PLANT BIOLOGY LAB I

The Flower and Inflorescences

PhD. Mannelly Ramírez de Zanabria.

Assistant: Maria Torres.
Definition of FLOWER organ commonly showy related to
sexual reproduction, carrier of
sporangia where a fertile tissue is enclosed
part of which the gametes are produced that are
the cells of sexual reproduction.

a stem with limited growth,

with short coils, what does it have
fertile leaves or sporophylls (flower
strobiliform.

The term 'florse' applies only to angiosperms, and is defined as

specific part of the sporogenous stalk, where the characteristic organ
it's thecarpelo.
Angiosperm: From the Greek angeion, which means 'vessel', and sperma, which
means 'seed'. (Division Magnoliophyta)
 Peduncle

ht[Link]
 Lonely flower, terminal Flower in inflorescence

In a flower, one distinguishes:

Peduncle: the foot of a

inflorescence or a flower
lonely.
-Pedicel: the foot of each flower peduncle
individual of a
inflorescence.
- A flower without a pedicel is pedicel
denominations.

peduncle
Sessile flower
 Receptacle: part of the
peduncle to which they are
joined the floral pieces. The
receptacle has knots and
entanglements. In the flower the
the knots are very short, and
therefore, the knots
they are very close to each other.

Receptacle in shape
of copyright
In the flowers where
the receptacle
floral is elongated and
joined to the carpel,
forms a
called structure
ginophore (as in
Capparaceae and
Papilionaceae), or
united with the carpel and
stamens, shape
androgynephore
Passifloraceae
 • The Floral Verticals
Flowers with floral parts
arranged in verticals
cyclical denominations

In cyclic flowers, the number of parts

it is more defined and can be:
Trimers, tetramers or pentamers.
Verticils: Calyx, Corolla, Androecium, and Gynoecium
Tetramerous flower

pentamerous flower Trimur flower

Dicotyledons Monocots
Floracyclichemicyclic
the floral parts arranged in
spiral

carpels

receptacle
• CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FLOWER

- Position: terminal or apical, axillary or lateral,

solitary or gathered in various types of groupings
call without flowers, or located directly
about the stem (cauliflowers).
Size: conspicuous and distinguishable organ in the
stem, but be inconspicuous. The size is
inversely proportional to the number of flowers.
Duration: variable. There is an inverse relationship with the
number of flowers. Few flowers have a longer duration.
in order to guarantee pollination.
 Lonely flower, terminal Flower in inflorescence

peduncle

Inflorescence of flowers
sessile pedicel

Axillary inflorescences
Cauline flowers
•The Chalice: vertical
peripheral of the flower.
• protect the parts
internals of the flower in the
bud stage;
• protect the fruit
during its development;
contribute to the
dispersion of the unit
fruit-seed;
• replace or
complementary to the
corolla in the attraction
of pollinators.
Corolla:
Inner part of the perianth. Its
function is to attract
pollinators and make efficient
pollination.
It is the most conspicuous portion.
of the flower. Very diverse in
shape, color, texture and
venation
 ANATOMY:
epidermis

• The petals are made up of mesophyll

epidermis and mesophyll.
• Papillose epidermis, surface
velvety with a cuticle for
resist drying. epidermis
• Mesophyll made up of cells
irregulars with abundant spaces
intercellular and vascular bundles.
• Presence of glands and cells
responsible secretaries of
perfume.
• Presence of chromoplasts and
pigments, responsible for color.
• Number of vascular traces in
petals are 1 and in some 3 or more.

Petals (cross section)

THE PERIANTH: a set of calyx and corolla. Antophylls and sporophylls
sterile. Accessory parts of the flower.

According to the perianto, a flower

it could be:
Homoclamidea
*Heteroclamidea
Aclamidea
Monoclamidea
Diclamidea
 Types of perianth
Homoclamideooperigonio: simple perianth, formed of more or less segments
similar (tepals), which can be conspicuously colored (corolloid or
petaloid), or small, inconspicuous, greenish or brown (profiloid)

petals

Periantohomoclamideopergonio
*Heteroclamydeous a double or compound perianth, which has a
differentiation in calyx (which serves a protective function) and corolla (which
serves the function of attracting pollinators).

corolla

chalice

Periantodiclamideo,
heteroclamid
 Clamidia flowers
Aclamidea, it is a flower without
perianto, it is also called flower
naked.

