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Distillation and rectification (course and exercises)

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Sellami Mohamed Hassen

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Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

SUMMARY

[Link] Page
[Link] 1
[Link].. 1
[Link]'slaw 2
I.4. The
........n.o..n.d-i.e.a.([Link].s)[Link].n. 7
I.5. Therectification…………………………………………………… 9
[Link].. 10

[Link]

Parts
II.1-Theregimeisdiscontinuous.. . 11
[Link].. 11
II.1.1.1Theoverallmaterialbalance.. . 12
II.1.1.2Theoverallenergybalance………………………….. 12
II.1.1.3Theenergyflowofthecondenser.. 12
II.1.1.4Theequationoftherectificationline....... . 13
II.1.1.5Therefluxrate( ) …………………………………… 13
[Link]……………………………………. 14
II.1.2.1Theoverallmaterialbalance…………………………….. 15
II.1.2.2Theoverallenergybalance…………………………… 15
II.1.2.3Theenergyflowofthereboiler………………….. 16
II.1.2.4Theequationoftheexhaustionline.. . 16
II.1.2.5Thetraycolumn………………………………….. 17
II.1.2.5.1Theperforatedplates……………………………… 17
II.1.2.5.2Theplateaus{domes…………..… …………… 18
II.1.2.5.3Theeffectivenessofrealplates.. . 19
II.1.2.5.4Thenumberoftheoreticalplates……………… 20
[Link]………….. 21

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[Link]
andTheile
[Link]…………………………………………… 25
[Link]……………………………….. 26
[Link]…………… 26
[Link]{boiling………………… 27
[Link](coldsupply)…… 27
[Link].. 28

[Link]
ofPoncho-Savary
[Link]……………………………………. 31
IV.1.1Theglobalmassbalance……………………………… 32
IV.1.1.2Theoverallenergybalance.. . 33
IV.1.1.3Theequationofthecorrectionlines.. 33
[Link] 34
IV.2.1Theoverallmaterialbalance……………………………….. 35
IV.2.2Theoverallenergybalance.. 35
IV.2.2.3Theequationoftheexhaustionlines.. . 36
IV.2.2.4Theequationofthelineafeeding(right
principal)………………………………………………. 37
IV.2.2.4.1Theoverallmaterialbalance………………………. 37
IV.2.2.4.2Theoverallenergybalance.. 38
IV.2.2.4.3ThetracingofthePonchodiagramn-Savari.. 40

[Link]
columns
[Link]-Wood 42
V.1.1Introduction.. 42
V.1.2Themethodofusingthediagram………… 42
[Link]{trays……………… 44
[Link]………………………………… 44
[Link]………………………………. 45

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[Link].. . 45
Exercises……………………………………………………………………. 49

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Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

Distillation&rectification
[Link]
[Link]
Distillationisanoperationofseparationofabinaryliquidmixture
homogeneousinitstwocomponentsbyvaporizationbasedonthedifference
betweentheirboilingpoints(ortheirpressuresteam(initspurestate).
Exampleofmisciblemixtures:Waterandaceticacid,benzeneand
toluene,ethanol,andwater

[Link]
An ideal solution is said to beif there are no forces or interactions
entresesmolécules,ousielleobéitàlaloideRaoult.

Raoult'sLaw:
A solution is said to be ideal if the partial pressure of each of its
constituents in the vapor phase is given as a function of its fraction
molarintheliquidmixtureanditsvaporpressure{purestateby
therelationship

= . (I.1)

: beingthepartialpressureofthecomponent(i)inthevaporphase.
: beingthevaporpressureofthecomponent(i)whenitisalone(inthestate
pur).
Themolefractionofcomponent(i)intheliquidmixture.
Consider an ideal liquid mixture of two components (A) and (B) completely
miscible withoutchemicalreaction(Fig.I.1),assumingthattheconstituent
(A)ismorevolatilethancomponent(B),inotherwords,wecanwrite:
> Orelse: ( ) < ( )

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Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

Vapor phase

= +

A pure B pure Mix A+B

Liquid phase

Ideal solution

Thevaporpressureofeachofitsconstituentsinthevaporphaseis
givenbytherelation(I.1):

= . ° (I.2)
= . ° (I.3)

[Link]'sLaw
The total pressure in the vapor phaseaabove a liquid mixture
anyisthesumofthepartialpressuresofitsconstituents:
= = (I.4)

Since the partial pressure ( ) constitutes a fraction of the pressure

total( ), Sohe'scoming:

= (I.5)

: being the mole fraction of the constituent (i) in the vapor phase .In
applying the equation (I.4) and (I.5) for the previous mixture, we can
write
= + (I.6)
Andsince: + = (I.7)

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Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

And + = (I.8)

By combining the relations (I.2), (I.3), (I.6), and (I.8), we can easily derive the

relationshipbetweentotalpressure( ) andthemolarfraction )inthephase

liquidofthemostvolatilecomponent(A):

° ° °
= − + (I.9)

= ( ) Is called the boiling curve(isotherm) which is a

affinelineoftheform: = + (fig.I.2).
By combining relations (I.2), (I.3), (I.5), (I.6), (I.7), and (I.8), we derive
easily the relationship between total pressure( ) andthemolefraction )
inthevaporphaseofthemostvolatileconstituent(A):

° °
= °− (I.10)
+° °

= ( ) Iscalled:thecondensationcurve(isotherm)orthecurve

ofdew,whichisahyperboleoftheform:y= (figI.2).
+

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T= Constante
P

PT=f(xA) PT=f(yA)

Vap

PA=f(xA)

L+V

PB=f(xA)

Liq

XA 1
0

Fig.I.2. Attraction of isotherms

P=f(xA, andA)

The boiling curve(I.9) and that of dew (I.10) are isotherms,

they allow to determine the equilibrium concentration ( , ) for
agiventotalpressureatthetemperature(T)wherethediagram(fig.I.2)is
was built, but the latter is a diagram rarely used in
practical because we generally work at a constant pressure (pressure
atmospheric)andavariabletemperature.
Vaporpressures respectivelyofthecomponents(A)and(B)
arefunctionsoftemperature(Fig.I.3).

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PTConstant

Fig. I.3. The vapor pressure of a pure liquid

depending on the temperature

According to the equation (I.9), at a constant total pressure and for a

giventemperature,wederivethemolefraction ) whichwilbewritenunderthe
shape
°
= ( °− ) ° (I.11)
( − )

Byapplyingtheequation(I.5)forthemostvolatileconstituent(A)weextract
for the same temperature the molar fraction( )whichwilbewritenunderthe

shape:

° °
−
= ( ° ) (I.12)
− °

The boiling curve T=f( ) and the dew point curve T=f( ) are
representedbyfigure(I.4)atconstantpressure,theyarethencalledthe
isothermsT=f( , ). (Fig.I.4).

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PTConstant
T

Rosée Vap
Teb(B)

L+V
Teb(A)

Boiling
Liq

0 XA, andA 1

Fig.I.4. Allure of isobars T=f(xA,yA)

The equilibrium curve obtained by plotting: = ( ) for different

temperatures, is calledlthe equilibrium curve of Mc Cabre and Theile
(Fig.I.5)
The curveequilibrium is obtained by replacing ( ) deduced from
theequation(I.12)intheequation(I.11):
°
= °− ° ° (I.13)
+

Bydividingtheequation(I.13)numeratoranddenominatorby( ) andin
definingtherelativevolatilitycoefficient( )bytherelationship:
°
( )= ° 1 (I.14)

TheequilibriumcurveofMcCabreandTheilebecomes:

= (
(I.15)
−) +

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yA

Equilibrium curve

The diagonal

xA

Fig.I.5. Equilibrium curve in the diagram of

Mc Cabe Theile

I.4. Thenon-idealsolution(real)
A solution is said to be real if it exhibits forces or interactions.
intermolecular, in this case Raoult's law is not applicable.
Someofthesesolutionspresentpointsforgivenfractions.
azeotropicpointsforwhichthemixturebehaveslikea
[Link]
the volatility coefficient is equal to one( = ) or in other words:
( = ).
In this case, the boiling curves,fromdew and balance are traced
inanexperimentalway.
(Benzene-Ethanol),(Water-Aceticacid),(Fig.I.6)and(Fig.I.7).

