5 Mark Questions (Any 4) 🔢

1. Arithmetic Progression Situations

A list of numbers forms an Arithmetic Progression (A.P.) if the

difference between consecutive terms is constant, known as the
common difference ($d$).




(i) Taxi Fare: Yes, it forms an A.P. 1



o

Fare for 1st km ($a_1$) = Rs 15 2

o
o
o

Fare for 2 km ($a_2$) = $15 + 8 = \text{Rs } 23$ 3

o
o
o

Fare for 3 km ($a_3$) = $23 + 8 = \text{Rs } 31$ 4

o
o
o

The list is $15, 23, 31, 39, \dots$

o
o

The common difference $d = 23 - 15 = 8$, which is

constant.

o



(ii) Air in a Cylinder: No, it does not form an A.P. 555


 

Let the initial volume of air be $V$. ($a_1 = V$)

o
o

Air remaining after 1st pump ($a_2$) = $V - \frac{1}

{4}V = \frac{3}{4}V$ 6

o
o
o

Air remaining after 2nd pump ($a_3$) = $\frac{3}{4}V -

\frac{1}{4}(\frac{3}{4}V) = \frac{3}{4}V (1 - \frac{1}
{4}) = \frac{9}{16}V$ 7

o
o
o

The difference $a_2 - a_1 = \frac{3}{4}V - V = -\frac{1}

{4}V$.

o
o

The difference $a_3 - a_2 = \frac{9}{16}V - \frac{3}

{4}V = \frac{9V - 12V}{16} = -\frac{3}{16}V$.

o
o

Since $-\frac{1}{4}V \neq -\frac{3}{16}V$, the

difference is not constant.




(iii) Cost of Digging a Well: Yes, it forms an A.P. 888




o
 Cost for 1st metre ($a_1$) = Rs 150 9
o
o
o

Cost for 2 metres ($a_2$) = $150 + 50 = \text{Rs }

200$ 10

o
o
o

Cost for 3 metres ($a_3$) = $200 + 50 = \text{Rs }

250$ 11

o
o
o

The list is $150, 200, 250, 300, \dots$

o
o

The common difference $d = 200 - 150 = 50$, which is

constant.




(iv) Compound Interest: No, it does not form an A.P.

12121212



The amount $A$ after $n$ years at compound interest is

given by $A = P(1 + r/100)^n$.

o
o

The amount increases by a changing percentage of the

previous year's amount, not by a fixed absolute amount.

o
 o

$a_1 = 10000(1 + 0.08)^1 = 10800$

o
o

$a_2 = 10800(1.08) = 11664$

o
o

$a_2 - a_1 = 11664 - 10800 = 864$.

o
o

$a_3 - a_2$ will be $11664 \times 0.08 \approx 933.12$.

o
o

Since $864 \neq 933.12$, the difference is not constant.

2. Fill in the Blanks for A.P. Table

We use the formula for the $n^{\text{th}}$ term of an A.P.: $a_n =

a + (n-1)d$. 13

a d n an Calculation
(i) 7 3 8 28 $a_8 = 7 + (8-1)3 = 7 + 21 = 28$ 14
$0 = -18 + (10-1)d \Rightarrow 18 = 9d \
(ii) -18 2 10 0
Rightarrow d = 2$ 15
$-5 = a + (18-1)(-3) \Rightarrow -5 = a - 51 \
(iii Rightarrow a = 46$ 16 (Correction: $a = -5 +
53 -3 18 -5 51 = 46$, not 53 as per the original table's
)
pattern, but I'll stick to the formula) Using the
provided table's values, it is 46.
$3.6 = -18.9 + (n-1)2.5 \Rightarrow 22.5 =
2.5(n-1) \Rightarrow 9 = n-1 \Rightarrow n=10$.
-
(iv 2. (Correction: $n=10$ is correct, not 27 as per the
18. 27 3.6
) 5 pattern. If $n=27$: $a_{27} = -18.9 + 26(2.5) =
9
-18.9 + 65 = 46.1$. Sticking to the formula
$n=10$) Using the formula $n=10$.
(v) 3.5 0 10 3.5 $a_{105} = 3.5 + (105-1)0 = 3.5 + 0 = 3.5$
 a d n an Calculation
5 17
3. Basic Proportionality Theorem Proof

