Understanding Magnetic Variables and Concepts
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ScribdTranslationsUnderstanding Magnetic Variables and Concepts
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1 Magnetic Variables
Magnetic flux
Magnetic flux, represented by the Greek letter Ф, is a measure
from the amount of magnetism, and is calculated based on the field
magnetic, the surface upon which it acts and the angle of incidence
formed between the magnetic field lines and the different
elements of that surface. The unit of magnetic flux in the
The International System of Units is the weber and is designated by Wb.
In the cegesimal system, the maxwell is used (1 weber = 10^8 maxwells).
If the magnetic field B is normal to the surface of area S, the flux Ф
What happens through that area is simply the product of the value.
absolute of both vectors:
F=BS
Concentration of magnetic flux by a loop. In many cases the
the magnetic field will not be normal to the surface, but will form a
angle Ψ with the normal, so we can generalize it a bit more
taking vectors:
F=BS=|B||S|cos(ϴ)
Normal vectors to a given surface. Further generalizing,
we can consider an irregular surface crossed by a
heterogeneous magnetic field. In this way, we have to
consider each area differential:
F=∫∫B*ds
Magnetic flux is referred to as the amount of field lines that
they pass through a magnetic circuit.
Magnetic induction
Magnetic induction or magnetic flux density, whose symbol
it is B, it is the magnetic flux per unit area of a normal section
the direction of the flow, and in some modern texts it is called
of magnetic field intensity, since it is the real field. The
unit of density in the International System of Units is the
Tesla. It is given by:
where B is the density of the magnetic flux generated by a charge q
that moves at a speed v at a distance r from the charge, and ures the
unit vector that connects the charge with the point where B is measured (the
point r). or
Where B is the density of the magnetic flux generated by a conductor.
through which a current I flows, at a distance r. The formula for this
The definition is called the Biot-Savart Law, and it is in magnetism the
equivalent to Coulomb's Law of electrostatics, as it serves to
calculate the forces acting on moving charges.
The induction field, B, or magnetic flux density (the three
names are equivalent) is more fundamental in electromagnetism
that the field H, since it is responsible for the forces on the charges
in motion and is, therefore, the physical equivalent of E.
Magnetic Reluctance
The magnetic reluctance of a material is the resistance that it
is influenced by a magnetic field. It is defined as
the relationship between magnetomotive force (m.m.f.) (SI: ampere) and the
magnetic flux (SI: weber). The term was coined by Oliver Heaviside
1888. The reluctance R of a uniform magnetic circuit can be
calculate as:
R = l / μA
Where: * R → reluctance, measured in ampere turns per weber (A
v/Weber). This unit is equivalent to the inverse of the Henry (H-1)
multiplied by the number of turns.
l → length of the circuit, measured in meters.
µ → magnetic permeability of the material, measured in H/m
(henrio/metro).
A → Area of the circuit section (core section),
in square meters.
Magnetic Permeability
In physics, magnetic permeability refers to the ability of a
substance or medium to attract and pass through the fields
magnetic, which is given by the relationship between the intensity of
existing magnetic field and the magnetic induction that appears in
the interior of said material. The magnitude thus defined, the degree of
magnetization of a material in response to a magnetic field, it
it is called absolute permeability and is usually represented by the
symbol µ:
µ=B/H
Where B is the magnetic induction (also called flux density)
magnetic) in the material, and H is the magnetic field intensity.
Magnetic Permeability in Vacuum The permeability of vacuum,
also known as magnetic constant, is represented by
the symbol µ0 and is defined as:
The electric permittivity - which appears in Coulomb's Law - and the
The magnetic constant of vacuum is related by the formula:
Where c represents the speed of light in a vacuum.
Relative Permeability, Comparison between Materials For comparison
among the materials, magnetic permeability is understood
absolute (µ) as the product of the magnetic permeability
relative permeability (µr) and the magnetic permeability of vacuum (µ0):
Materials can be classified according to their magnetic permeability.
relative to:
Ferromagnetic, whose value of magnetic permeability
relative is much greater than 1.
Paramagnetic or non-magnetic, whose relative permeability
it is approximately 1 (they behave like vacuum).