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yA

Equilibrium curve

The diagonal

Azeotropic point

xA

Fig. I.6. Equilibrium curve of a real solution

présentant un point azéotropique

PT= Constante

Dew
Teb(B)

Boiling

Teb(A)

Azeotrope

xA, yA

Fig.I.7. Isobaric curves T=f(x)Aand yA) of a

solution exhibiting an azeotrope

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Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

I.5. Therectification
Whenseparatingabinarymixturebyvaporization,itisassumedthat
each constituent has a different vapor pressure in its pure stateof
[Link]{asinglestage
(fig.I.8). In this type of distillation, it is impossible to make a
complete separation of the two constituents, to improve this we will do
callforrectificationwhichisarepeateddistillationoradistillation
[Link]
the plateau offood supply in two sections a correction section

( enrichment) above, and a depletion section (depletion)

hbteaotm(Fig.I.9).

Condenser

Vap
Distillate

Liq

Residue

Distiller

Fig.I.8. Distillation column

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Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

Condenser

Vap

Reflux

Distillate
Liq

Residue

Distiller

Fig.I.9. Column to be rectified

[Link]
Theplateauortheoreticalstageisanidealstageof100%efficiency,by
againsttherealorpracticalstagepresentsaneffectiveness<100%.
The exchange of heat and matter is all the morefast and more
more important than the contacts andthe degree of freedom tea and turbulence is

grand.
Atheoreticalfloormusthavethefollowingcharacteristics:
Thetwophases,liquidandvapor,mustbehomogeneous(theredoesnotexist
noconcentrationgradient.
Thevaporphaseandtheliquidphaseareinequilibrium.
Thesteamdoesnotcarrytheliquid.

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ChapterII
CalculationofacColumntobecorrectedaccordingtoMcCabeandThiele

Theregimeisdiscontinuous
Thediscontinuousmodemeansthatthecolumnisseparatedintoitstwosections.
rectification(indicatedv)andexhaustion(indicatedA)withoutthesesections..
areconnectedbyapowersupply.
The equations of the rectification and exhaustion lines obtained in this
modes are independentof food andremain valid in
modedietarycontinuethatwewillseelater.

[Link]
The rectifying section, also known as the enrichment section in constituting
volatile, is the upper part of the column or column headShe
includes a condenser (K) that condenses the vapors ∗ ) and the
[Link]
shape of a reflux( ∗ which helps to improve the quality of the separation,
while the other part constitutes the distillate ∗ ) with a purity( ),
([Link].1).

Condenser

Reflux Distillate
Steam
∗ , , ′
∗ , , ′
∗ , , ′′

Liq

Fig. II.1. Rectification section

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Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

II.1.1.1Theoverallmaterialbalance
To establish the balance of the global molar flow rate, it is necessary to set up the balance.

next:(Incomingmaterialflow=outgoingmaterialflow).
∗ = ∗ + ∗ (II.1)
∗ is the molar flow rate in (mol/h) of the ascending vapors towards the
condenser.
∗ isthemolarflowratein(mol/h)oftherefluxliquid.
∗ isthemolarflowratein(mol/h)oftheliquiddistillate.
To find the overall mass balance of the most volatile constituent, we
multiply each term of the equation (II.1) by the mole fraction
correspondingtothesameconstituent,itcomes:
. ∗ = . ∗ + . ∗ (II.2)

II.1.1.2Theoverallenergybalance
Toestablishtheenergybalance,wemultiplythethe terms of the equation (II.1)
by the corresponding molar enthalpies since here the energy is
conveyedbymatter(convection)withoutforgettingtoaddrighttothedebit
heatabsorbedbythecondenser(K).Thenitcomes:
′′ . ∗ = ′ . ∗ + ′. ∗+ ∗ (II.3)
With: ′′ , ′ ′ respectively, the molar enthalpies of the phases
vapor,liquid,anddistillate.

II.1.1.3Theenergyflowofthecondenser
The heat flow rate( ∗ ) the condenser (K) represents the quantity of
heatperunitoftimeabsorbedbytherefrigerantfluid(waterorair).
Fromequation(II.1)wetire
∗ = ∗ − ∗ (II.4)
Bytaking: ′ ≅ ′ and∆ = ′′ − ′ and by replacing (II.4) in (II.3),
weendedupwith:
∗ = ∗ .∆ (II.5)

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Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

Note:
Generally in calculations, an average value of the molar enthalpy
ofvaporization(∆ ) [Link],we
calculatetheaverageenthalpyofvaporizationatthetopofthecolumnby:
(∆ ) = . (∆ (
)( ) + 1− )
. (∆ )( ) With: (A) and (B) designating
respectively,thevolatilecomponentandtheleastvolatile.

II.1.1.4Theequationoftherectificationline
In the Mc Cabre and Theile diagram, the equation of the line of
rectification (main line), it is the affine relation deduced in
Replacingequation(II.4)inequation(II.2),hence:
∗ ∗
= ∗ + ∗ (II.6)

Shecutsthediagonalatthepoint: ( , )Itsslopeis:
∗
( ) = ∗ <1 (II.7)

II.1.1.5Therefluxrate( )
Therefluxratioindistillationisdefinedastheratiobetweenthe
refluxflowrate (
∗ andtheflowrateofthedistilate ∗ ),soitiswritten:

∗
= ∗ (II.8)

By combining equations (II.1), (II.6), and (II.8), one can write

theequationoftherectificationlineusingtherefluxratio:

= + (II.9)
+ +

Itcaneasilybededucedthatthislinealsopassesthroughthepoint( 0, )
+
([Link].2).

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Equilibrium curve

yA

Right of
+
rectification

xA XD

[Link].2. Line of rectification in the

McCabe Thiele diagram

[Link]
The sectiondexhaustion also called section ofdeprivation in
volatileconstituent,formsthelowerpartofthecolumnorbaseofthe
column. It includes a reboiler (B) that vaporizes the liquid
∗ ) ∗
descendant and( transforms a part into ascending vapors (. )
while the otherthe part of the liquid less rich in volatile constituents is
extractedintheformofaresidue( ∗) ofmolarfraction( ),([Link].3).

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Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

Steam Liquid

∗ ′′ ∗ , , ′
, ,

∗ Residue
∗ , , ′
Distiller

[Link].3. Exhaustion section

II.1.2.1Theoverallmaterialbalance
To establish the overal molar flow balance, it is necessary to establish the balance.

next:(Input=output).
∗ = ∗ + ∗ (II.10)
∗ is the molar flow rate in (mol/h) of the ascending vapors to the
rectifyingsection.
∗ isthemolarflowratein(mol/h)ofthedescendingliquid.
∗ isthemolarflowratein(mol/h)ofthedrawnliquidresidue.
Pour trouver le bilan de matière global du constituant le plus volatil, on
multiply each term of equation (II.10) by the fractionin molar
correspondingtothesameconstituent,itcomes:
. ∗ = . ∗ + . ∗ (II.11)
Letusrememberthatindex(A)meanstheexhaustionsection.

