Everything about roses

Everything about roses - Chapter 1

The story of the roses

Roses are believed to be native to Asia, and they have inhabited our land since
immemorial times... the truth is that this magnificent variety of the world of the
plants have been propagated to adapt to the most varied climates, adopting the
the most incredible shapes and colors. They say that roses are the queens of flowers, and this
we should not be surprised, especially if we take into account that they have had a
privileged place in all the great empires: the Chinese, the Greek, the Roman, the
Egyptian and many more...

Flowers privileged above all others, people have made unspeakable efforts.
for cultivating them, even in the most extreme climates, and their fragrance has been revered
forever, sweetening the noses of millions of people throughout the
centuries. Its essence was preserved initially through rose water, then, at
through the extraction of its oil, and finally through elixirs, with more advanced techniques
complexes that included alcohol in the preparations. In fact, countless
very well-known perfumes today contain a bit of their essence...

The reality is that wherever there is a rosebush, the landscape lights up; there is something divine.
in them that does not go unnoticed to the eye... There are more than 30 thousand varieties that
they are classified into 6 groups: tea hybrids, floribundas, English, miniature, bush, and
climbers.

A divine garden of English roses that I photographed in London.

If you want to see an impressive rose garden and you are in Buenos Aires, then no
You can stop going to the 'Rosedal'. It is a space surrounded by a lake that is located
in the neighborhood of Palermo, where an impressive variety of roses is cultivated,
all with their identifying signs. Of course, one of these days I'm going to make a
post with a nice photo gallery of the place, highlighting some of its virtues.

Nevertheless, roses grow throughout Argentina, in some places more than others.
profusion than others. If you live in Northern Argentina, for example, know that you have to
protect them from the midday sun, so it is preferable that they are oriented towards the
this.

General characteristics (later we will delve into some varieties... there are
miles!)

It is a woody, bushy plant of the rose family, whose scientific name

It is Rosa sp. It can stand up on its own, climb wherever it can as a support for its
branches, or directly be lowly. Many varieties have very large thorns.
What needs to be treated with respect: wearing gloves is the rule when moving around.
of them. Others are used to make tea and all have anti-inflammatory properties,
astringent and diuretic. Rose growers are constantly crossbreeding them to
to accentuate one property or another.

Roses or inflorescences are classified as simple (less than 8 petals), semi-double

(from 8 to 20 petals) and doubles (from 20 to more than 40 petals). They can also be
monochrome, bicolor or multicolor.

A bouquet of English roses with more than 40 petals

They need a lightweight soil that allows for good drainage. Additionally, this must be
nutritious or fertile and to the extent possible, it should tend to be acidic.

When feeding your rosebush, try to use a fertilizer or nutrient that contains these.
fundamental components: nitrogen (without it the leaves turn yellow and remain
little ones), phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron (if the plant is lacking it,
the leaves turn yellow and the veins remain green) and manganese. If in
If you read any of these names on the label, you are on the right track. Don't forget to pay.
regularly if the plant is in a pot. If you are disciplined and feed it
Well, it's going to give you some spectacular flowers.

From every point of view, avoid stagnant water. And if the soil becomes very compact,
A good way to reduce compaction is to incorporate organic matter.

Water the rosebush moderately, always avoiding wetting the leaves, and above all
you want, the flowers!! Also, it is advisable to place it facing the sun. You will see that this way its
mood improves significantly.

Do not crowd the copies, let each one have its space, so they do not compete with each other.
his little siblings for the light and food. 5 hours of sun is the minimum essential that
each one needs. Some varieties (the Iceberg, for example, which is divine!) can
that require a little more shade, but never total shade.
Roses are quite prone to getting sick and/or rotting, so we have
to always be vigilant for the appearance of mealybugs, aphids, spider mites, viruses and
fungi. Among these are powdery mildew (which we already discussed), rust and
finally the black spot, which occurs only on the rosebush. Keep in mind that the more
The healthier you are and the more care you take, the less you will get sick.

You prune
Pruning varies according to the type of rose bush we are talking about. However,
this is a very rich topic that we will address later (let's keep adding
themes!) because otherwise this post is going to become longer than a papal encyclical. We
For now, it will be enough to know that there are three types of pruning: severe, moderate, and
The last one produces a large amount of flowers and is suitable for roses.
English, the second largest shrubs, and the first gives us fewer flowers but of
large size, being suitable for tea hybrids, floribundas and the
climbers.
More English roses that I photographed during my trip...

