants).

Industrial Revolution: a broad set of changes - primarily economic - that

occurred in Europe between the 18th and 19th centuries, with the substitution of production
artisanal by industrial production.

13
Activities

Which of the options has the best explanation for the concepts

a of recycling and selective collection?

Recycling is the reuse of materials that would be

discarded, giving new uses to these materials. Collection
selective is the separation of waste into organic materials and
inorganic.

b. ( ) Recycling is a technique that transforms materials that

would be discarded in new products. Selective collection is the
procedure for collecting recyclable materials and sending them
for recycling plants.

c. ( ) Recycling is a craft technique of reuse of

materials that would be discarded. Selective collection is the
procedure for collecting recyclable materials and sending them
for recycling plants.

d. ( ) Recycling is innovative technologies that allow

transformation of materials that would be discarded into new ones
products. Selective collection is the separation of materials in glass,
plastic and paper.

2) What is the Product Life Cycle? Indicate the alternative

correct.

a. ( ) A sustainable marketing technique that grants to

consumers all the information about the product.

b. ( ) It is about the history of the product, from extraction of

raw material until disposal.

c. ( ) It is a calculation method for the amount of water used

for the manufacturing of a certain product.

d. ( ) It is an industrial process in which a product

Discarded gains value by exercising a new function.

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What is the most comprehensive policy related to recycling
What is selective collection and what social agents does it involve? Indicate.
the correct alternative.

a. ( ) National Environmental Policy - holds accountable

from manufacturers, passing through the State and reaching
consumer considering the environment as a heritage
the public to be necessarily assured and protected.

National Solid Waste Policy - holds responsible the

federal, state, and municipal governments regarding implementation
of public policies for selective collection and recycling that
value the organizations of low-income people.

c. ( ) National Environmental Policy – holds responsible the

all those who commit environmental crimes, being considered
against wildlife, crimes against flora, pollution, crimes against the
urban planning and cultural heritage, crimes against the
environmental management and administrative infractions.

d. ( ) National Solid Waste Policy – holds accountable

from manufacturers, through the State and reaching to the
consumer by the management of solid waste and by the reduction
of the impacts caused to environmental quality.

4) Which of the sentences below best defines Education

Environmental?

a. ( ) They are educational practices that can involve different

school subjects such as Geography, Biology, and History, and
they should refer not only to the rational study of concepts,
but also practical activities that involve the whole
community.

b. ( ) Process in which individuals and the community take

awareness of their environment and acquire knowledge,
the values, the skills, the experiences, and the determination that
make them capable of acting and solving environmental problems.

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c. ( ) Processes used within educational institutions and
philanthropic efforts aimed at the preservation of heritage
environmental and create development models, with solutions
clean and sustainable.

d. ( ) Process by which communities become aware of

place where they live, come into contact with knowledge of
various areas and feel capable of transforming their
habits.

5) What is reverse logistics? Indicate the correct alternative.

a. ( ) Set of actions for the return of solid waste

to the business sector, for reuse or disposal
final environmentally friendly.

b. ( ) Practice that holds the manufacturer accountable for the Life Cycle
of the product that offers to the market, in a way to minimize
maximizes your environmental impact.

c. ( ) Set of responsibilities that belong to the consumer

when making your choices such as reducing consumption, buying
eco-friendly products, the reuse of packaging
and the sending for recycling.

d. ( ) Addresses the recovery of products, packaging and

raw materials after disposal by the final consumer.

16
References

ABRELPE. Solid Waste Panorama in Brazil. São Paulo, 2012. Available at:
<[Link] Accessed on: March 20, 2016.

BAPTISTA, Vinicius Ferreira. The public policies of selective collection in the municipality of
Rio de Janeiro - where and how the recycling materials cooperatives are located.
Public. Rio de Janeiro, v. 49, n. 1, p. 141-164, Jan./Feb. 2015.

BRAZIL. Law No. 12,305, of August 2, 2010. National Solid Waste Policy.
Brasília, 2010. Available at: <[Link]
2010/2010/law/[Link]>. Accessed on: August 18, 2016.

GALBIATI, Adriana Farina. The Integrated Management of Solid Waste and the
Recycling. Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul. Available at: <http://
[Link]/imgs/up/Article_15.pdf>. Accessed on: March 10, 2016.

GUIMARAES, Mauro.A dimensão ambiental na educação. Campinas: Papirus, 1995.

JACOBI, P. Environmental Education, Citizenship and Sustainability. Research Notebooks,

São Paulo, n. 118, p. 189-205, Mar. 2003.

MASSUKADO, L. M. Decision Support System: evaluation of management scenarios

integrated management of urban household solid waste. São Paulo, 2004. Dissertation
(Master's Degree). Federal University of São Carlos.

PINTO, Tarcísio de Paula,Metodologia para a gestão diferenciada de resíduos

urban construction solids. São Paulo, 1999. Thesis (Doctorate) - Polytechnic School
from the University of São Paulo.

RIBEIRO, Helena. Overview of selective collection in Brazil - Challenges and Perspectives

based on three case studies. São Paulo: INTERFACEHS Magazine, 2006.

SECRETARIAT OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF SÃO PAULO. Educational Handbook Collection

Selection. Available:[Link]
how to [Link]>. Accessed on: March 10, 2016.