II.1.2.2Theoverallenergybalance
Toestablishtheenergybalance,andsincetheenergyhereisconveyedbythe
matter (convection)we multiply the terms of the equation (II.1 by the
corresponding molar enthalpies without forgetting to addto the left
(input)theheatoutputgivenoffbytheboiler(B).Thenitcomes:

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Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

′ . ∗ + ∗= ′′ . ∗ + ′. ∗ II.12
With: ′′ , ′ ′ respectively, the molar enthalpies of the phases
steam,liquid,andresidue.

II.1.2.3Theenergyflowofthereboiler
The heat flow rate( ∗ ) the reboiler (B), represents the quantity of
heat per unit time transferred by the reboiler to vaporize the
liquidfromthebotomofthecolumn.

Apfromtheequation(II.10)andbysubstitutingin(II.12)andtaking:
′ ≅ ′ and∆ = ′′ − ′ wetalkedaboutit:
∗ = ∗ . (∆ ) (II.13)
Note:
Generally in calculations, an average value of molar enthalpy
ofvaporization(∆ ) [Link],we
calculate the average enthalpy of vaporizationaat the botom of the column bythe
relation:
(∆ ) = . (∆ )( ) + (1− .)(∆ )( ) With: (A) and (B) designating
respectively,thevolatileconstituentandthelessvolatileone.

II.1.2.4Theequationoftheexhaustionline
In the Mc Cabre and Theile diagram, the equationto the right of
exhaustion is the affine relationship derived by replacing the equation
(II.10)inequation(II.11rf)omwhere:
∗ ∗
= ∗ − ∗ (II.14)

She cuts the diagonal at the point.: ( , )([Link].4) its slope is :

∗
( )= ∗ 1 (II.15)

The line of exhaustionthe measurement and the correction pass through a point
common ( , ) Whatisthepowersupplypointofthecolumn.

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Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

Equilibrium curve Right of

rectification

(yA)

+
Right

S exhaustion

(xA) XD
XS

Fig. II.4. The exhaustion line in the

Mc Cabre Theile diagram

II.1.2.5Thetraycolumn
Different types of trays (levels) exist in the columns, and each
type of board is diferent from the other from a construction point of view and
[Link].:

II.1.2.5.1Perforatedplates
They were the first trays used in the [Link] columns to
rectifiers. They are cheaper, easier to clean, but they are also
less profitable (less effective) and present ofthe risks
trainingoftheliquidbytherisingsteam,andincaseofafalfromthe
underpressure,thesetraysrainwithliquid([Link].5).

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II.1.2.5.2Thedomeplates
Theycreatealargesurfaceandagoodcontactbetweentheliquidphaseandthe
vapor phase, they do not present any dripping issues or
of training because in the event of a drop in pressure, the caps will
They are therefore more profitable and more efficient than the trays.
perforated, on the other hand they are dificult to clean and more expensive
([Link].6).

Liquide

Vapeur

[Link].5. Plateaux perforés

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Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

Liquid

Steam

Fig. II.6. Ice cap plateaus

II.1.2.5.3Theeffectivenessofrealplates
A theoretical plateau is effective at 100%, while a real plateau or
practice has an efficiency always lower than 100%, so in practice the
the number of practical plates is always greater than the number of
[Link]
(I.6), the non-theoretical (real) plateau can present problems of
concentration gradient, liquid entrainment by the vapor, and/or
of non-achieving balance between the phaseliquid and vapor phase.
Efficiencyso expresslthe gap compared to the ideality of a real floor.
([Link].7)
According to this figure, the efficiency (S) is expressed by a ratio of
segments or distances or by the ratio between the number of
theoreticalplateausandthenumberofpracticalplateaus:
−
S= ( ) − −
(II.16)
é −

( é )
S= (II.17)
( )

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Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

Equilibrium curve

(yn)eq

yn

yn-1 The diagonal

Xn-1 Xn

Fig. II.7. Actual plateaus in the Mc diagram

Cabe-Theile

II.1.2.5.4Thenumberoftheoreticalstages
After the tracingfromtheequilibriumcurveanddthe rights of rectification and
a theoretical plateau is obtained by drawing a line
verticalstartingfromthepoint ( , ) untiltheequilibriumcurvefolow-up
from a horizontal line to the intersection with therightofexhaustion
(in the areadandhteexhaustion) or with the rectification line (in the
rectification zone), the tracing of theoretical plates continues until the
point ( , ) ([Link].8)
Note:
Ifthelastplatereachespoint(D)yet,anotherplateau(a
only)isaddedevenifweexceedtothispoint.

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Theoretical plateaus

Equilibrium curve

(yA)

2 D

P Right of
1
rectification

+
Right
of exhaustion
S

(xA) XD
XS

Fig. II.8. Theoretical plateaus in the diagram

of Mc Cabe-Theile

[Link]
As we have just seen in paragraph (II.1.1.5), and given by the relation
(II.8),therefluxrateisdefinedastheratiobetweentheflowrateof
reflux ∗ ) and the distilate flow rate( ∗ ), so the increase or the

reductionofoneofthetwoflows( ∗
)or( ∗ influence on performance.

Wecandistinguishthreepossiblecases:
( → 0,therectificationlineishorizontal.
( → ∞),thelineofcorrectionisthediagonal,inthiscase
Therefluxistotalandthenumberoffloorsisminimal.
( → ), the point(p) intersection between the line of
rectification and the exhaustion line is located on the curve
of equilibrium, then the number of theoretical trays in this
caseisinfiniteandtheperformanceismaximum.

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So,thereisaminimumrefluxrate( ) ; the line of rectification

this reflux rate is said to beminimum reflux line.
([Link].9).The equation of the minimal reflux line is derived from
theequation(II.9)byreplacingtherefluxrate( ) by( ) :

= +
+ (II.18)
+

Thislineintersectsthediagonalatthepoint ( , ), and alsocutsthecurve

balance at the point ( , ), dwhereby replacing the coordinates of the point
(E) in equation (II.16),one can easily derive the reflux rate
minimal
−
= (II.19)
−

Curve Interest rate of

of balance minimal reflux

(yA)
E

P D

Right
of exhaustion
S

XS (xA) XD

[Link].9. The line of [ ( ) min] in the

McCabe Thiele diagram

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Note:
In practice, and after studies of variationinvestment costs,
ofoperationandtotalfeesbasedontherefluxrate( ),([Link].10),
we findanoptimalrefluxratioaccordingtotherelationship:

1.3 ≤ ≤4 (II.20)

Total fees Operating expenses

Fees
investment

[Link].10. Distillation costs as a function of rate of

reflux

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ChapterIII
CalculationofacColumntoberectifiedaccordingtoMcCabeandThiele

III.1-Theregimeiscontinuous
Danscemode,lesdeuxrectificationanddepletionsectionsarerelated
in material flowstire and energyby a continuous power supply, this
foodation does not influence the equations of the rectification lines and
exhaustionrespectively (II.6) and (II.14) found earlier. The
Thecolumnworkingincontinuousoperationisillustratedbyfigure([Link].1)

Condenser

∗ , , ′′

Reflux Distillate
∗ , , ′
∗ , , ′

Nutrition
∗ , , ′ ,

∗ , , ′
∗ , , ′′

∗ Residue
∗ , , ′
Distiller

[Link].1. Column to be rectified in

mode continu

A-Data:
Generally, the molar flow rate is given.( ∗) or massive( ∗) of
thesupply,itsinlettemperature( ) inthecolumn,itstemperature
boiling( )anditsmolarpercentage(fraction)( ) ormassive( ′)

volatilecompound.