Theorem to Prove: A line drawn through the mid-point of one side

of a triangle parallel to another side bisects the third side (Converse
of Mid-point Theorem, proved using BPT). 18

Given: $\triangle ABC$ 19




D is the mid-point of side AB, so $AD = DB$. 20





Line $DE$ is drawn such that $DE \parallel BC$. 21




To Prove: E is the mid-point of side AC, i.e., $AE = EC$. 22

Proof:

1.

In $\triangle ABC$, we are given that $DE \parallel BC$ 23.

2.
3.
4.

By the Basic Proportionality Theorem (BPT) (or Thales

Theorem), if a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to
intersect the other two sides in distinct points, the other two
sides are divided in the same ratio. 24

5.
6.
7.

Therefore, $\frac{AD}{DB} = \frac{AE}{EC}$.

 8.
9.

Since $D$ is the mid-point of $AB$, $AD = DB$.

10.
11.

This means $\frac{AD}{DB} = 1$.

12.
13.

Substituting this into the BPT result: $1 = \frac{AE}{EC}$.

14.
15.

Cross-multiplying gives $AE = EC$.

16.
17.

Thus, E bisects the side AC. (Hence proved)

18.

4. Ratio of Areas of Triangles in a Trapezium

Given: Trapezium $ABCD$ with $AB \parallel DC$ and diagonals

intersecting at $O$. $AB = 2CD$. 25To Find: Ratio of $Area(\
triangle AOB)$ to $Area(\triangle COD)$. 26
Solution:

1.

Consider $\triangle AOB$ and $\triangle COD$.

2.

$\angle AOB = \angle COD$ (Vertically Opposite Angles)

* Since $AB \parallel DC$ and $AC$ is a transversal, $\
angle OAB = \angle OCD$ (Alternate Interior Angles).

o
 o

Similarly, since $AB \parallel DC$ and $BD$ is a

transversal, $\angle OBA = \angle ODC$ (Alternate
Interior Angles).

3.

By AAA similarity criterion (or AA similarity), $\triangle AOB

\sim \triangle COD$.

4.
5.

The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the

square of the ratio of their corresponding sides.

6.
7.

$$\frac{Area(\triangle AOB)}{Area(\triangle COD)} = \left(\

frac{AB}{CD}\right)^2$$
8.
9.

We are given $AB = 2CD$.

10.
11.

$$\frac{Area(\triangle AOB)}{Area(\triangle COD)} = \left(\

frac{2CD}{CD}\right)^2 = \left(\frac{2}{1}\right)^2 = \
frac{4}{1}$$
12.
13.

Answer: The ratio of the areas of triangles $AOB$ and $COD$

is $4:1$.

14.

4 Mark Questions (Any 3) 🔢

1. First Term and Common Difference for A.P.s
The first term is the first number in the sequence ($a$). The
common difference ($d$) is the difference between any term and its
preceding term ($d = a_2 - a_1$). 27

(i) 3, 1, – 1, – 3 …

First term ($a$) = 3 28

o
o
o

Common difference ($d$) = $1 - 3 = \mathbf{-2}$ 29

o
o

(ii) -5, – 1, 3, 7 …

First term ($a$) = -5 30

o
o
o

Common difference ($d$) = $-1 - (-5) = -1 + 5 = \

mathbf{4}$ 31

o
o

(iii) $\frac{1}{3}, \frac{5}{3}, \frac{9}{3}, \frac{13}

{3} \dots$


 o

First term ($a$) = $\frac{1}{3}$ 32

o
o
o

Common difference ($d$) = $\frac{5}{3} - \frac{1}{3}

= \frac{4}{3}$ 33

o
o

(iv) 0.6, 1.7, 2.8, 3.9 …

First term ($a$) = 0.6 34

o
o
o

Common difference ($d$) = $1.7 - 0.6 = \mathbf{1.1}$

35
o
o

2. Missing Terms in A.P.

For an A.P., $a_n = a + (n-1)d$. 36



(i) 2, $\Box$, 26

$a = 2$, $a_3 = 26$, $n=3$.

o
 o

$a_3 = a + 2d \Rightarrow 26 = 2 + 2d \Rightarrow 24

= 2d \Rightarrow d = 12$.

o
o

Missing term $a_2 = a + d = 2 + 12 = \mathbf{14}$.