17
UNIT 2 | TYPES OF
DISCARDED MATERIALS

18
1 Recyclable Materials and Non-Recyclable Materials

The role of the recycling plant is to transform solid waste into raw material for
to be used again. As examples, we can mention the transformation of cans into
aluminum plates, cellulose pulp paper and PET bottles made of plastic pellets.

In recycling, besides the common separation of plastic, paper, glass, metal, organic waste
In addition to non-recyclable waste, there are also other forms of separation into subtypes of materials.
For example, a plastic can be subdivided by texture: film (such as that of plastic bags)
waste), rigid (general packaging) and pet (soda packaging).

Here are some types of materials that are not recyclable in Brazil:

Adhesive paper, label;

Carbon paper and fax paper;

Photographic paper;

19
Metalized paper (like snack packaging), paraffin-coated (used to separate)
food) or plasticized (like gift wrapping);

styrofoam

foam;

mirror;

ceramics

clip, clamp;

lamp

steel wool;

dirty and/or greasy paper;

can of paint, fuel, and poison;

computer keyboard

pot handle

vial of medication;

socket;

metalized packaging;

please

cellophane paper;

porcelain

eyeglass lens.

20
2 Energy Recovery from Urban Solid Waste

The use of urban waste for energy production is an alternative in the face of
of the numerous problems generated by waste and also in light of the high demand
of energy. There are numerous technologies around the world that use processes
thermal and biological.

According to Campello (2010), there are two main systems of utilization

energy from urban solid waste:

a) Biogas Capture and Burning System in Landfills: biogas is

formed by the decomposition of organic matter by bacteria, without consumption of
oxygen (anaerobic process). The grounding of organic waste leads to the production
of this gas, which contains a high rate of methane and is one of the greenhouse gases
stove, responsible for global warming.

To capture this gas at the landfill, the waste is covered with layers of soil,
generating leachate and gas. The leachate is drained into treatment reservoirs, already
the gases are captured through pipes that lead the gas to a tank where
There is energy recovery. Biogas can be used in combustion engines.
internal mechanisms that power electric generators, vehicles, and lighting.

There are about 19 biogas plants in Brazil, the first of which was installed
in the city of São Paulo and, currently together with another power plant, its supply
represents 2% of the city's electricity, available for 35 thousand households.

b) Direct Incineration System: this system uses organic matter

the combustible waste that could not be recycled. The materials are
placed in high-temperature furnaces, the gases are drawn, cooled and
treaties, generating energy and heat. The ashes from this are also treated and
they can be used for asphalt manufacturing or in construction.

This technology is expensive and consequently the cost per megawatt/hour produced
It is higher than that of a hydroelectric power plant. It has been applied in countries with
lower energy supply such as Japan, China, and the United States.

21
3 Technological Innovations and Recycling Technologies

Every year, new technologies emerge seeking the recycling of hard-to-recycle products.
more efficient way. Here are some examples:

a) syringe recycling - the electronics hub of Santa Rita do Sapucaí (MG)

created a device called NEX (Recycling of Sharp Waste). After
For usage, the syringe is placed in an extractor. The steel and plastic are separated.
are deposited in another part of the device where they are subjected to high
temperatures around 1,680ºC, sterilizing and melting the parts of
syringes, which are transformed into blocks of steel and plastic that can be
used for recycling or sale.

b) recycling of batteries and cells - there are three technologies for recycling
of these products: the mineral processing involving physical separation processes or
concentration of the materials; the hydrometallurgical process with the dissolution of the metals from
batteries and batteries, already ground, and the subsequent recovery of metals in solution;
the pyrometallurgical process that involves the use of high temperatures for
metal recovery.

Note: batteries and accumulators may contain heavy metals (mercury, cadmium.
and lead) which, when improperly disposed of, can cause serious
environmental and human health issues, contaminating the soil and groundwater,
as well as generating motor disturbances, cancer, and anemia.

c) tire recycling: the tires are shredded and then go through the process
degranulation. Then the metals can be extracted with a separator.
magnetic. The steel is sent to the steel industry and the rubber can
to be used for sports court flooring, shoe soles, insulation for
roofs and walls, asphalt industry or for the manufacture of new tires.

d) recycling cigarette butts: there is a technology that allows for butts

of cigarette butts are used for obtaining cellulose pulp, which can be
employed in the production of paper and various stationery articles.

22
 b Check how the state of Minas Gerais has been working on the topic.
da reciclagem realizando a leitura do artigo “Aproveitamento
Energy from Solid Waste, through the following link.
Access!

[Link]/booklets/energy_utilization_of_
rsu_guia_feam_(2).pdf

Glossário

Anemia: a disease caused by the reduction of hemoglobin level in the blood that generates
weakness.

Globalwarming:increaseinaveragetemperaturesofplanetEarthinrecentyears.

Biogas: gas generated by the decomposition of organic matter.

Cigarette butts: the tip of the cigarette discarded after smoking.

Cadmium: chemical element present in batteries and accumulators.

Cancer: a set of diseases caused by abnormal cell growth.

Leachate: dark liquid resulting from the decomposition of organic matter.

Lead: a metal used in different products such as batteries and paints, is highly
pollutant.

Greenhouse effect: a natural process in which part of the solar radiation is retained in the atmosphere.

Granulation: fragmentation until forming grains.

Steel industry: industry that works with steel and iron.

Megawatt/hour: measure of electricity consumption.