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B-Specifications:
Thepurity( ) thedistillate,andthemolefractionofthevolatileconstituentin
theresidue( ),aretheessentialspecifications.
C-Operationalchoice:
During the operation, we choose as necessary the reflux rate that remains.
generallyinthemarginsindicatedbyrelation(II.18).
This reflux rate varies according to the operating [Link]
purity,yield…etc.

III.1.1Theoverallmaterialbalance
[Link]
(outgoing material flow rate), by applying this equality to the column, we
find:
∗ = ∗+ ∗ (III.1)
To find the overall mass balance of the most volatile component, we
multiplyeach term of the equation (III.1) by the molar fraction
Correspondingtothesameconstituent,itcomes:

. ∗= . ∗+ . ∗ (III.2)
Bysubstitutingequation(III.1)into(III.2),wederivethemolarflowrateof
distillate ∗ whichwilbegivenbytheequation:

∗= − ∗
( ) (III.3)
−

Themolarflowrateoftheresidue( ∗ )isdeducedinthesameway

∗= − ∗
( ) III.4
−

[Link]
Sometimes, in cases of a cold diet, it occurs a
condensation at the level of the feeding tray of a quantityof
ascending vapors from the exhaust section, this phenomenon leads to
généralementàuntauxdebouillageplusélevé.

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The phenomenon of condensation depends directly on temperature.

powersupplyinputLiquid,wethendistinguishtwopossiblecases:

III.1.2.1Thefeederioncomestoaboil
In this case,the food between {its temperatureboiling or in
other terms, { an equal temperaturàe cthe liquid from the tray
of food. In this case,There is no condensation of the
upward vaporsfrom the exhaustion [Link] can easily shoot at
toleaveof the material balance of the liquid around the feed tray, the

followingrelations:

= (III.5)
∗ = ∗ (III.6)
∗ = ∗ + ∗ (III.7)

III.1.2.2Condensationcase(coldsupply)
Inthiscase,lthetemperatureofthefoodislowerthanthetemperature
boiling of the liquid on the trayelfoodBy meeting a
cold plateau, the ascending vaporsto the rectification section
partially condense by releasing their condensation heat to
[Link],wehave:

> (III.8)
Thisphenomenonhelpspreheatthecoldfood.
be(tL
iet∆ ∗ ) Themolarflowrateofthecondensedvapors,thematerialbalanceof
theequation(III.7)thenbecomes:

∗ = ∗ + ∗ +∆ ∗ (III.9)

Theenergybalancearoundthefoodplateaubecomes:
∆ ∗ . (∆ ) = ∗. ( − ) (III.10)
Onecanalsowrite:

29
Distillation&Rectification D
Salem
.rM
i edHasenG
/eneP
raoiln
raticeU
tr/KMedcO
aicleifr

( − )=( ′ − ′) (III.11)
With:
′ , ′ : The molar enthalpies of the feed respectively {
.
: Themolarspecificheatofthefeed(J/mol.K).
Byintroducingthedimensionlessterm( ) definedby:

( − )
= + (III.12)
(∆ )

Fromequation(III.12)and(III.10),wecandeduce:
∆ ∗ =( − ) ∗ (III.13)
Andequation(III.9)becomes:
∗ = ∗ + . ∗ (III.14)
Conclusion:We can summarize the two cases (III.1.2.1) and (III.1.2.2) by considering
basedonthevalueof( ) :
1/If( = )⇒ = 1Thereisnocondensation.
2/If( < )⇒ 1hey’aune partialcondensationofthevaporsat
leveloftheplateaudnutrition.

[Link]
The supply line is the line that divides the column into two.
sections: rectification and exhaustion, and since the plateau of
food is a common platform between the two sections, so there
the power line must also pass through the point ( , ) ofintersection
ofthetwolinesofrectificationandexhaustion.
Tofindtheequationofthesupplyline,abalancemustbeestablished.
matteraroundthefeedingtray([Link].1),itcomes:

∗ + ∗ = ∗ + ∗+ ∗ (III.15)
To obtain the balance of the volatile constituent, one multiplies each flow rate.

molar of the equation (III.15) by the corresponding mole fraction, we

aura:

30
Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

. ∗ + . ∗ = . ∗ + . ∗+ . ∗ (III.16)

By replacing( ∗ ) from equation (III.14) into (III.16) andwetakeintoaccount

from equation (III.13), and sinceon the food tray: ( = =
= = ) wededucetheequationofthesupplyline:

= −
− −
(III.17)

Thislineisveryimportantinrectification,because:
- Shecutstheequilibriumcurveandthelineof( ) atpoint(E).
- ShecutsthediagonalatpointF( , ).
- Itintersectsthex-axisatpoint(, 0 ).

- Sheintersectsthelinesofrectificationandexhaustionatthepoint
common ( , ).

Note:
- 1/Accordingtoequation(III.17),if 1(condensationcase),theslope
ofthisline:Tg = 1. ([Link].2)
−

- 2/ If = 1, ( there is no condensation), the equation of the line

offoodbecomes: ( = ) , eitisvertical.([Link].3)

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Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

Equilibrium curve Right of

rectification
(yA)
E

P
D
+

+
Right

S of food

xF/µ xF
XS XD

Fig. III.2. The supply line for1(Case of

condensation) in the McCabe-Thiele diagram

Right of( ) Right of

rectification
(yA)
E

P
D
+

+
Right

S of food

xF
XS XD

[Link].3. The supply line for= (Nutrition in

boiling) in the Mc Cabre-Theile diagram

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Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

ChapterIV
Calculationofacolumn{rerectifieraccordingtothePonchon-Savarimethod
Itisamoreenergeticthanquantitativemethod.
Itisbasedonthemolarenthalpydiagramasafunctionofthefractions.
molars: = ( , ) ormfwher = ( ) designates the boiling curve, and = ( )
designatesthedewcurve.
Note:
The use of a mass enthalpy diagram as a function of
mass concentrations or in terms of mass fractions, remains
valid, but the choice of molar quantities facilitates the transition between this
diagramandthepreviousdiagramofMcCabe-Thiele(theoverlap
ofthetwodiagrams).

IV.1Thecorrectionsection
In the correction section illustrated by figure (IV.1), and
unlike the case of Mc Cabre-The distillate leaves the exchanger of
reflux (K) in the form of vapor that will be condensed in another
exchanger (D). So the exchanger (K) in this case only condenses the
quantitythatreturnsinthecolumnasreflux( ∗ ).
Thisdivisionoftheexchanger(K)intotwoothersthe exchangers proposed by
PonchoSavaryclarifiesandfacilitatesthestudyandunderstandingofthediagram
proposed.

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Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

Reflux condenser

Steam distillation
Reflux ∗ ′′
Steam , ,
∗ , , ′
∗ , , ′′
∗

Liquid

Liquid distillate
Distillate condenser
∗ , , ′

Fig. IV.1. Correction section according to the method of

Ponchon-savari

IV.1.1Theoverallmaterialbalance
Theoverallmaterialbalanceandthatofthevolatileconstituentareindifferentto
thosefromMcCabe-Theilealreadyseeninparagraph(II.1.1).
To establish the balance of the global molar flow rate, it is necessary to establish the balance.

next:(incomingmaterialflow=outgoingmaterialflow).
∗ = ∗ + ∗ (IV.1)
To find the overall material balance of the most volatile component, we
multiply each term of the equation (IV.1) by the molar fraction
correspondingtothesamevolatileconstituent,itcomes:
. ∗ = . ∗ + . ∗ (IV.2)
Note:
Thevolatileconstituentfractionofthesteamdistilate( ) andthatofthedistilate
liquid ) areequal( = ) sincethedistillateisafinishedproduct .