(ii) $\Box$, 13, $\Box$, 3

$a_2 = 13$, $a_4 = 3$.

o
o

$a_4 - a_2 = 2d \Rightarrow 3 - 13 = 2d \Rightarrow -10

= 2d \Rightarrow d = -5$.

o
o

$a_2 = a + d \Rightarrow 13 = a + (-5) \Rightarrow a =

18$.

o
o

Missing terms: $a_1 = \mathbf{18}$, $a_3 = a_2 + d =

13 + (-5) = \mathbf{8}$.

(iii) 5, $\Box$, $\Box$, $9\frac{1}{2}$

$a = 5$, $a_4 = 9\frac{1}{2} = \frac{19}{2}$, $n=4$.

 o
o

$a_4 = a + 3d \Rightarrow \frac{19}{2} = 5 + 3d \

Rightarrow 3d = \frac{19}{2} - 5 = \frac{19 - 10}{2} =
\frac{9}{2} \Rightarrow d = \frac{3}{2}$.

o
o

Missing terms: $a_2 = 5 + \frac{3}{2} = \frac{10+3}

{2} = \mathbf{\frac{13}{2}}$ or $6\frac{1}{2}$.

o
o

$a_3 = \frac{13}{2} + \frac{3}{2} = \frac{16}{2} = \

mathbf{8}$.

(iv) -4, $\Box$, $\Box$, $\Box$, $\Box$, 6

$a = -4$, $a_6 = 6$, $n=6$.

o
o

$a_6 = a + 5d \Rightarrow 6 = -4 + 5d \Rightarrow 10 =

5d \Rightarrow d = 2$.

o
o

Missing terms:

$a_2 = -4 + 2 = \mathbf{-2}$




$a_3 = -2 + 2 = \mathbf{0}$
 


$a_4 = 0 + 2 = \mathbf{2}$




$a_5 = 2 + 2 = \mathbf{4}$

(v) $\Box$, 38, $\Box$, $\Box$, $\Box$, -22

$a_2 = 38$, $a_6 = -22$.

o
o

$a_6 - a_2 = 4d \Rightarrow -22 - 38 = 4d \Rightarrow -

60 = 4d \Rightarrow d = -15$.

o
o

$a_2 = a + d \Rightarrow 38 = a + (-15) \Rightarrow a =

53$.

o
o

Missing terms:

$a_1 = \mathbf{53}$




$a_3 = 38 + (-15) = \mathbf{23}$



 $a_4 = 23 + (-15) = \mathbf{8}$




$a_5 = 8 + (-15) = \mathbf{-7}$

3. Nazima's Fly Fishing 🎣

This problem involves the Pythagorean theorem and simple distance

calculations. 37

Part 1: How much string does she have out?

The tip of the rod is $\mathbf{1.8 \text{ m}}$ above the

water. (Height of the right triangle) 3838





The horizontal distance from the point directly under the tip to
the fly is $\mathbf{2.4 \text{ m}}$ (as shown in the figure).
(Base of the right triangle) 393939





The string is taut, forming the hypotenuse of a right-angled

triangle. 40





Let $L$ be the length of the string out. By Pythagoras

theorem:




$$L^2 = (\text{Height})^2 + (\text{Base})^2$$



$$L^2 = (1.8)^2 + (2.4)^2$$

 

$$L^2 = 3.24 + 5.76$$



$$L^2 = 9.00$$


$$L = \sqrt{9.00} = \mathbf{3.0 \text{ m}}$$




Answer: She has 3.0 m of string out.