Mercury: a metal found in the Earth's crust that, when handled by industry, is

23
highly polluting.

Methane: gas produced by the decomposition of organic waste.

Sharp perforator: material that can pierce and/or cut.

Motor disturbances: changes in the nervous system.

Cellulose pulp: material used for paper production.

Energy recovery: restoration of the energy spent in a certain

process.

Combustible waste: leftovers from the production or use of fuels that are not
recycled.

Magnetic separator: instrument for separating metals using magnets.

Hydroelectric power station: a set of equipment and constructions that have the purpose of
generate electrical energy through the energy potential of a river.

24
Activities

1) How is biogas formed? Indicate the correct alternative.

a a. ( ) It is formed by the decomposition of organic matter by

anaerobic bacteria.

b. ( ) It is formed by the decomposition of organic matter into

proper landfills through aerobic bacteria.

c. ( ) It is formed in appropriate landfills by burning.

controlled organic waste.

d. ( ) It is formed by the decomposition of organic matter

aerobic way.

2) Choose the option that contains materials that cannot

being recycled in Brazil:

a. ( ) Plasticized paper, notebook paper, paint can.

b. ( ) Pan handle, used notebook paper, paint can or

solvents.

c. ( ) Carbon paper, computer keyboards, mirror.

d. ( ) Paint can, glass, porcelain.

3) What is the environmental problem that involves technology

of direct incineration?

a. ( ) The possible emission of carcinogenic gases such as dioxins

and the furans.

b. ( ) The incorrect utilization of ash waste.

c. ( ) The possible emission of heat that would contribute to the

global warming.

d. ( ) The possible emission of greenhouse gases.

25
4) Why is it important to properly dispose of batteries and
batteries? Indicate the correct alternative.

a. ( ) Batteries and batteries contain ferrous metals that can

generate environmental problems for human health.

b. ( ) Batteries and batteries contain heavy metals that can

generate environmental problems for human health.

c. ( ) Batteries and accumulators contain non-ferrous metals that can

generate environmental problems for human health.

d. ( ) Batteries and accumulators contain oxidizing metals that can

generate environmental problems to human health.

5) Why the non-intelligent use of biogas can cause

harm to the environment? Indicate the correct alternative.

a. ( ) Biogas contains a high level of carbon dioxide

that is one of the greenhouse gases.

b. ( ) Biogas contains a high level of cadmium, which is a metal

pollutant and carcinogenic.

c. ( ) Biogas is produced from the burning of fuels

fossils causing global warming.

d. ( ) Biogas contains a high rate of methane, which is one of the gases

of greenhouse effect.

26
References

BRAZIL. MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT. Environmental Agenda in Administration

Public. Internet portal, 2016. Available at: <[Link]
a3p/_files/cartilha_a3p_36.pdf> Accessed on: March 15, 2016.

CAMPELLO, L. D. Analysis of the Feasibility of Energy Recovery from Waste

Beautiful Horizon. Internet portal, 2016. Available at: <[Link]
site/techoje/category/article_detail/1115>. Accessed on: March 15, 2016.

HENRIQUES, Raquel Martins. Energy recovery from solid waste

urban: a technological approach. Master's thesis. Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ,
2004.

SOUZA, Maria Jose. FERREIRA, Elaine. Technological Innovation and product adoption
made from post-consumer plastic waste. Business Journal, Blumenau, v.
12, n. 3, p. 18-28, Jul./Sep. 2007.

27
UNIT 3 | FORMS OF
SELECTIVE COLLECTION

28
1 Implementation of Selective Collection

To implement selective collection in a certain area - whether it be a neighborhood,

condominium, school, company - it is necessary, first of all, to form a committee
responsible who will decide how the separation will be done, what the periodicity is
collection, who will be responsible for the collection, how will the disclosure and awareness be conducted
of the population, how the division of tasks will take place (to avoid work overload),
in which place the garbage will be stored, if an initial investment will be necessary, among
other subjects.

It is relevant that the committee seeks information about the amount of waste generated and the
classification of the type of waste (organic, recyclable, non-recyclable, and hazardous) so that it
it is possible to anticipate the space demands to accommodate waste and the methods of disposal
correct.

Raising awareness in the community about the importance of recycling is essential for good
project progress. Hold lectures, meetings, environmental film clubs, posters,
Leaflets, newspapers, and magazines are good alternatives to bring the community closer to this subject.

It is important that there are no doubts about recycling and the best ways to
waste disposal. Thus, ongoing campaigns are a good way to encourage the
selective collection.

Após conhecer o processo de reciclagem, o próximo passo é a destinação do material. É

It is necessary to gather information about selective waste collection in the city, to get in touch with
associations, cooperatives or NGOs that carry out this work to organize how and
how many times a week the material will be collected and whether it will be donated or sold.

It is also necessary to plan the organization of the collection, for example: in a building
Will there be internal collection from apartment to apartment or from floor to floor? Each
Will the resident take the waste produced in their residence to a defined location?

The sending of recyclable materials to the correct locations is the main purpose of the project.
since everyone must commit to ensuring that the materials are
being recycled.