Monoclamidea, a flower with a

only member of the perianth, calyx or
corolla

Monoclamide flowers
 stamens
Androceo:
It is the set of stamens.
The number of stamens is
variable y ranges from 1 to many.
ovary
The yarn is made up of a
filament and front.

anther

teca
filament
 sack
make vascular pollen Laminar stamens
The anther is formed by
4 microsporangia osacos
pollen grains (each pair forms)
unateca).
teca

innate versatile

adnata Sage Yarn

The point of connection of the anther with the filament is called

connect, and determine the type of anther: innate, basifixed, adnate
dorsiflexion.
Dehiscence: rupture of the
walls of the pollen sac for
release the pollen.
Estomio: the point of
dehiscence of the anther

longitudinal

pesticide
The stamens
they can be
added to the corolla
and are called
epipetals.
 Arrangement of the stamens
• The stamens can be free or united
between each other.

• They can be connected by the filaments

forming two beams and they are called
diadelphus
• When they are joined by the filaments
forming a stem column or a single one
they are called monadelphs

monadelfos

diadelfos
The stamens can be
fused with the gynoecium
(anteras + estlo + estgma)
forming a structure
denominadaginostemo.
The stamens
when you
they find
united by the
between yourselves

they are called

singenetics
The stamens can be similar or
different in shape and size in one
same flower, in this case it is spoken of
heterostemonosyheterodinamos
respectively.

Stamens are decreased

Tetradinamous stamens

stamens

heterostemomos heterodinamos
Gynaeceum
Set of carpels of a flower.
the number of carpels can be variable
and they can be united (sincarpic) or
separated (apocarpic).

apocarpic gynoecium
estgma
estlo

ovary
carpels
Syncarpous gynoecium
Apocarpous gineceums
 Septum

apocarpic paracarpic
sincarpic

sincarpico

paracarpic
A paracarpic gynoecium
that is composed of several
carpels united by their
margins, but forming a
only locket.
Elestgmaes the part
of the style or branch with
glandular surface
pollen receptor.
 Imperfecta o
II. ARRANGEMENT OF THE FLOWER PARTS unisexual
A. NUMERO DE VERTICILOS

• Full bloom: has all its

Flower
verticals.
incomplete
• Incomplete form: missing some of
the vertciles.

• Florperfecta: hold both of them

sexes (bisexual or hermaphrodite) Full flower

• Florimperfect or unisexual: yes

one of the sexes is missing
(shot or pistled) Perfect flower

– unisex masculine flower or

staminated: only androecium

– Unisexual female flower or

pistil: only gynoecium.
Flower
incomplete
B. DISTRIBUTION OF THE
SEXES, types of sexuality of
plants:
HERMAPHRODITES:
bisexual flowers.
MONOICAS: flowers
feminine and masculine in
the same individual.
DIOICAS: flowers
masculine ones in a
individual and flowers
feminine in another
individual.
-POLYGAMOUS: species
with unisexual flowers and
hermaphrodites.
 actnomorfa
C. DISPOSITION OF THE
FLORAL PARTS
SYMMETRY:
• Actnomorpha: polysymmetrical, regular
radiated, in which there are more than
2 planes of symmetry.
• Bilateral Zigomorpha: divisible into
two equal parts by a single plane
of symmetry.
• An asymmetric irregular is not divisible
in no plane of symmetry.

zygomorphic
irregular
POSITION OF THE OVARY in relation to the insertion
of the perianth and androecium in the receptacle.