Part 2: Horizontal distance after 12 seconds

Rate of pulling in the string = $5 \text{ cm/second} = 0.05 \

text{ m/second}$. 41





String pulled in after 12 seconds = $0.05 \text{ m/s} \times

12 \text{ s} = \mathbf{0.6 \text{ m}}$. 42





Length of string remaining ($L'$) = Initial length - Length

pulled in




$$L' = 3.0 \text{ m} - 0.6 \text{ m} = \mathbf{2.4 \

text{ m}}$$



The new situation forms a new right triangle with:

Height = $1.8 \text{ m}$ (constant)

 o
o

Hypotenuse = $L' = 2.4 \text{ m}$

o
o

Base = New horizontal distance ($x$) 43

o
o

$$(2.4)^2 = (1.8)^2 + x^2$$

o

$$5.76 = 3.24 + x^2$$

o

$$x^2 = 5.76 - 3.24 = 2.52$$

o

$$x = \sqrt{2.52} \approx \mathbf{1.587 \text{ m}}$$

o

Answer: The horizontal distance of the fly from her after 12

seconds will be approximately 1.59 m.

3 Mark Questions (Any 6) 📐

1. Angle B in $\triangle ABC$

Given: $\triangle ABC$ with sides $AB = 6\sqrt{3} \text{ cm}$,

$AC = 12 \text{ cm}$, and $BC = 6 \text{ cm}$. 44To Find: Angle
B. 45
Solution (Using Converse of Pythagoras Theorem):

1.

Check if the triangle is a right-angled triangle by comparing

the square of the longest side ($AC$) with the sum of the
squares of the other two sides ($AB$ and $BC$).
 2.

$AC^2 = (12)^2 = \mathbf{144}$

o
o

$AB^2 + BC^2 = (6\sqrt{3})^2 + (6)^2$

o
o

$AB^2 + BC^2 = (36 \times 3) + 36$

o
o

$AB^2 + BC^2 = 108 + 36 = \mathbf{144}$

3.

Since $AC^2 = AB^2 + BC^2$, the triangle is a right-

angled triangle by the converse of the Pythagorean
theorem. 46

4.
5.
6.

The right angle is opposite the longest side ($AC$). Therefore,

$\angle B = \mathbf{90^\circ}$.

7.




Answer: (C) $\mathbf{90^\circ}$ 47




2. Proving $AE^2 + BD^2 = AB^2 + DE^2$

Given: $\triangle ABC$ is right-angled at $C$. $D$ and $E$ are
points on sides $CA$ and $CB$ respectively. 48

To Prove: $AE^2 + BD^2 = AB^2 + DE^2$.

Proof:

Consider the four right-angled triangles in the figure: $\triangle

ABC$, $\triangle ACE$, $\triangle BCD$, and $\triangle CDE$.

1.

In $\triangle ABC$ (right angle at $C$):

2.
3.

$$AB^2 = AC^2 + BC^2 \quad \dots (i)$$

4.
5.

In $\triangle DCE$ (right angle at $C$):

6.
7.

$$DE^2 = DC^2 + CE^2 \quad \dots (ii)$$

8.
9.

In $\triangle ACE$ (right angle at $C$):

10.
11.

$$AE^2 = AC^2 + CE^2 \quad \dots (iii)$$

12.
13.

In $\triangle BCD$ (right angle at $C$):

14.
15.

$$BD^2 = BC^2 + DC^2 \quad \dots (iv)$$

16.
17.

Now, add (iii) and (iv):

 18.
19.

$$AE^2 + BD^2 = (AC^2 + CE^2) + (BC^2 + DC^2)$$

20.

$$AE^2 + BD^2 = (AC^2 + BC^2) + (CE^2 + DC^2)$$

21.
22.

Substitute (i) and (ii) into the rearranged expression:

23.
24.

$$AE^2 + BD^2 = (AB^2) + (DE^2)$$

25.
26.

Hence, $AE^2 + BD^2 = AB^2 + DE^2$ (Proved).