To collaborate with waste separation, the National Environment Council

(CONAMA, 2016) established a color code for different types of waste in
selective collection. See in the figure below the color codes and types of waste:

29
2 Examples of Selective Collection

Here are some examples of recycling collection projects carried out in Brazil:

a) Recycle Project - Federal University of Viçosa (MG)

Created in 1995, all recyclable waste is bagged in different packaging,

collected daily at the Selective Collection Points distributed throughout the Campus
from the University, and sent to the Workers' Association of the Sorting Plant
Recycling of Viçosa (ACAMERE).

b) Coleta Seletiva Solidária – Itapira (SP)

The city of Itapira has 80% of the urban area of the municipality served with collection.
selective. The project began in 2011 and is carried out in partnership with the Association
the Solid Waste Collectors of Itapira (ASCORSI) and the City Hall.
Awareness campaigns were conducted for the population regarding separation and

30
correct disposal of recyclable waste through the holding of lectures, advertisements
on radio stations, publications in local newspapers, announcements on sound trucks,
leaflets, banners, posters and billboards.

c) Selective Collection at School - Jataí (GO)

Since 2012, environmental educators have been giving lectures and developing workshops on
o tema coleta seletiva, com a comunidade escolar da cidade conscientizando sobre a
importance of selective collection and recycling. In each school, collection boxes were installed.
Trash indicating the types of materials to be collected to facilitate separation.

b Check out the Recycling Guide, access it through the following link.
It's worth it!

w w w. e c y c l e . c o m . b r / c o m p o n e n t / c o n t e n t / a r t i c l e / 7 0 -
homes/[Link]

Glossary

Film clubs: groups that come together to watch movies and discuss cinema.

NGOs: non-governmental organizations.

Periodicity: a period that repeats at regular intervals.

Triaging: separation according to predetermined selection.

31
Activities

1) It is important, when implementing a collective project, that one ...

a know the average amount of waste generated and the type of waste? For
What? Indicate the correct alternative.

a. ( ) No, the most important thing is to get in touch with

institutions responsible for selective collection.

Yes, because it is important that recycling industries ...

City, know the real demands of that locality.

c. ( ) Yes, as it is important to know the necessary space for

organize the waste and the correct disposal methods.

d. ( ) No, this is not the responsibility of the organizing committee.

the project, but rather the public agencies.

What are the main steps for the implementation of data collection?
Selectivity? Mark the correct alternative.

a. ( ) Formation of a responsible commission to decide on

how the separation will be done, frequency of collection, disclosure
and awareness, location for waste disposal and contact with
the recipients.

b. ( ) Formation of a responsible commission, to decide on

how the separation will be done, frequency of collection, location of
garbage conditioning and contact with the recipients.

c. ( ) Formation of a responsible committee, dissemination and

awareness, deciding on the location for waste disposal and
What will be the recipient companies of the material.

d. ( ) Formation of a responsible committee, to decide on

how the separation will be done, frequency of collection, disclosure
and awareness and location of waste disposal.

32
3) What are the selective collection projects mentioned in the text?
Choose the correct alternative.

a. ( ) i) Projeto Petrobrás Ambiental; ii) Coleta Seletiva Solidária

– Itapira, SP; iii) Coleta Seletiva na Escola – Jataí, GO.

b. ( ) i) Recycle Project - Federal University of Viçosa, MG;

ii) Caring for Waste - Itapira, SP; iii) Selective Collection in
School - Jataí, GO.

c. ( ) i) Recycling Project - Federal University of Viçosa, MG;

ii) Solidarity Selective Collection - Itapira, SP; iii) Selective Collection in
School - Jataí, GO.

d. ( ) i) Projeto Criança Ambiental; ii) Coleta Seletiva Solidária

– Itapira, SP; iii) Coleta Seletiva na Escola – Jataí, GO.

4) Why is it important to start a data collection project?

Should selective campaigns be ongoing? Check the
correct alternative.

a. ( ) So that waste that is considered difficult has the

correct disposal, being able to be recycled.

b. ( ) So that citizens are aware of their

consumption habits, starting to apply conscious consumption

c. ( ) So that each person can encourage recycling in

other places, such as at work and at school.

d. ( ) To maintain selective collection practices and so that not

there are doubts about recycling.

33
5) Which option shows the correct relationship between the colors and the
recyclable materials, established by the National Council
of the Environment (CONAMA)? Mark the alternative
correct.

a. ( ) Blue: paper; red: hazardous materials; green:

orgânicos; amarelo: metal; marrom: madeira.

b. ( ) Azul: papel; vermelho: materiais perigosos; verde: vidro;

amarelo: metal; marrom: orgânicos.

c. ( ) Blue: paper; red: plastic; green: glass; yellow:

organic; brown: wood.

d. ( ) Blue: paper; red: plastic; green: glass; yellow:

metal; brown: organics.

34
References

BRAZIL. MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT. Environmental Agenda in Administration

[Link] portal, 2016. Available at: <[Link]
a3p/_files/cartilha_a3p_36.pdf> Accessed on: March 15, 2016.

CONAMA - NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL COUNCIL. Legislation. Internet portal,

2016. Available at: <[Link] Accessed on: 15
Mar. 2016.

HENRIQUES, Raquel Martins. Energy recovery from solid waste

Urban: a technological approach. Master's Thesis. Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ.
2004.

SOUZA, Maria Jose. FERREIRA, Elaine. Technological Innovation and product adoption
made from post-consumer plastic waste. Business Journal, Blumenau, v.
12, n. 3, p. 18-28, Jul/Sep 2007.