34
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alm
[Link]
iedHasenG
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eorain
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rta/iecrtKMedO
caicleirf

IV.1.1.2Theoverallenergybalance
Toestablishtheenergybalance,wemultiplythetermsofequation(IV.1)
by the corresponding molar enthalpies since here the energy is
conveyedbymatter(convection)withoutforgettingtoadd{righttheflow
heat absorbed by the condenser (K), and taking into account that the
[Link]:
′′ . ∗ = ′. ∗ + ′′ . ∗+ ∗ (IV.3)

With: ′′ , ′ ′′ respectively, the molar enthalpies of the phases

steam,liquidandvapordistillate.
With: ∗= ∗ (∆ ) (IV.4)

IV.1.1.3Theequationoftherectifyinglines
Unlike the case of Mc Cabre-Theile, the equation we will see in this
paragraph represents several lines (equal to the number of floors of the
correctionsection.
Toestablishthisequation,wewillusethepreviousmaterialbalances.
andenergy.
Byreplacingltheequation(IV.1)intheequation(IV.2),wefind:
∗ ( − )= ∗( − ) (IV.5)
Bysubstitutingequation(IV.1)intoequation(IV.3),wefind:
∗
∗ ( ′′ − ′ )= ∗( ′′ + −∗ ′ ) (IV.6)

Thespecificrefluxheatisdefinedas ) bytheterm:
∗
= ∗ (IV.7)

Startingfromequation(IV.4),andtakingintoaccountaccountofthedefinitionoftherateof

reflux(II.8),wehaveit:
= (∆ ) (IV.8)
By dividing the equation (IV.6) pin equation (IV.5) taking into account
(IV.7)onaboutit{theequationrectificationlinesundertheform:

35
Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

( ′′ − ′ ) [( ′′+ )− ] ′
= (IV.9)
( − ) ( − )
This equation is a first degree [Link] it is a straight line,
itexpressesthealignmentofthreepoints([Link].2):
- Thevariablepoint: ( , ′) belongingtotheboilingcurve.
- Thevariablepoint: ( , ′′ ) belongingtothedewpointcurve.
- The point fix ( , ′′ + ) called the pole of rectification, it
locatedabovethedewpoint.

h (J/mol)

Dew Pv

qK
L+V G1v
′′
G2v

′ ′′

L1v L2v

Boiling

x1V y2V yD

[Link].2 Lines of rectification in the diagram of

Ponchon-savari

[Link]
[Link]
( ∗ )
includes a reboiler (B) that vaporizes the descending liquid and
transformapartintoascendingvapors ∗ ) whiletheotherparty
the liquid less rich in volatile constituents is drawn off in the form of
residue( ∗ ) withafraction( )([Link].3).

36
Distillation&Rectification D
S
alm
[Link]
iedHasenG
/enP
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lU
rta/iecrtKMedO
caicleirf

Steam Liquid

∗ ′′ ∗ , , ′
, ,

∗ Residue
∗ , , ′
Boiler

Fig. IV.3. Section of exhaustion according to

Ponchon-safari

IV.2.1Theoverallmaterialbalance
To establish the balance of the overal molar flow rate, it is necessary to establish the balance.

next:
∗ = ∗ + ∗ (IV.10)
To find the overall material balance of the most volatile component, we
multiplyi.e. each term of the equation (IV.10) by the mole fraction
correspondingtothevolatileconstituent,itcomesfrom:

. ∗ = . ∗ + . ∗ (IV.11)
Bysubstitutingequation(IV.10)intoequation(IV.11),onefind:
∗ ( )= ∗
− ( − ) (IV.12)

IV.2.2Theoverallassessmentofenergy

Toestablishtheenergybalance,wemultiplythetermsofequation(IV.10)
bythecorrespondingmolarenthalpieswithoutforgettingtoaddutotheleft
theheatoutputgivenoffbytheboiler(B).Thusitfollows:
′ . ∗ + ∗= ′′ . ∗ + ′. ∗ (IV.13)

37
Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

With: ′′ , ′ ′ respectively, the molar enthalpies of the phases

steam,liquidandliquidresidue.
Theheatperunitoftimereleasedbytheboileristhesameasthat
seeninthecaseofMcCabre-Theile:
∗ = ∗ . (∆ ) (IV.14)
Bysubstitutingequation(IV.10)intoequation(IV.13),weobtain:
∗
∗ ( ′ − ′′ )= ∗
( ′− −∗ ′ ) (IV.15)

Specificboilingheatisdefinedas ) bytheterm:
∗
= ∗ (IV.16)

IV.2.2.3Theequationoftheexhaustionlines
Unlike the Mc Cabe case-The equation that we will seeris in this
paragraph is the equation of several lines (equal to the number of etages
oftheexhaustionsection) .
Toestablishthisequation,wewillusethepreviousmaterialbalances.
andenergy.
By dividing equation (IV.15) by equation (IV.12) taking into account
(IV.16),aboutit{theequationoftheexhaustionlines:
′ − ′′ [( ′ − )− ]′
( )
= (IV.17)
− ( − )

Thisequationisafirst-orderequation.,soit'saline,it
expressthealignmentofthreepoints([Link].4):
- Thevariablepoint: ( , ′) belongingtotheboilingcurve.
- Thevariablepoint: ( , ′′ ) belongingtothedewpointcurve.
- Thefixedpoint: ( , ′− ) calledthepoleoflexhaustion,itislocated
undertheneckboilingpoint.

38
Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

h (J/mol)

Dew

G1A
(∆ ) L+V G2A
′′

′
L1A (∆ )
L2A
′
qB

Boiling

PA Constituent (A)
Constituent (B)

xS x2A y2A

Fig. IV.4 Exhaustion lines in the diagram of

Ponchon-savari

IV.2.2.4Theequationofthesupplyline(mainline)
To find the equation of the supply line, it is enough to establish the
massandenergybalanceeentryandexitforthecolumn.

IV.2.2.4.1Theoverallmaterialbalance
The overall balance of matter is based on [Link] flows
entering the column = material outputs from the column), in
applyingthisequality,wefind:
∗ = ∗ + ∗ (IV.18)
To find the overall material balance of the most volatile component, we
multiplyeach term of the equation (IV.18) by the mole fraction
correspondentofthesameconstituent,itcomes:

. ∗ = . ∗+ . ∗ (IV.19)
Bysubstituting(IV.18)into(IV.19),wededuce:

39
Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

∗(
− )
= (∗ − ) IV.20

IV.2.2.4.2Theoverallenergybalance
Toestablishtheenergybalance,wemultiplythetermsoftheequation(IV.18)
by the corresponding molar enthalpies without forgetting to add { right
the heat flow absorbed by the condenser (K), and to the left the flow
heatcededbytheboiler(B),itcomes:

′ . ∗ + ∗= ′. ∗ + ′′ . ∗+ ∗ (IV.21)

Byreplacingthefeedrateoftheequation( IV.18)intheequation
(IV.21), taking into account the equalities(IV.7) and (IV.16) of heats
specific,weobtain:

∗( ′′+ −) =′ [ ∗
−(′ − ′ )] (IV.22)

Bydividingequation(IV.22)byequation(IV.20),weobtaintheequationof
thepowersupplyline:
′′
+ − ′ [ ′ −( ′ − )]
( )
= (IV.23)
− ( − )

It is a first-order equation, it highlights the alignment of

threefixedpoints:
- Thefixedpoint: ( , ′− ) caledthepoleofthestrawisement.
- Thefixedpoint: ( , ′′ + ) calledthecorrectioncenter.
- Thefixedpoint: ( , ′) calledthepowerpoint([Link].5)

40
Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

h(J/mol)
Power supply line

PV

′′
F ′

PA

xS xF xD

Fig. IV.5. Power line in the diagram of

Ponchon-ride

(Case of boiling feed µ=1)

Remark:
- If the supply is between { its boiling point (there is no
condensation),point(F)islocatedontheboilingcurve.
- Ifthepowersupplyisbelowitstemperature
atboiling,point(F)islocatedbelowtheboilingcurve
([Link].6).