Finally, maintenance pruning is an annual task that is carried out in the summer and
which helps to renew the plant. Its function is mainly to help remove branches
dry or crossed.

To take into account

Practically all roses can be grown in pots, as long as this
It is very large. The obvious exception is the miniature roses that manage quite well.
well with something smaller.
As soon as the roses wilt, they should be cut, in order to ensure a
better flowering.

The 'black rose' in Argentina

It is the variety Black Fire Rose. In reality, it is not black, but rather
"burgundy" or a deeply dark red. Apparently, it was first cultivated in the
Argentina in 1999 finally reached the podium of flowers in the year 2000, when it was
was presented to society at the National Flower Festival in Escobar.

Now, the ‘black rose’ par excellence that I keep reading about everywhere is
the Black Baccara Meilland. It is a rose bush with 40 petals of a red/black color.
velvety. Personally, I had never seen such a dark flower... and the truth is
which draws attention. The flowers have a diameter of 11 cm and the plant, once
adult, it can reach a height of 1.60 m. It likes the sun and blooms from the
spring until autumn. What tul?
A Black Baccara Meilland rose

1. ORIGIN

The rose was considered a symbol of beauty by Babylonians, Syrians, Egyptians, and Romans.
and Greeks.
Approximately 200 botanical species of roses are native to the Northern Hemisphere, although
the real amount is not known due to the existence of hybrid populations in a state
wild
The first cultivated roses were summer-blooming, until later works of
selection and improvement carried out in the East on some species, mainly Rosa
Gigantea R. chinensis resulted in the 'tea rose' of a re-flowering nature. This
rose was introduced to the West in the year 1793, serving as the basis for numerous hybrids
created from this date.

2. TAXONOMY AND MORPHOLOGY

Belonging to the family Rosaceae, whose scientific name is Rosa sp.

Currently, the commercial varieties of rose are hybrids of rose species
missing. For cut flowers, hybrid tea types are used, and to a lesser extent, those of
floribunda. The first ones have long stems and attractive flowers arranged
individually or with some lateral buds, medium or large in size and
numerous petals that form a visible central cone.
The floribunda roses exhibit flowers in clusters, of which some may open.
simultaneously. The flowers come in a wide range of colors: red, white, pink,
yellow, lavender, etc., with various hues and shades. These grow on thorny stems and
verticals.

3. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

The best-selling flowers in the world are, in first place, roses followed by
chrysanthemums, third the tulips, fourth the carnations and in fifth place the lilies. None
ornamental flower has been and is as valued as the rose. Starting from the 1990s its
leadership has consolidated mainly due to an improvement in the varieties,
expansion of the offer throughout the year and its growing demand.
Its main consumer markets are Europe, with Germany leading the way.
United States and Japan.
It is a highly specialized crop that occupies 1,000 hectares of greenhouse in Italy, 920
540 hectares in the Netherlands, 540 hectares in France, 250 in Spain, 220 in Israel, and 200 hectares in Germany.
South American countries have increased their production in recent years,
highlighting, Mexico, Colombia (close to 1,000 ha) and Ecuador.
Production also takes place in East Africa: Zimbabwe with 200 hectares and Kenya.
with 175 ha.
In Japan, the leading consumer market in Asia, the area designated for rose cultivation
is on the rise and in India, 100 hectares are currently being cultivated.

4. VEGETAL MATERIAL

The desired qualities of cut roses, according to market tastes and demands
at every moment, they are:

Long and rigid stem: 50-70 cm, depending on cultivation areas.

Bright green foliage.
Flowers: slow opening, good preservation in the vase.
Good flowering (= yield per plant or per m2).
Good resistance to diseases.
Possibility of being grown at lower temperatures, in winter.
Ability for soil-less cultivation.

Classification of the main cultivars:

Large roses (80% of the production).

Rojas (40-60% of the demand): First Red, Dallas, Royal Red, Grand Gala, Koba,
Red Velvet...
Roses (20-40% of the demand): Anna, Noblesse, Vivaldi, Sonia, Omega, Versilia...
Yellows (increasing): Golden Times, Texas, Starlite, Live,
Cocktail 80...
Oranges (increasing): Pareo...
Blancas: Virginia, Tineke, Ariana...
Bicolores: Candia, Simona, Prophyta, La Minuette...
5. MULTIPLICATION
The propagation can be carried out by seeds, cuttings, bud grafting and
bud grafts, although the latter is the most commonly used method at a commercial level.