35
UNIT 4 | SOURCE OF
REVENUE GENERATED BY COLLECTION
SELETIVA

36
1 Economic Viability of Selective Collection and Recycling

The calculation of the economic viability of selective collection and recycling must be carried out.
considering not only the financial profit but also the social importance
and environmental aspects of this practice. Thus, aspects such as the creation of
jobs, the improvement of the quality of life of the population and the reduction of the use of
landfills and dumps. According to Calderoni (2003), "for the calculation of the cost of collection
"selective, it is also important to estimate the existing costs associated with traditional collection."

According to Paiva (2015), data from 2015 reveals that only 3% of the waste produced in
Brazil is recycled. However, this reality is slowly changing with the increase
of the number of city halls implementing recycling programs, with the expansion of
number of cooperatives and associations of collectors and also with improvement
of recycling projects by private companies.

37
Waste Management and Social Inclusion

Although the activity of collecting reusable and recyclable materials is recognized

by the Ministry of Labor and Employment since 2002, workers in this area
they usually operate in unsuitable environments for work, with low wages,
without access to protective equipment and almost always are informal workers,
that is, they are deprived of benefits such as a fixed salary, vacation, and retirement.

An expectation of improvement in working conditions is the formation of associations.

and cooperatives of collectors that aim for better remuneration, reduction of
vulnerability, as informal workers, better negotiations with the
industries and execution of work in better-structured locations.

Working on the separation of collected material does not require specific training and is a
form of social inclusion for the population that does not have access to jobs that require
professional training.

The National Solid Waste Policy mandates that municipalities must support
the ventures of the collectors, managing the activities in an integrated manner
selective collection and recycling through agreements and contracts. Thus, the city hall can
make municipal warehouses available for waste separation, organize the
municipal collection, including the separation of recyclable and non-recyclable material, assistant
in the acquisition of equipment and in the training of waste picker professionals and even
exempt these ventures from the payment of taxes and/or water services
and electric energy.

Private companies, NGOs (non-governmental organizations) and philanthropic entities

they can also collaborate with the social inclusion of these workers, valuing their
important work.

38
3 Health Risks Among Garbage Collectors

The health of waste pickers is harmed due to contact with garbage.

ways: from direct contact with pathogenic agents and propagation of
agents contaminated by air or water (leachate) and the second form through
food consumption, through the ingestion of contaminated food scraps.

Ferreira and Anjos (2001) classified the main agents causing problems of
health, present in the trash:

a) physical agents: gases and odors from the waste, cutting and piercing materials,
such as glass, wood chips, sharp objects, and dust; noises
excessive, exposure to cold, heat, smoke and carbon monoxide
forced and uncomfortable postures;

b) chemical agents: liquids that leak from batteries and accumulators, oils and greases,
pesticides/herbicides, solvents, inks, cleaning products, cosmetics,
medications, aerosols, heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, and mercury;

c) biological agents: pathogenic microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria and

fungi.

4 Network Organization and Popular Cooperatives of

Recycling

The role of recyclable material collectors, albeit slowly, has been

most valued in Brazilian society with the recognition of this work and the
Establishment of policies that aim for partnerships with the public power.

39
When not organized, the
collectors gather individually
the material in the streets and sell it to
depots and scrap dealers at prices
low, as they are baled
the material to be marketed.

When organized in
associations or cooperatives, the
scavengers work in partnership
with the public authorities, through the
selective collection and involve mobilization actions for the population to separate their
trash in the right way, such actions are very important, as they facilitate separation
and we prevent collectors from coming into contact with hazardous materials or in
decomposition. After sorting the material, it is compressed into bales and sold in
large quantities for a 'middleman' who will resell the material to the industry
recycler.

At this moment, once again, the importance of the cooperative that can
organize together with other collectors' institutions to sell in bulk
quantity, directly to the industry, and getting better prices.

5 Business Recycling Goals

Many Brazilian companies have projects that involve the creation of positions.
of recyclable waste collection; partnerships with recycling industries and associations
of recyclable material collectors; support for the development of research in the area
environmental; assessment of the environmental impacts of its production; reduction of
environmental impacts with awareness throughout the entire production chain and
organic waste treatment.

40
6 Recycling of Difficultly Recyclable Materials

There are companies that create recycling networks for difficult materials.
transforming it into a material called pellet (plastic grains) and subsequently
in useful objects such as bags, trash cans, benches, and cases. The work consists of making
partnership with large companies that produce materials that are difficult to recycle, such as
plastic packaging, toothbrushes, cleaning sponges, makeup and pens.
These companies rely on the collaboration of volunteers who gather this material
subsequently sent for recycling.

b Learn more about recycling by clicking the link below. The video
talk about recycling batteries and accumulators. Access it and delve deeper
your knowledge!

[Link]/watch?v=CHVaMLzR0ag

41
Glossary

Pathogenic agents: organisms capable of causing diseases.

Atravessador: worker who transports material from one place to another.

Bale/Compact in bales: packaged in a way to reduce the volume and

organized manner.

Pathogenic microorganisms: microscopic organisms capable of causing diseases.

Carbon monoxide: slightly flammable and toxic gas.

Sharp objects: objects that have a point and can cause injuries.

Piercing and cutting objects.

Economic viability: undertaking or action possible to be practiced in terms

economic.

42
Activities

1) What are the agents causing harm to health?

a material collectors? Mark the correct alternative.

a. ( ) Physical, chemical, and biological agents.

b. ( ) Biogeochemical, pathogenic, and mechanical agents.

c. ( ) Ergonomic, chemical, and mechanical agents.

d. ( ) Physiological, mechanical, and biological agents.