41
Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

h(J/mol)
Power supply line

PV

′′
′

PA

xS xF xD

Fig. IV.6. Supply line in the diagram of

Ponchon-savari

(Cas de condensation µ>1)

IV.2.2.4.3ThetracingofthePoncho-Savarydiagram
ThePoncho-Savarydiagramincludesadewpointcurveandanotherone.
boilingcurve.
To facilitate the tracing of these curves, we wil take into account the

followingsimplifications:
1 / OLetusassumethatthesetwocurveshavealinearshape.
2/ItisassumedthatwhenT=0°Ch=0J/mol,[Link]°Cfor
thetemperatures,byshiftingthemolarenthalpiesof([Link]).
Thetracingbeginswiththevolatilecomponent(A)(rightaxis):
′= . ∈ { laboilingcurve(y-axis).
′′ = ′+ ∆ ∈ tothedewpointcurve(rightaxis).

42
Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

Forthelessvolatileconstituent(B)(leftaxis):
′= . ∈ { laboilingcurve(leftaxis).
′′ = ′+ ∆ ∈ atthedewpointcurve(leftaxis).
Finally,weconnectbyaline. ′ with ′ and ′′ with ′′ .([Link].7)

h(J/mol)

PV
′′

(∆ ) ′′

′
(∆ )

PA

XS XF XD

[Link].7. Simplified tracing of the boiling curve and

the dew point in the Ponchon-Savari diagram

43
Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

ChapterV
Gillilanddiagramandcolumnsizing
[Link]-WoodMethod
V.1.1Introduction
GillyLandproposedadiagrambearinghisnamethatillustratesvariation.
é −( é) −
from ) depending on ( ) by fixing a domain
é +1 +1
−
ofoperation(Fig.V.1): 0.1≤ ≤ 0.36. (V.1)
+1

The Gillil diagramand is usually accompanied by the equationof

Fenske-Under-Wood following which gives the minimum number of trays in
onlyknowing:( , andthevolatilitycoefficientα):

Log x 1  *x
D S

1 x x
η ( they)min = D S
1 (V.2)
Log

This diagram, along with the previous equation, provides results.s

satisfactory { a plateau especially in the case of a supply in
boiling(non-condensationcase).

V.1.2Themethodofusingthediagram
1-Firststep:
Theoperationalrefluxrate( )ischosen.
2-Secondstep:
−
Wechooseavalueforlabscissa( ) intheoperationalfield
+1

[Link],thevalueof( )isthereforefixed.

3-Thirdstep:
Wereadinthesamediagramthecorrespondingvalueoflordered
é −( é)
( ).
é +1

4-Fourthstep:

η ( thi)minbytheequationofFunksUnderWood.
Wecalculate(

44
Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

5-Fifthstep:Thenumberoftheoreticalplates( é ) iscalculated
sobyreplacingthevalueof(η ( thi) min) in

é −( é)
( ).
é +1

Remark
The set reflux rate, the calculated minimum reflux rate, the fractions
molars , and the volatility coefficient α, allow for the calculation of the
numberoffloorstheoriches by the McCabe Thiele method, and thus of
comparebetweenthetwomethods.
Operation domain

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0.01
0.04 0.06 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0.02

−
( )
+

Fig.V.1. Diagramme de Guilliland

45
Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

[Link]{trays
In this paragraph, we will only look at the simplest method of
approximate calculation of the diameter and height of the column without too much

details.

[Link]
Afterthecalculationofthedistilateflowrate( ∗ ), and after fixing a taux of

operational reflux ), we can easily deduce the flow rate of the vapors
ascendants( ∗ ).
Thevolumetricflowrateofvapors( ∗ isrelatedtothemolarflowratebytheequation
stateofgases:
∗ .
∗= (V.3)

Z:thecompressibilityfactorofvapors.(Z=1foridealgases)
R:theidealgasconstant(8.32J/mol.K=[Link]/mol.K)
Pthevaporpressure{insidethecolumn(forthecolumn
atmospheric,P=1atm.
T:thetemperatureoftherisingvapors.
Theflowofvapors ∗ islinkedtothesectionofthecolumn(S)bythe

relation:
∗= . (V.4)
V:thespeedofthevapors,generallyinpracticewehave:
1≤ ≤2( / )
2
S:thesectionofthecolumn: = 4
(V.5)

Aftercalculatingthevaporflowrateby(V.3),wecalculatethesectionofthe
columnby(V.4),thenwedeterminethevalueofthecolumndiameter
bytheequation(V.5).

4
= (V.6)

46
Distillation&Rectification am
S
lM
D
[Link]
edaesn
G
U
o/n
ieP
rK
tnM
iaercltO
ceadolgirn
ain
zti

[Link]
Theheight(H)ofthecolumnisdirectlyrelatedtothenumberofplates.

real(practical) é ), eattheverticaldistancebetweena plateauandthe

[Link]
distanceby:theheightoftheplateau.

[Link]
The trays in the columns are separated by a vertical distance.
constant and homogeneous throughout the column. This distance differs from a
columntoanother,anditdependsonthenatureoftheliquidtobeseparatedthe of
typesoftraysandoperatingconditions.
The height (h) of the plateau is the vertical distance between two plateaus.
successive.(Fig.V.2).
Wedistinguishtwocasesinthecalculationofthecolumnheight:
1- Thethebottomofthecolumnisconsideredasaplatform
In this case, the bottom of the column is considered as a floor.
since it contains the dense liquid where the drawing of the
residue. The number of trays hereisequaltothenumberofspacesandthe
theheightofthecolumnbecomes:
= h. é (V.7)

2-Thebottomofthecolumnisnotconsideredaplatform.
Inthiscase,thecolumnisconsideredasabuildingwhosebase
isagroundfloorandnotafloor.
Hereisthenumberthenumberoffloorsislessthanthenumberofspacesinaunit,

andtheheightofthecolumnisthereforecalculatedby:

= h.( é + 1) (V.8)

47
Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

Plateaus

Fig.V.2. Height and diameter

From a column with trays

48
 Distillation&Rectification DrS
.elamiMedHassen/GeneralPractioner/UKMO

Exercises
Exercise-01
We prepare ideal mixtures from two completely liquid substances.
misciblewithdifferentmolarfractions.
We measure the boiling temperature for each mixture under the
atmosphericpressure
( P=1atm)basedonthemolefractionX1andvaporpressure
oftheconstituent(2)pure,wefindthefollowingvalues:

T°C 100 95 87.5 82.5 75 70 65 60 55 47.5 40 30 25 20

X1 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.25 0.15 0.00

X2

P°2 …. 3.5 3.25 2.66 2.50 2.20 2.08 1.93 1.81 1.60 1.41 1.26 1.15 1.00

P°1

Y2

1/Completethetable.
2/Drawthecurves: P° 2= f(T)andP°1=f(T)inthesamediagram.
Quelestlecomposéleplusvolatil?
3/Drawthecurvealpha=f(T), α beingthecoefficientofrelativevolatility.
4/Plottheboilingcurveandthedewpointcurveonthesamediagram.
5/We take a liquid mixture to50 °Cmole fractionX20.4and of
totalnumberofmolesN10
t molesitisheatedtothetemperatureof

80°Cunderatmosphericpressure.
- Findatthistemperaturetheratio:
N(vaporphase)/N(liquidphase)

- Deducethevaluesofthenumberofmolesoftheliquidphaseandofthe
vaporphase.