Seed reproduction is limited to the obtaining of new cultivars.

The cuttings are selected from floral shoots that have been allowed
the complete development of the flower to ensure that the flower-producing bud is from
true type. Moreover, the buds without flowers are less vigorous, so they have
fewer reservations for rooting.
Stakes with 1, 2, or 3 buds can be used, depending on availability.
vegetable material, although those with 3 yolks are preferable as they present greater
length and more nodal tissue at the base, thus reducing losses due to
diseases.
The base of the stakes is submerged in a compound based on rooting hormones.
before proceeding to the placement in a propagation bench with substrate of
vermiculite or with similar properties, with a separation of 2.5-4 cm between
plants and 7.5 cm between rows.
 A proper humidity and a temperature in the range of 18-
21ºC. Under these conditions, rooting takes place in 5-6 weeks,
depending on the time of year and the nature of the shoot. Subsequently, it
proceed to transplant to 7.5 cm pots or directly to the greenhouse.
The problem with this system is that plants with their own roots are quite small.
and they need a considerable amount of time for the plant to grow enough for
they begin to collect flowers.

The whip graft or English graft is rarely used for commercial production.
of cut flower, as it also requires too much time.

For bud grafting, the most common rootstock is Rosa manetti, and occasionally R.
odorata. In New Zealand, R. multiflora inermis is used in colder areas.
like Holland, R. canina.
The material for the patterns is obtained from plants that have been heat-treated.
for the elimination of viruses and other diseases. At the end of September, they are cut off.
the long shoots of the mother plants, the thorns are removed and they are submerged in
a sodium hypochlorite solution (1/3 of 1%) for 15 minutes. They are cut into
segments of 20-21 cm and the buds of the cuttings are removed, taking out all the
lower eggs, leaving three at the top end. After the treatment or
Soil disinfection, followed by base fertilization after soil analysis. The
stems are treated with rooting hormones and planted in separate furrows at 122 cm.
spacing them 13 cm apart, from mid-November to mid-
December, giving a watering immediately after planting. The grafting
it is usually done in mid-June, when there is already enough rooting and
the bark can be easily peeled. A "T" shaped incision is made until
the depth of the cambium, under the shoots of the pattern. It is inserted between the flaps
that forms the 'T' the bud coming from a chosen cultivar, trying to
a fastening system above and below the bud. After 3-4
weeks about 1/3 of the pattern is cut above the graft and is
They break the ends, which will be removed 3 weeks later, when they
they extract the patterns from the soil. The plants are cleaned and classified according to their
quality (root system development, plant growth, etc.), is
They are packaged and stored in cold (0-2ºC) until they are transported to the florist.
between January and June.
In the Netherlands, an alternative technique known as 'stenting' is used, which
it consists of laterally grafting the desired cultivar onto a cutting of the
rootstocks that root using the normal propagation methods.
Currently, in vitro production of rose bushes is also possible.
6. CLIMATE REQUIREMENTS
6.1. Temperatura
For most rose cultivars, the optimal growth temperatures
Temperatures range from 17ºC to 25ºC, with a minimum of 15ºC during the night and a maximum of
28ºC during the day. Slightly lower or higher values can be maintained.
during relatively short periods without serious damage occurring, but a
nighttime temperature continuously below 15ºC delays the growth of the
plant, produces flowers with a large number of petals and deformed, in case of
 open. Excessively high temperatures also harm production,
smaller flowers than normal appearing, with few petals and a more color
warm.
6.2. Lighting
The growth index for most rose cultivars follows the curve
total light throughout the year. Thus, in the summer months, when it prevails
high light intensities and long day duration, flower production is
higher than during the winter months.
A common practice in Holland consists of irradiation for 16 hours,
with a lighting level of up to 3,000 lux (sodium vapor lamps), since
In this way, winter production is improved in quality and quantity.