2) Indicate the correct alternative that shows the percentage of

waste that is recycled in Brazil.

a. ( ) 3%

b. ( ) 10%

c. ( ) 5%

d. ( ) 25%

3) What aspects should be considered in the calculation of

economic viability of selective collection and recycling?
Select the correct alternative.

a. ( ) Costs such as collection transport should be considered

selective hiring of associations and/or cooperatives of
pickers, suitability of landfills, maintenance of
appropriate place for the disposal of recyclable waste.

b. ( ) The cost of collection and maintenance must be considered

of landfills, calculating the existing costs with
the traditional methods and their environmental impacts.

c. ( ) Social and environmental aspects should be considered as the

job creation, the improvement of quality of life of
population and the reduction of the use of landfills and dumps.

43
d. ( ) Social aspects that involve it must be considered.
improvement of the quality of life of the population.

4) How is the National Solid Waste Plan structured?

related to the improvement of the quality of life of
pickers? Indicate the correct alternative.

a. ( ) By recognizing together with the Ministry of Labor and

I work as a collector of reusable materials and
recyclables.

b. ( ) When implementing policies that consider logistics

reverse and the product life cycle.

c. ( ) By imposing on municipal governments the implementation of

selective collection and recycling policies.

d. ( ) By forecasting support for collectors' enterprises

managing the activities of selective collection in an integrated manner and
recycling.

5) In what way does the devaluation of the work of collectors

recyclables are related to the organization of the chain
economic aspect of recycling? Mark the correct option.

a. ( ) In the economic chain of recycling, the greatest power of

The decision rests in the hands of the municipal government.

b. ( ) In the economic chain of recycling, it is the buyer of

material that determines the value paid.

c. ( ) In the economic chain of recycling, the collector is only

valued if it can get organized into an association or
cooperative.

d. ( ) In the economic chain of recycling, the figure is necessary

the "middleman" who takes the recyclable material to the plants and
is holding back part of the profit that would go to the collector.

44
References

BESEN, G. R. Selective collection with the inclusion of collectors: participatory construction of

indicators and indices of sustainability. São Paulo: Atlas, 2011.

CALDERONI, [Link] bilhões perdidos no lixo. 4 ed. São Paulo: Humanitas Felch/
USP, 2003.

COUTO, [Link] Sustentável, Lixo Lucrativo. São Paulo: Atlas, 2012.

FERREIRA, J. A.; ANJOS, L. A. Aspects of collective and occupational health. Cad. Health
Public, Rio de Janeiro, v. 17, n. 3, p. 689-696, May/Jun. 2001.

GONCALVES, Márcio José. Socioeconomic Validity of Selective Collection in the Field of

Solid Waste Management. Itajaí, 2014, University of Vale do Itajaí. Dissertation
Master's in Public Policy Management.

MARTINS, Clitia Helena. Workers in Waste Recycling: Economic Dynamics,

Environmental Partners and Policies from the Perspective of Empowerment. Porto Alegre, 2003.
Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (Doctoral Thesis) Graduate Program
Bachelor's degree in Sociology.

NARDIN, [Link] de Reciclagem de Lixo: Aspectos Sociais e Viabilidade

Economic. Inside TerraCycle. Available at: <[Link]
pt-BR/about-terracycle/inside_terracycle#books>. Accessed on: March 11, 2016.

PAIVA, Roberto (Ed.). Only 3% of all the waste produced in Brazil is recycled. Portal
from the internet, 2015. Available at: <[Link]
only 3% of all the waste produced in Brazil is recycled. Accessed on: August 18.
2016.

VIEIRA, Arlete Candido. RICCI, Fabio. Popular Recycling Cooperatives and the
articulation between income generation, recycling, and environmental management. Symposium on
Excellence in Management and Technology, 2008. Available at: <[Link]
files/articles08/275_275_Popular_Recycling_Cooperatives_-_Seget_2008.
Accessed on: March 11, 2016.

45
UNIT 5 | THE 3 R’S – REDUCE,
REUSE AND REPURPOSE

46
1 Applicability of the 3 Rs

The quantity and diversity of waste discarded by society has been increasing.
mainly with low durability and disposable products. This increase is
related to the current cultural conception of consumption that prioritizes the use of
objects quickly and easily.

Baptista (2015) explains that it is essential to have policies focused on consumption.

aware, which anticipates a profound review of cultural, social, and economic habits,
applying the 3 Rs in everyday life.

To this end, the Brazilian federal government, along with non-profit organizations,
governmental, proposed the National Plan for Sustainable Production and Consumption that
demands changes throughout society and reveals the importance of environmental education
so that children can develop new habits from an early age.

47
The documentary "The Story of Stuff" (LEONARD, 2007) brings many pieces of information that
[Link],fromextraction,production,
distribution, consumption until waste treatment. Describes how the production system
The world operates linearly, as if the planet's resources were infinite.

The cited documentary presents some quite alarming data: in the last 30
In years, 33% of the planet's natural resources have been consumed, only by the States.
The United States, which represents only 5% of the world's population, uses 30% of the resources.
naturally and in the Amazon, 2,000 trees are cut down per minute. The author also addresses the
large amount of toxins used in the products we consume daily,
in addition to political issues such as the exploitation of workers and raw materials
two underdeveloped countries.