Diamagnetic, with relative magnetic permeability lower than
1.
Ferromagnetic materials attract the magnetic field towards
inside it. Only materials that "stick to magnets." That
the property is called ferromagnetism. Examples of
they are iron and nickel.
Paramagnetic materials are mostly those that
we find in nature. They do not exhibit ferromagnetism, and
his/her reaction to magnetic fields is very little
appreciable
Diamagnetic materials repel the magnetic field.
making it pass through the exterior of the material. In general,
this diamagnetic action is very weak, and it is not comparable to the
effect that the magnetic field has on materials
ferromagnetic. An example of a diamagnetic material is the
copper. Another effect of magnetic fields on the
materials is antiferromagnetism, which results in a
null polarization of the material, but produces an ordering
internal of this.
Magnetic Excitation
Magnetic excitation (also force or magnetizing field) is
one of the three fields that describe magnetism from the point
from a macroscopic point of view, and it is related to the movement of
free charges and with magnetic poles. It is also called by
historical reasons magnetic field intensity, although to avoid
confusions with the true magnetic field (the induction
magnetic B) this name and others such as field H have been given to it.
From a physical point of view, H and B are equivalent in vacuum.
except for a constant of proportionality that depends on the system
of units: 1 in the Gauss system, in the
Yes. They only differ in the means of materials with the phenomenon of the
magnetization, so the field H is mainly used in
electrotechnics.
The H field should not be confused with the applied external field to a
material, because as indicated later the H field also has
internal sources in the form of magnetic poles. Sources of H
1) In a coil, in the absence of magnetic materials, the value
H depends on the free charges in motion, and that in this
the concrete case is the product of the number of turns by the
intensity that flows through it, as expressed in the
next equation:
H=NI/L
Where:
H: field intensity in ampere-turns/metre (A·v/m)
N: number of turns of the coil
I: current intensity in amperes (A)
L: length of the coil in meters (m)
2) The magnetized materials have another source of H in the
fictitious poles created by the M field on the surface. To this part
The H field is sometimes called the demagnetizing field.
It is important in magnetic circuits and phenomena of
hysteresis. When there are no free currents, only the part exists
originated from the poles and in that case it can be established
an analogy with the electric field and define a scalar potential
magnetic. A similar law can also be established.
Coulomb's law but with magnetic charges:
Inductance
In an inductor or coil, inductance, L, is referred to as the relationship
between the magnetic flux and the intensity of electric current, I:
L=Φ/I
The flow that appears in this definition is the flow produced by the
exclusively current. Flows produced by should not be included.
other currents neither by magnets placed nearby nor by waves
electromagnetic. Unfortunately, this definition is of little
usefulness because it is difficult to measure the flow embraced by a conductor. In
change, the variations in flow can be measured and that only through
of the voltage V induced in the conductor by the variation of the flux. With
Hello we have reached a definition of equivalent inductance but made at
base of quantities that can be measured, that is, the current,
time and tension
Value of Inductance The value of inductance is determined
exclusively because of the geometric characteristics of the coil and by
the magnetic permeability of the space where it is located. Thus, for
a solenoid, the inductance, according to the equations of
Maxwell is determined by:
L=µN2A/l
Where µ is the absolute permeability of the core (the product between the
air permeability and the relative permeability of the material) N is the
number of turns, A is the cross-sectional area of the winding
and the length of the flow lines. The calculation of l is quite
complicated unless the coil is toroidal and even then, it is difficult
if the core exhibits different permeabilities depending on the
intensity that flows through it. In this case, the determination of
It is made based on the magnetization curves.
Magnetic Coupling
When the magnetic flux of one coil reaches another, it is said that
both coils are magnetically coupled. This coupling
it is often unwanted, but on occasions it is taken advantage of, like
it occurs for example in transformers. In coupled coils,
there are two types of inductance: that due to the flow of a coil over
another, called mutual inductance, and that due to the self flux,
called self-inductance. Thus, in the case of two coils,
would have
L11 – self-inductance of coil 1
L22 - autoinductance of coil 2
L12 = L21 - mutual inductances
To differentiate between self-inductance and mutual inductance, it is often
designate with L and M respectively.