However, despite being a long-day plant, shading is necessary.

darkening during the summer and even in spring and autumn, depending on
the climatology of the place, as high light intensities are accompanied by
of intense heat. The first application of the darkening should be light,
so that the change in luminous intensity is gradual.
It has been proven that in places with cloudy days and snowfall during winter,
artificial lighting of roses could be advantageous due to an increase in
production, although it is always necessary to study the economic aspects to
determine the profitability.
6.3. Ventilation and CO2 enrichment
In many areas, the temperatures during the early hours of the day are too
lowers to ventilate and, however, CO2 levels are limiting for the
plant growth. Under winter conditions in cold climates where the
daytime ventilation is not economically viable, it is necessary to provide CO2 for the
optimal plant growth, raising the levels to 1,000 ppm. Likewise, if the
Shutting down the ventilation takes place before sunset, due to the drop in the
temperature, carbon dioxide levels continue to decrease due to the
photosynthetic activity of plants.

On the other hand, it must be taken into account that roses require a certain humidity.
relatively high environmental level, which is regulated through ventilation and the
misting or the moistening of the hallways during the warmest hours of
day.
The aeration must be adjustable, either manually or automatically, by opening the
lateral and ridge vents, sometimes supported by interior fans or
even with extractors (of pressure or overpressure). Since this creates a
decrease in the hygrometric level and the control of certain diseases.
7. GREENHOUSE CULTIVATION
With greenhouse rose cultivation, it is possible to produce flowers at times and
places where it would otherwise not be possible, achieving the best prices.
For this, these greenhouses must meet certain minimum conditions: to have
large dimensions (50 x 20 and more), the light transmission must be adequate,
the height must be considerable and the ventilation in the hot months must be
good. In addition, heating is recommended during the winter, along with the
installation of thermal blankets for heat retention during the night.
7.1. Soil preparation

For the cultivation of roses, the soil must be well

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drainage and aeration to prevent waterlogging, due to
that the soils that do not meet these conditions Classified ads
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various organic materials. GARDENING
Roses tolerate acidic soil, although theylpHmust Free advertisements and
remain around 6. They do not tolerate high levels. product offers
of calcium, chlorosis developing rapidly for the industry of the
due to the excess of this element. They also do not tolerate flower and ornamental plants.
high levels of soluble salts, recommending not to See Offers
exceed 0.15%.
Soil disinfection can be carried out with [Link]
heat or another treatment that meets the requirements of
cultivation. In case of carrying out background fertilization,
A soil analysis is necessary beforehand.
7.2. Planting
The planting season runs from November to March. This will be carried out as soon as possible.
to prevent the drying out of the plants, they are trimmed to 20 cm; watering will be given
abundant (100 l of water/m2), keeping the graft point 5 cm above
from the ground.
Regarding the planting distance, the current trend is planting in 4 rows.
(60 x 15 cm) (non-specialized vivariums) or 2 rows (40 x 20 or 60 x 12.5 cm) with
corridors at least 1 m (specialized nurserymen), that is, a density of 6 to 8
plants/m2 covered. This makes maintenance easier and
minor investments.
7.3. Fertirrigation
Currently, fertilization is carried out through irrigation, taking into account the
subscribed background contributed, in case it has been carried out. Subsequently also
it is advisable to control the parameterss depHand electrical conductivity of the
soil solution as well as the conduct of leaf analyses.

Table. Reference levels of nutrients in leaves. They are taken as reference

those on the first sheet completely ripe beneath the flower (Hasek, 1988).

Macroelementos Niveles deseables (%)

Nitrogen 3.00-4.00
Phosphorus 0.20-0.30
Potassium 1.80-3.00
Football 1.00-1.50
Magnesium 0.25-0.35
 Microelementos Niveles deseables (ppm)
Zinc 15-50
Manganese 30-250
Iron 50-150
Copper 5-15
Big 30-60

pH can be regulated by the addition of acid and taking into account the nature of
the fertilizers. Thus, for example, nitrogen sources such as nitrate of
ammonium and ammonium sulfate are highly acidic, while calcium nitrate
and potassium nitrate are alkaline reaction [Link] thepHtends to the ground
Increase, the application of iron sulfate yields good results. Potassium usually
apply like potassium nitrate, phosphorus as phosphoric acid or phosphate
monopotassium and magnesium as magnesium sulfate.

7.4. Plant formation and subsequent pruning

The two-year-old shrubs already have the main structure of the branches formed and their
the planting must be done so that the bud graft is level with the ground or
buried close to the surface. The first blooms will tend to occur on
relatively short sprouts and what will be sought is the production of branches and more foliage
before flowering is established, the first floral buds are separated
as soon as they are visible. The main branches are shortened four or six buds from their
the weak stems are completely removed. A stem can be allowed to bloom.
to confirm the authenticity of the variety.