The information is directly related to the system maintenance.

current economy, which is based on the expansion of consumption. The products are
made to last a short time (planned obsolescence), advertising leads many people
to consume more than they really need (perceptible obsolescence) and
consequently working harder to maintain their purchasing power which,
According to studies presented in the documentary, it has not generated happiness.

The technological innovations in cell phone models and the low durability of the models
current is a great example of obsolescence. See the following example.

Finishing the documentary, there is the disposal of waste, which is mostly dumped.
inappropriately in dumps, landfills, and incinerators, generating even more problems
environmental. Recycling is very important, but it is not enough to solve everything
this problem, therefore, requires the mobilization of the whole society.

48
The 3 Rs, reduce, reuse, and recycle, appear as important individual attitudes and
collective actions for the effective change of our relationship with natural resources. Such attitudes
are presented below in order of importance:

Reduce: decrease the amount of waste produced, rethink needs

of consumption, not to waste, to choose products from socially responsible companies

environmentally responsible;

Reuse: give new uses to materials that would be wasted and exchanged for
other new ones;

Recycling: renewal of raw materials to manufacture new products.

Some suggestions for reduction are: replace disposable cups with

washable mugs; rationalize paper consumption; control packaging
unnecessary, plan purchases to avoid waste and buy products
durable and resistant.

Actionsforreuse:reusepackaging;restoreoldfurniture;usetheotherside
the used sheets of paper for drafts and reuse products to make crafts.

b Learn how and where you should properly dispose of your

recyclable waste, access the eCycle portal through the following link.
Trust!

[Link]/collection/[Link]

Glossary

Perceptible obsolescence: reduction of the lifespan of products related to trends.

Planned obsolescence: reducing the lifespan of products in such a way that they lead the
people consuming more.

Underdeveloped: countries where residents face problems of

basic infrastructure such as lack of access to housing, health, and education.

49
Activities

What does it mean to say that economic production works

a in a linear system? Mark the correct option.

a. ( ) The global economic production works the resources of

planet in a way to develop sustainable technologies.

b. ( ) The world economic production works as if the

resources of the planet were finite.

c. ( ) The global economic production operates as if the

resources of the planet were infinite.

d. ( ) The global economic production works with the resources

available from the planet in a balanced manner.

2) What do the 3 Rs mean and what is their order of relevance?

Select the correct option.

a. ( ) 1st Redo; 2nd Rethink; and 3rd Recycle.

1st Reduce; 2nd Reuse; and 3rd Recycle.

c. ( ) 1st Recycle; 2nd reuse; and 3rd rethink.

d. ( ) 1st Rethink; 2nd Reduce; and 3rd Recycle.

3) What is the conception of consumption linked to the expansion of

capitalism? Mark the correct alternative.

a. ( ) Valuation of the consumption of quick and easy things, which

encompasses a wide diversification of types of waste.

b. ( ) Of conscious consumption, in which citizens apply the 3

R in your day to day.

c. ( ) Consumption focused on sustainability, considering that

In most Brazilian cities, there is selective collection.

50
d. ( ) Consumo igualitário, em todos os lugares do mundo há
access to the most diverse consumer goods.

4) What does conscious consumption mean? Select the alternative

correct.

a. ( ) It means being responsible for all the garbage that

we generate, supporting recycling and reduction initiatives of
environmental impacts.

b. ( ) It is about consuming only environmentally friendly products.

correct that have environmental seals and go through policies of
socio-environmental responsibility.

c. ( ) It is a law conceived by the Ministry of the Environment.

Environment.

It means a thorough revision of cultural habits,

social and economic, applying the 3 Rs in everyday life.

5) What is planned obsolescence and obsolescence

Perceptible? Check the correct option.

a. ( ) Planned obsolescence: products are designed to

ways to incorporate new technologies soon, what
raises the consumer's desire to exchange their products with
frequency.
Perceived obsolescence: people perceive how much their
products are not durable.

b. ( ) Planned obsolescence: products are designed

to last a little.
Perceived obsolescence: people realize how much their
products are not durable.

51
c. ( ) Planned obsolescence: products are designed
to have guarantees with short deadlines.
Perceptible obsolescence: people consume more than
they really need.

d. ( ) Planned obsolescence: products are designed

to last a short time.
Perceptible obsolescence: people consume more than
they really need.

52
References

BAPTISTA, Vinicius Ferreira. The public policies for selective collection in the municipality of
Rio de Janeiro - where and how the recycling material cooperatives are located. Rev. Adm.
Public. Rio de Janeiro, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 141-164, Jan./Feb. 2015.

CEMPRE - BUSINESS COMMITMENT TO RECYCLING. Selective Collection Guide

of GarbageAvailable at: <[Link] Accessed on:

11 mar. 2016.

DIEGUES, Antônio Carlos. Sustainable Development or Societies

Sustainable. São Paulo in Perspective Magazine, Jan./Jun. 1992. Available at:
[Link]
Sustainable [Link]>. Accessed on: March 11, 2016.

JACOBI, Pedro. Environmental Education, Citizenship, and Sustainability. Notebooks of

Research, São Paulo, no. 118, p. 189-205, Mar. 2003.

LAYARGUES, Phillipe. Much Beyond Nature: Environmental Education and Reproduction

Social. Internet portal, 2016. Available at: <[Link]
br/victor/biblioteca/[Link]>. Accessed on: March 11, 2016.