• Hypogynous flower: the ovary is

super
• Perigynous flower: the ovary
it can be super or hypogin
semisuperior. epigina
a
• Epigynous flower: the ovary is
inferno.

wild flower Epigynous flower

hypogynous flower

foreign
 D. FUSION OF FLORAL PARTS:

• The prefixes dia----; apo----opoli-----: indicate that the pieces

Floral elements of the same verticil are free.
– Cálizdialisépalo(sépalos libres); Coroladialipétala(pétalos
free); Gynoecium apocarpous (free carpels)
• The prefixes gamo----osin(osim)----: indicate that the pieces are
soldiers.
– Calizgamosépaloosinsépalos (united); corolagamopétalao
simple (united); syncarpous gynoecium (united carpels).

• The stamens that are attached to the petals are called epipetals.
• When the members of the same vertice are fused together
Yes, it is said that they are connected or coalescent.
• When members of different vertciles are fused, they
it says sonadnatosoconcrescentes.
E. PLACENTACION: parietal

The Placentation is the union of

the eggs to the walls of the
ovary through the funiculus
-Parietal
-Central (axial or axillary):
axial
-Free center
-Basal placenta Free center

basal
Free center
[Link]: It is the arrangement of the
members of the perianth in the floral bud.

caused interlocking contorted vexilar

• Valvada: the members
they only touch for their
edges.
• -intertwined: the
members cover themselves
partially some to vexilar
others.
• -twisted: each
member covers a
extreme of another and is
covered in turn in a
extreme.
• there is a
largest member
that covers everyone
demás.
3. FLORAL NECTARIES: glandular structures
nectar producers, originating from modifications
of the floral parts related to pollination.

The nectar:
sugars, sucrose,
glucose and fructose
+ amino acids,
proteins, lipids
ascorbic acid
alkaloids.
 INFLORESCENCES: They are branched systems of arrangement of the
flowers.

Inflorescences
Inflorescences
determined or
indeterminate
mimosas
Determinate or cymose inflorescences: the apex
meristematic gives rise to a terminal flower, early, that opens before the lateral ones. No
existe un eje principal que predomine. Tienen ramificación simpódica.

Monocasio
3
2. Dicasio 1 2

3. Pleocasio
4. Scorpioid peaks 4
5. Helicoidal gears

5
 Determinate inflorescences
the cimosas

Monocasia: single apex,

made up of two flowers
only.
monocasio
Of the knot situated by dicasio
below the terminal flower,
a single branch sprouts
lateral.

Dicasio: top bibara. Del

knot located below
the terminal flower blooms two
opposite lateral branches.
Composite Dicasio or
pleocosio
Scorpioid peaks: monocasios
compounds, in which the orders
successive ones are always available with a
same side.
Cincino
Sickle

Drepanio
 Helicoidal peaks: single cases
compounds, in which the
successive orders are
alternatively available
some with respect to other types
zigzag.
• Ripidio
• Bostrix

Ripidio Bostrix
Indeterminate or racemose inflorescences: the meristem
apical continues its activity and continues to produce subterminal flowers. The oldest flowers are located towards
the older ones at the bottom and the younger ones at the top. They have monopodial branching, with a main axis
dominant.

• Bunch
• Ear
• Espadice
• Corimbo
• Umbrella
• Chapter
• Panicula
Inflorescences
indeterminate or
racemosas
Bunch:
Reduced lateral branches remain
flowers with long pedicels.
 spike
• Ear: A bunch
with sessile flowers.

• Spade: like a
ear but with the
thick axis and
meaty and
supported by a
great bract
sword call.

spice
Espadices in the
Araceae Family
• Corimbo: branched
como el racimo, los
pedicels are such
length, than the flowers
they appear at the same time
level.

• Umbrella: shortening
of the internodes of
a type of inflorescence
cluster, in which the
pedicels all come out
more or less of the
same level on the axis
principal.
Umbela compuesta= Umbela
of umbrellas
Chapter: the cap. Sessile flowers
on the apex of the expanded main axis
in a transversal sense, which can
to have a convex, flat, or
slightly conical.
Glomerulus: cymose inflorescence
the very contracted o racemosa of
more or less globular shape, with
sessile or subsessile flowers.
 Flower ♀
Ciato

stigmas

gland bracts
Flower ♂

ovary

Euphorbiaceae family
 Sicono

Moraceae family