It should be noted that the pointed buttons will produce short-stemmed flowers and
these are located at the base of the unifoliate leaf, the one with three leaflets, and the first leaf with five
leaflets below the floral bud of the stem. In the lower half of the stem, the buds are
quite flat and they will give rise to flowers with long stems, so when a bud
if it is pointed out, it is necessary to remove the entire upper portion down to a point below the
first leaf of five leaflets.
Subsequently, pruning is carried out every time the flowers are cut, taking into account
the aforementioned principles.

7.5. Soil-less cultivation

In recent years, soil-less farming is becoming a very viable alternative.

advisable for the cultivation of the rosebush. This technique was developed as a consequence of
pathological problems (due to Verticillium dahliae) and agronomic problems (soil fatigue).
Of the 4 possible techniques (rock wool, gutters, flat containers, and containers),
The first two are currently the most used. The gutters can receive the
the following substrates: perlite, sand, bark, and vegetable fibers.
The floor of the greenhouse must be level to allow for regular irrigation (slope
by 0.5%). It can be completely covered with a soil-less fabric that prevents possible
contaminations from the soil. The growing bags commonly referred to
"sausages" are sent in modules of 1 or 2 m in length and 7.5-10 cm in thickness.
15 to 20 cm wide. Some producers install the 'sausages' on the ridges.
or the channels at a height of 50-80 cm to facilitate collection and treatments and improve
the sanitary conditions.
Due to the weak thickness of the substrate (7.5-10 cm), the plants will be smaller than in the
traditional cultivation: mini cuttings and mini grafts. After planting (usually in
March) and for 4 to 5 weeks, the plant grows naturally, and depending on the
cultivars must be intervened to form an arched structure that favors the
formation of woods on which flower buds are suppressed. After 1 or 2
Pinching, the collection of the first flowers takes place a month and a half later.
In the case of growing in channels on perlite, the choice of plants is different than...
they are similar to those used for traditional soil cultivation.

In multiplication, 2 techniques are used: the grafting of the cultivar (own-root) and the
semi-graft. In the first case, it is done with cuttings of pieces of shoots with leaves (with
a sheet), arranged directly in the marketing container, for example a bucket
of rock wool. In the second case, the simple English graft is performed on
a piece of shoot of the same type used for grafting. The mini-graft is applied
certain cultivars that are difficult to propagate by cuttings, such as is the case with the
Dallas cultivar.

Advantages of soil-less cultivation:

La productividad es superior en relación con el cultivo tradicional (incremento entre

10-30%, depending on the cultivars.
The quality is comparable to that of continuous cultivation.
The health status is excellent.

8. PESTS, DISEASES AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGIES

8.1. Pests

Red spider (Tetranychus urticae)

It is the most serious plague in rose cultivation as the infestation occurs very
quickly and can cause significant damage before it is recognized. It develops
mainly when temperatures are high and ambient humidity is low.
Initially, the affected plants show a speckling or fine white spots.
yellowing on the leaves, subsequently webs appear on the underside and finally
produce the falling of the leaves.

Control
Avoid a very low hygrometric degree combined with a very high temperature (more than
20ºC).
It can be carried out with the release of Phytoseiulus in the early stages of
infestation.
Due to the high number of generations and their overlap,
especially in summer, the acaricides used must have ovicidal and adulticidal action.
Treatments with acaricides such as dicofol, propargite, etc., yield good results.
Although the most widely used active ingredient is abamectin.

Green aphid (Macrosiphum rosae)

It is an aphid 3 mm long, greenish in color, that attacks the stems.

young or to the floral buds, which later show discolored spots
sunk into the back petals. A dry and not excessively hot environment.
favors the development of this plague.

Control

Pyrethroids can be used for their specific control.

Nematodes (Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Xiphinema)

They attack the underground part, frequently causing galls on the roots, which
later they rot.

Control

Soil disinfection.
Introduction of the roots in a nematicide.

Trips (Frankliniella occidentalis)

The thrips are introduced into the closed flower buds and develop between the petals and
at the tips of the stems. This results in deformations in the flowers that also
they generally show white streaks due to tissue damage by the
feeding of the thrips. The leaves start curling around the caterpillars as they
are being fed.