MAYER, Kellen Cristina. Incentive for reduction, reuse, and recycling with a focus on
PET bottles. Journal of Education, Science and Culture. Canoas, v. 18, n. 2, July/December 2013.

ROMEIRO, Ademar. Sustainable Development and Institutional Change Notes

preliminaries. IE/UNICAMP, Campinas, n. 68, Apr. 1999.

53
UNIT 6 | PRESERVATION OF
ENVIRONMENT

54
1 Sustainable Development

The concept of sustainable development is basically known for progress.

meets current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
There are different interpretations of how this conceptualization can be applied in
contemporary society, with two lines coming into conflict: the first line
It is considered that the productive system should advance technologically to cope.
with the existing resources in nature, replacing raw materials in such a way that
they do not become exhausted. The second line of thought realizes that the environment
it offers restrictions to the expansion of capitalism in the current models and that it is necessary a
big change in the way we deal with nature.

55
Environmental Legislation

Brazilian environmental laws, since 1998, are interconnected and have

punishment mechanisms for offenders. However, there is a lack of monitoring and investigation of crimes.
IBAMA (Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources)
and state agencies such as the Environmental Secretariats are inspectors
we design the environmental licenses, which are administrative procedures that
authorize the operation of activities that use environmental resources.

Environmental crimes are classified into crimes against fauna, against flora,
poluição, crimes contra o ordenamento urbano e patrimônio cultural, crimes contra a
environmental administration and administrative infractions.

b Get to know the Environmental Legislation by accessing the file of

Ministry of the Environment through dolinka follows. It is worth
penalty!

htp:/w
w
[Link]/estruturas/secex_conjur/_
files/108_12082008084425.pdf

56
Activities

1) What is sustainable development? Mark the

a correct alternative.

a. ( ) Economic, social, and cultural development that occurs

in a way that respects the environment

b. ( ) Development that respects the needs of

various regions of the planet.

c. ( ) Development that meets current needs without

sacrifice the needs of future generations.

d. ( ) Development that meets the needs of various

social classes, thus overcoming social injustice.

2) How many different interpretations of development

What sustainable topics were discussed in the text of Unit 6? Check.
the correct alternative.

Six.

b. ( ) Seven.

c. ( ) Three.

d. ( ) Two.

What is the biggest problem with Brazilian environmental laws?

Select the correct alternative.

a. ( ) The lack of oversight and investigation of crimes by IBAMA

Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources
Renewables).

b. ( ) Brazilian laws are outdated in relation to the

current environmental demands.

57
c. ( ) The lack of monitoring and investigation of crimes by
CONAMA (National Environment Council).

d. ( ) Brazilian environmental laws are not interrelated,

making its practice difficult.

4) Select the option in which no type appears

of environmental crime.

a. ( ) Respect for permanent protection areas.

b. ( ) Against the fauna, flora and pollution.

c. ( ) Crimes against urban planning and heritage

cultural.

d. ( ) Crimes against environmental administration and infractions

administrative.

5) What are the main lines of thought regarding the

concept of sustainable development? Mark the
correct alternative.

a. ( ) The first line states that the production system must

technologically advance to manage existing resources
in nature; the second line believes that man should not
worry because natural resources are renewable.

b. ( ) A primeira linha coloca que o sistema produtivo não deve

advance more in technology; the second believes that it is necessary a
comprehensive change in the way we deal with
nature.

The first line states that the communist system must

technologically advance to deal with existing resources
in nature; the second believes that a change is needed
comprehensive in the way we deal with nature.

58
d. ( ) The first line states that the production system must
technologically advance to manage existing resources
in nature; the second believes that a big change is necessary
in the way we deal with nature.

59
References

BRAZIL. MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT. Environmental Agenda in Administration

Public. Internet portal, 2016. Available at: <[Link]
a3p/_files/guide_a3p_36.pdf> Accessed on: March 15, 2016.

CEMPRE – BUSINESS COMMITMENT TO RECYCLING. Selective Collection Guide

of TrashAvailable at: <[Link] Accessed on:
11 mar. 2016.

DIEGUES, Antônio Carlos. Sustainable Development or Societies

Sustainable. São Paulo in Perspective Magazine, Jan./Jun. 1992. Available at:
[Link]
Sustainable [Link]>. Accessed on: March 11, 2016.

JACOBI, Pedro. Environmental Education, Citizenship and Sustainability. Notebooks of

Research, São Paulo, no. 118, pp. 189-205, Mar. 2003.

LAYARGUES, Phillipe. Much Beyond Nature: Environmental Education and Reproduction

Social. Internet portal, 2016. Available at: <[Link]
br/victor/library/[Link]>. Accessed on: March 11, 2016.

MAYER, Kellen Cristina. Incentive for reduction, reuse, and recycling focused on
PET bottles. Journal of Education, Science and Culture. Canoas, v. 18, n. 2, Jul./Dec. 2013.

ROMEIRO, Ademar. Sustainable Development and Institutional Change Notes

preliminaries. IE/UNICAMP, Campinas, no. 68, Apr. 1999.

60
Answer key

Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5

Unit 1 B B D B A

Unit 2 A C A B D

Unit 3 C A C D D

Unit 4 A A C D B

Unit 5 C B A D D

Unit 6 C C A A D

61