49
Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

Exercise-02
Wemustseparatebydistillationinarectifyingcolumn.2.10kg/hof
4 a
ideal binary liquid mixture of two products(A)and(B)totally
miscibleandwithoutazeotropeofmassfractions:XB=40%andXA=60%,
comes to its boiling point. We work with a reflux rate
1.5 min.

Therelativevolatilitycoefficientisequalto:4
The distillate leaves the reflux exchanger (K) in vapor form.
containingonly5%in moles of the heavy constituent and95%oftheconstituent
light, while the residue contains only5% in moles of the constituent
volatile.
Wegive:Cp(A)=100J/molKandΔHv(A)=15KJ/mol
Cp(B)=150J/molKandΔHv(B)=20KJ/mol
M(A)=60g/molandM(B)=90g/mol

1/Calculate: N N
, *
D
*
S
therefluxrate(V).
* * * *
2/Todeduce: N N
, N, N ,
LV GV LA GA

4/Draw the equilibrium curve Y=f(x) in the Mc Cabre diagram.

Parts.
5/Determinethenumberofshelvesinthiscolumn
*
Q ,Q
*
6/Calculatetheheatflows respectively,ofthecondenserand
K B

thedistiller.

Exercise-03
A column { rectifier is fed { from a tank containing a
ideal liquid mixture of two organic compounds(A)and(B)totally
misciblewithoutchemicalreaction
[Link]

followingcharacteristics:
- Thetemperatureis25°C
- Each15gtheliquidmixturecontains6gof(A)and9gof(B).

50
Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

Themelonthepreviousoneisheatedtoitsboilingtemperature

( T eh (F) 75 C) through a heat exchanger (E) before supplying the

column to be corrected in order to separate its two components by distillation

withafeedrate M *
F
768Kg/h .

Weworkwitharefluxrate. 1.5 min .

Aliquiddistillateofpurityisrequired95%inmolesin(A)andaresiduedonot
containingonly5% inmolesofthesamecomponent.

Data: Cp (average)=190J/molKand Hv(moyenne)=38KJ/mol

Molarmasses: M(A) 64 g/mol, M ( B ) 96g/mol .

Therelativevolatilitycoefficientisequalto3.

* *
1/CalculatethemolarflowrateofthedistilateN D,andthatoftheresidueN S .

2/Calculate:therefluxrate , deducethevaluesofthemolarflowrates:
* *
N N
, LV GV
.

3/DrawtheequilibriumcurveY=f(X)intheMcCabeThielediagram
aswellasthefollowinglines:Supply,rectification,exhaustion.
* *
Q ,Q ,Q
*
4/Calculatetheheatflows:
K B E

5/Determinethenumberofshelvesinthiscolumn.

Exercise-04
We must separate by distillation in a rectifying column.9. 10mol/h
4

of an ideal binary liquid mixture of two products (A) and (B) totally
miscible and without azeotrope of mole fractions:xB0.5andxA=0.5, the
charge enters at a temperatureTW
f e work with a reflux rate.

V=1.5Vmin .
A liquid distilate of purity is required.95%in moles and a residue not
containingonly5% inmolesofthevolatileconstituent.
In the McCabe-Thiele diagram, the equilibrium curve and the line
powersuppliespassthroughthesamepoint(0.5,0.75).

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Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

Wegive: Cp (Average)=350J/molK

Hv(Average)=40KJ/mol

1/Calculate: N N
, *
D
*
S
,Vmin
*
2/Todeduce:V, N LV
, N *GV

3/Writetheequationsofthefollowinglines:Supply,rectification.
4/Plot the equilibrium curve Y=f(X) in the McCabe diagram
Theile.
5/Determinethenumberofshelvesinthiscolumn
* *
,Q ,Q
* * *
6/Calculate: N ,N N
, GA THE GA K B

Exercise-05
Wemustseparatebydistillationinarectificationcolumn.10mol/hof
6 a
ideal binary liquid mixture of two products(A)and(B)totally
miscibleandwithoutazeotropeofmolarfractions:XB=0.8andXA=0.2
Weworkwitharefluxrate 1.5 min.

The physicochemical analysis of the liquid phase and the vapor phase of
first(1e r) theplateauofthecolumnshowsthattheliquidphasedoesnotcontain
what5%inmolesof(A)whilethevaporphasecontains82.6%inmoles
of(B).
Following a defect in the reflux exchanger(K)only condense that60%of
*
vapors N GV
sothedistillateleavestherefluxexchanger(K)intheformof

vaporcontainingonly5% inmolesof(B).
Wegive:Cp(A)=100J/molKandΔHv(A)=15KJ/mol
Cp(B)=150J/molKandΔHv(B)=20KJ/mol

1/Calculate: N N
, *
D
*
S
,Vmin
* * * *
2/Todeduce: N N
, N, N,
LV GV THE GA

3/Draw the equilibrium curveY=f(X)in the McCabe diagram

Parts.
4/Determinethenumberofshelvesinthiscolumn
*
Q ,Q
*
5/Calculate:
K B

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Exercise-06
Wemustseparatebydistillationinarectifyingcolumn.10mol/hof
5 a
ideal equimolar liquid binary mixture of two products(A)and(B)
completely miscible and without azeotrope, the distilate leaves the exchanger of
reflux(K)intheformofaliquidcontaining95%inmolesoftheconstituent
lightwhiletheresiduecontainsonly5% ofthesameconstituent.
TheinlettemperatureofthepowersupplyTf =Tsf-25°C.
Tsf beingtheboilingpointofthefood.
IntheMcCabreandTheilediagram,thelineofcuttherectification
equilibriumcurveatthepoint(0.2,0.5)
Wegive:Cp(f)=125J/molKandΔHv(f)=12.5KJ/mol
Cp(D)=102.5J/molKandΔHv(D)=10.25KJ/mol

1/Calculate: N N
,*
D
*
S

2/Calculatetherefluxrate( ),andtheminimumrefluxrate minandfind

therelationshipbetweenthem

* * * *
3/Todeduce: N N
, N, N,
LV GV THE GA

4/DrawtheequilibriumcurveY=f(X)intheMcCabeThielediagram.
5/Tracethepracticalplatesinthisdiagramiftheefficiency
theplateauisof0.5.
*
Q ,Q
*
6/Calculatetheheatflowsofthecondenserandtheboiler:
K B

7/Calculate: Cp(A),Cp(B),ΔHv(A),ΔHv(B)

Exercise-07
A storage tank contains an ideal liquid mixture of two compounds.
organic(A)and(B)completelymisciblewithoutchemicalreactionandwithout
azeotrope.
A25°Cthetotalpressureabovetheliquidmixtureis1atm,while

thatthepartialpressureof(A)east P A
=[Link],a

pumps supply a column to be rectified in order to separate these two

composedbydistillationwithafeedrate M *
F
355Kg/h .

Weworkwitharefluxrate( ) thatwewildetermine.

53
Distillation&Rectification D
S
alm
[Link]
iedHasenG
/enP
eorain
lU
rta/iecrtKMedO
caicleirf

A liquid distilate of purity is required.95%in moles and a residue does not

containingonly5% inmolesofthevolatileconstituent.