Control

Its preventive control is important as it causes damage to the flower that depreciates its value.
value in sale. Preventive treatments should be carried out from the beginning of the
sprouting until the flower buds start to open.
For chemical control, spraying is suitable so that the material
Activate penetration in the tips; it is done by alternating different active ingredients in which
we highlight acrinatrin and formetanate.
8.2. Diseases

Downy mildew or blight (Peronospora sparsa)

It causes the most dangerous disease of the rosebush as it leads to rapid defoliation, otherwise
If action is taken in time, it can be very difficult to recover the plant.
It develops favorably under conditions of high humidity and temperature, giving
place for the appearance of irregular brown or purple spots on the surface of the
leaves, petioles, and stems, in the areas of active growth. On the underside of the leaves can be
see the fruiting bodies of the fungus, with small grayish areas appearing.

Control

To prevent it, adequate ventilation must be maintained in the greenhouse. Additionally

Water films on the plant should be avoided as they promote the germination of the
conidia.
Preventive treatments with metalaxyl + mancozeb and curative treatments with should be applied.
oxadixyl + folpet.

Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa)

The symptoms, white and powdery spots, manifest on tender tissues such as:
shoots, leaves, flower bud and base of the thorns. The leaves also deform appearing
twisted or curved.

Control

Preventive control is very important since severe attacks are very costly.
eliminate. It is recommended to use sulfur sublimators.
The temperature and humidity in the greenhouse must be controlled, avoiding the succulence of the
tissues and reduce the amount of inoculum by eliminating the infected tissues.
For curative treatments, propiconazole, bupirimate, and dichlofluanid can be used.

Roya (Phragmidium disciflorum)

It is characterized by the appearance of orange pustules on the underside of the leaves. It usually
appear in areas where humidity is located.
Excessive nitrogen fertilization promotes the appearance of rust. On the contrary, the
Summer drought and potassium fertilization hinder its development.

Control

It is advisable to control the environmental conditions as well as to carry out sprayings.

with triforine, benadoni, captan, zineb, etc.

Gray mold or botrytis (Botrytis cinerea)

Its development is favored by low temperatures and high relative humidity.
giving rise to the appearance of gray fungal growth on any area of
growth, flowers, etc. It is also necessary to take care of any possible wounds caused in the
pruning operations, as they are easily conquered by the pathogen.

Control

Preventive practices are of great importance for disease control.

maintaining the cleanliness of the greenhouse, ventilation, with the removal of plants or parts
sick and undergoing treatments with fungicides based on iprodione and procimidone.

Galls or tumors (Agrobacterium tumefaciens)

Galls or tumors produced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens form on the stem.

up to a height of 50 cm above the ground or in the roots, penetrating through the wounds when
the plant develops on infected soil.

Control

-El suelo debe esterilizarse, preferentemente con vapor, antes de la siembra.

Plants with symptoms should be discarded.
Biological control of the gall is possible with
Agrobacterium radiobacter, strain K84.
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Leaf mosaics
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This denomination groups various viral manifestations. and B2B Business of
that affect the foliage of the rose plant. The most common symptom GARDENING
consists of discontinuous chlorotic lines in a zig-zag pattern Free ads and
generally arranged asymmetrically in relation to the product offers
medium nerve. The chromatic alterations may come for the industry of the
accompanied by wrinkling and deformation of the limbus. In flower and ornamental.
the same plantation, the degree of exteriorization and the See the Offers
the severity of the symptoms varies from year to year and does not
appearing never above the total foliage, limited to [Link]
some branches, or layers of leaves situated on the same
branch, leaving the other parts of the plant seemingly
sanas.
Although the viral incidence on the growth of sick individuals is not always
evident in the cultivation, some studies have cited delays in flowering and reduction of the
longevity of plants.

Control

Prevention against viral diseases is based on combating the agents on one hand.
that propagate the infection: aphids, mites, thrips, etc.; the cleaning of weeds
guests inside and outside the greenhouse and in preventing mechanical transmission, as in
on occasions this last one is often the only route of contamination. Therefore, the measures
preventive measures to consider are as follows:

Elimination of sick plants and suspected plants.

The tools used in multiplication, flower gathering, and cuts of
leaves should be sterilized in a 2% formaldehyde solution and 2%
sodium hydroxide for 6 seconds. Sodium triphosphate can also be used.
(377 g/liter of water) or by heat at 200ºC for two hours.
Use two sets of cutting tools and gloves, working with one,
while the other remains submerged in the solution at intervals, to sterilize them
of any virus that may be present in them.
Do not use contaminated substrates from infected roots, nor drainage water from
viral plants.
Do not reuse bamboo supports, although aluminum ones can be reused, as the latter are
they can be sterilized.
Test every two or three years when new varieties are introduced.

8.3. Fisiopatías

The falling of leaves can have various causes. On one hand, any
A sudden change in the growth level can determine a certain degree of defoliation, already
that the area around the petioles expands rapidly, increasing the diameter
of the stem at that point, while the base of the petioles that do not present tissue
meristematic cannot expand, causing the rupture of the petiole tissue and, due to
consequently, the falling of the leaf. The diseases that lead to the production of ethylene
They can also cause defoliation, and the same effect occurs in the presence of gases.
such as sulfur dioxide and ammonia.
Phytotoxicities caused by phenoxy-type herbicides are also common.
that can produce severe symptoms of distortion and curling of leaves and stems
youth
Sometimes shorter petals appear more than normal and in excessive numbers, which in some
sites are known as "bull's head." Trips are blamed for these symptoms, although it is
It is common for these flowers to appear in the absence of thrips on very vigorous stems.

9. COLLECTION

Generally, the cutting of flowers is carried out at different stages, depending on the
harvest time. Thus, under conditions of high brightness during the summer, the greatest
part of the varieties is cut when the calyx sepals are reflexed and the petals are still
they have not bloomed. However, the cutting of flowers during the winter is carried out
when they are more open, although with the two outer petals not unfolded. If you
They cut too immaturely, the heads can wilt and the flower does not harden, already
that the conducting vessels of the pedicel are not yet sufficiently lignified.
In any case, you should always leave after the cut, the stem with 2-3 buds that
they correspond to complete sheets. If we cut too early, problems may arise
with a bent neck, as a consequence of insufficient lignification of the tissues
vascular bundles of the floral peduncle.
10. POST HARVEST

Several factors come into play during post-harvest; first of all, it is important to consider that
each variety has a different cutting point and therefore the maturity level of the bud and the
The peduncle will be decisive for the subsequent evolution of the flower, once cut.

Once the flowers are cut, the factors that can act on their wilting are: difficulty
of absorption and displacement of water through the conducting vessels, inability of the tissue
floral for water retention and variation of intracellular osmotic concentration.

The cut stems are placed in trays or buckets with nutrient solution, taking them out
from the greenhouse as soon as possible to avoid wilting from transpiration
the leaves. They are immersed in a hot nutrient solution and cooled quickly. Before
To form bouquets, the flowers are placed in water or in a nutrient solution containing 200
ppm of aluminum sulfate or nitric acid and sugar at 1.5-2%, in a cold chamber at
2-4ºC to prevent the proliferation of bacteria. In the case of using only water, it must
change daily.

Once the flowers are taken out of storage, the leaves and thorns are removed from part.
inferior of the stem. Subsequently, the stems are classified according to lengths, discarding
those bent or deformed and the damaged flowers.

The classification by stem length can be done manually or mechanically.

Currently, there are numerous rose processors that carry out sorting. These
machines are equipped with various selectors for different lengths. Their use allows
reduce the labor.
In contrast to the previous operation, the quality of the flower is determined manually only.
can be complemented with some simple machine.

Finally, the formation of bunches by dozens is carried out, which are wrapped in film.
plastic and are returned to their warehouse for additional cooling (4-5ºC) before their
packaged, since the cut rose needs a few hours of cold before being
marketed.

11. MARKETING

The classification of roses is done according to the length of the stem; there are small ones.
variations in the classification criteria are outlined below:

EXTRA Quality: 90-80 cm.

FIRST QUALITY: 80-70 cm.
SECOND Quality: 70-60 cm.
Quality THIRD: 60-50 cm.
Short Quality: 50-40 cm.

Classification of mini roses

 EXTRA Quality: 60-50 cm.
FIRST QUALITY: 50-40 cm.
Quality SECOND: 70-60 cm.
Third Quality: 40-30 cm.
SHORT quality: less than 30 cm.

It is important to keep in mind that an EXTRA quality rose or mini-rose, in addition to

to meet the length and consistency of the stem, it must have a proportional flower bud and
well-formed and the health status of the leaves and stem must be optimal.