Data: Cp (average)=190J/molKand Hv(average)=38KJ/mol

The vapor pressure of(A)is pure P 0

A
1.5atm , the temperature

the boiling point of the mixture is

T eb
(F) 75 C the molar masses:

M(A) 64 g/mol,M ( B ) 78g/mol

* *
1/CalculatethemolarflowrateofthedistilateN DandthatoftheresidueN S .

2/Yes60%themolarflowrateofcondensedvaporsatthetopofthecolumn N *
GV

*
are used as reflux liquid N LV
, inthen deduce: the rate of
* *
reflux , N LV
, N GV .

3/DrawtheequilibriumcurveY=f(X)intheMcCabeThielediagram
aswellasthefollowinglines:Nutrition,rectification,exhaustion.
4/Determinethenumberoftheoreticaltraysinthiscolumn.

Exercise-08
A column to be corrected is continuously fed by a liquid mixture.
ideal of two compounds(A)and(B)totally miscible without reaction
chemicalandnon-azeotropic.
Themolarcompositionofthemixtureis:60%of(A)and40%of(B).

Beforeenteringintoltothecolumntheload N *
F
heatedby8°topass

fromitsinitialtemperature(TF) { saboilingtemperatureT( é b,F) andthisto

the help of a heat exchanger(E).We work with a reflux rate
1.5
Themolarflowrateoftheliquiddistilate N *
D
700 mol/hwithapurity95%in

moles while the residue contains only5% in moles of the constituent

volatile.
Données:Cp(average)=190J/[Link] Hv(average)=38KJ/mol

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Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

Vapor pressure of(B)pur]3vapor pressure of(A)i.e.

P°(B)=3P°(A)

Q
*
1/Calculate the heat flow rate (J/h) mis-at stake in the exchanger of
F

heat(E).

Q
*
2/Calculatetheheatflowrate (J/h)receivedbythecondenser(K).
K

Q
*
3/Calculatetheheatflowrate (J/h)cededbythereboiler(B).
B

4/Determinethenumberofshelvesinthiscolumn.

Exercise-09
4.10mol/hof
5 amixture idealbinaryliquidoftwoproducts(A)and(B)
completely miscible, must be separated by distillation in a column at
Rectifier. The distillate leaves the reflux exchanger.(K)in the form of a
purityliquidxD,whiletheresiduehasacontentof(A) xS0.1,
weworkwitharefluxrateV=1.5VminWegive:
Theequationofthecorrectionline: Y=0.6X+0.38
Theequationofthesupplyline: Y=3X-0.8

1/Calculate the reflux rate , éwrite the equation of the line of min then
findthecoordinatesofthepoints: P(xp, yp)andE(xE,yE)

2/Calculate: N ,N*
D
*
S

* * * *
3/Deduce: N N
, N, N,
LV GV THE GA
, what is the value of the coefficient of

volatilityα ?
4/Whatisthetheoreticalnumberoftrays?

Exercise-10
8.10mol/hof
5 an ideal binary liquid mixture of two products(A)and(B)
completelymiscibleandwithoutazeotropemustbeseparatedbydistillation
inacolumntocorrect
The food reaches its boiling temperature.(Tsf= T).
f We work
witharefluxrate =1.5

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Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

Thedistillateleavestherefluxexchanger(K)intheformofsteamcontaining
90%in moles of(A)and10%in moles of(B)while the residue does not
containsonly10%inmolesofthevolatileconstituent.
During the distillation, it was noted that the specific heatsqKandqB
havethefollowingvalues:qK31.5KJ/molandqB44KJ/mol

Wearegiven:Teb(A)=160°C,Cp(A)=125J/molKandΔHv(A)=20KJ/mol
Teb(B)=200°C,Cp(B)=150J/molKandΔHv(B)=30KJ/mol

1/DrawthePonchon-Savaridiagram.h=f(x,y)weacceptthatthepace
thedewandboilingcurvesarelinearandwetake( h=0 kJ/mol
forT=0°C
* * * *
2/Calculate: , N, N ,N N,
N N *
D
*
S LV GV GA The
,

3/Findthefollowingtemperatures:Teb(s),Teb(D),Teb(F)
* *
4/Calculate: Q ,Q K B
bytwodifferentmethods,discusstheresults.

Exercise-11
Anidealbinaryliquidmixtureof2completelymiscibleconstituentsAand
B,ofmolefractions:40%inAand60%inB,thismixtureenterintothe
columntodistillatatemperatureof80°Cweworkwitharateof
reflux =1.5 min andXD=0.95,Xs=0.05
WearegivenforA:Cp=100J/molK,ΔHv=20kJ/mol,Teb=100°C,P°=2.4atm
ForB:Cp=150J/molK,ΔHv=30kJ/mol,Te b=120°C,P°=0.8atm

1-DrawthecurveofPonchoSavary:(h=f(x,y))
Weacceptthattheappearanceofthecurvedew and boiling watert litineraryand

wetakefor:T=0°C,h=0J/mol
2-Findtheboilingtemperatureofthemixture(Tsf).
3-Writetheequationofthesupplylineandthatoftherectification.
ofuW
r ritetheequationoftheequilibriumcurvey=f(x)forthismixture.

5-Whatisthenumberoftraystoseparatethismixture?

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Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

Exercise-12
Duringtheproductionofanhydrideacetic(CHO),
4 6 3 thelatterislocated

in ideal mixture with acetic acid(CHO)

2 4 2 they must be separated by

distillationinarectifyingcolumn.
The mass charge is664.8 kg/hcontainer55%in moles of acid
acetic.Thischargeentersatatemperatureof106.5°C.
Weworkwitharefluxrate: =1.5 min.

Wegive:
- Thecoefficientofrelativevolatilitybetweenthetwoproductsis4
- The molar fractions of acetic acid in the distillate and in the
residuearerespectively:0.95and0.05
- Theboilingtemperatureofthefoodis127°C.
Composed Aceticanhydride Aceticacid
CHO
4 6 3 CHO
2 4 2

Temperatureboiling(°C) 138 118.5

Cp(J/molK) 185 125
∆ (kJ/mol) 40 24

1/Calculate: N N
, *
D
*
S

2/Calculatetherefluxrate( ).
* * * *
3/Todeduce: N N
, N, N,
LV GV The GA

4/DrawtheequilibriumcurveY=f(X)intheMcCabeThielediagram.
5/Drawthetheoreticalplatesinthisdiagram.
*
Q ,Q
*
6/Calculatetheheatflowsofthecondenserandtheboiler:
K B

Exercise-13
Use the Mc Cabre and Theile method to determine the number
theoretical stages of the column to be rectified during theseparation of a
charge of50%in moles of Hexane and Octane with a purity of95%in
molesandaresiduenotcontainingwhat5%inmolesofthelightcomponent.
Thecoefficientofrelativevolatilitybetweenthetwoproductsbeingequalto6.5

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Distillation&Rectification [Link]/GP/UKMO

Choosearefluxratewithintheoperatingrangeofthediagram.
fromGilly-land,comparethetwomethods.

Note:The Gilliland diagram is generally accompanied by

theequationofFeUnderwhelpfordeterminingthenumberoffloors
théoriques minimal(η ( thiist) min) in the ideal case where the power supply enters
inthecolumn{itsboilingpoint.
(Tsf=Ti.
f e.= 1 ):

Log x 1  *x
D S

1 x x D S
TheequationofFunks-Underwood:η ( thit)smin = 1
Log

58