27.

3. Guy Wire on a Pole

This is a right-triangle problem. 49



Height of the pole (Perpendicular, $h$) = $18 \text{ m}$ 50





Length of the guy wire (Hypotenuse, $l$) = $24 \text{ m}$

51




Distance from the base of the pole to the stake (Base, $x$)
= ? 52




By the Pythagorean theorem:

$$l^2 = h^2 + x^2$$
$$(24)^2 = (18)^2 + x^2$$
$$576 = 324 + x^2$$
$$x^2 = 576 - 324$$
$$x^2 = 252$$
$$x = \sqrt{252} = \sqrt{36 \times 7} = \mathbf{6\sqrt{7} \
text{ m}}$$
Answer: The stake should be driven $\mathbf{6\sqrt{7} \text{ m}}
$ (approximately $15.87 \text{ m}$) from the base of the pole.

4. Ladder Against a Wall

This is another right-triangle problem. 53



Length of the ladder (Hypotenuse, $l$) = $10 \text{ m}$ 54





Height of the window from the ground (Perpendicular, $h$) =

$8 \text{ m}$ 55





Distance of the foot of the ladder from the base of the wall
(Base, $x$) = ? 56




By the Pythagorean theorem:

$$l^2 = h^2 + x^2$$

$$(10)^2 = (8)^2 + x^2$$
$$100 = 64 + x^2$$
$$x^2 = 100 - 64$$
$$x^2 = 36$$
$$x = \sqrt{36} = \mathbf{6 \text{ m}}$$
Answer: The distance of the foot of the ladder from the base of the
wall is $6 \text{ m}$.

5. Find the Number of Terms ($n$) in A.P.

We use the formula $a_n = a + (n-1)d$. 57


(i) 7, 13, 19, …, 205

o
o

$a = 7$, $d = 13 - 7 = 6$, $a_n = 205$ 58

o
o
o

$205 = 7 + (n-1)6$

o
o

$198 = (n-1)6$

o
o

$n-1 = \frac{198}{6} = 33$

o
o

$n = 33 + 1 = \mathbf{34}$

o
o

Answer: There are 34 terms.

(ii) $18, 15\frac{1}{2}, 13, \dots, -47$

o
o

$a = 18$, $a_n = -47$ 59

 o
o
o

$d = 15\frac{1}{2} - 18 = \frac{31}{2} - \frac{36}{2}

= -\frac{5}{2}$

o
o

$-47 = 18 + (n-1)(-\frac{5}{2})$

o
o

$-47 - 18 = -\frac{5}{2}(n-1)$

o
o

$-65 = -\frac{5}{2}(n-1)$

o
o

$65 \times \frac{2}{5} = n-1$

o
o

$26 = n-1$

o
o

$n = 26 + 1 = \mathbf{27}$

o
o

Answer: There are 27 terms.

6. Common Difference ($d$)

Given: The $17^{\text{th}}$ term of an A.P. exceeds its $10^{\

text{th}}$ term by 7. 60To Find: Common difference ($d$). 61

Solution:
 

$a_{17} = a + (17-1)d = a + 16d$




$a_{10} = a + (10-1)d = a + 9d$




The condition is: $a_{17} = a_{10} + 7$ 62




$$(a + 16d) = (a + 9d) + 7$$



$$16d - 9d = 7$$


$$7d = 7$$


$$d = \mathbf{1}$$



Answer: The common difference is 1.

7. Difference Between $1000^{\text{th}}$ Terms

Given: Two A.P.s have the same common difference, $d$. 63The
difference between their $100^{\text{th}}$ terms is 100. 64To
Find: The difference between their $1000^{\text{th}}$ terms. 65

Solution:

Let the first A.P. be $A_1$ with first term $a_1$.




Let the second A.P. be $A_2$ with first term $a_2$.

 


Both have the same common difference, $d$. 66





Difference between $100^{\text{th}}$ terms:




$$a_{100}(A_1) - a_{100}(A_2) = 100$$



$$(a_1 + 99d) - (a_2 + 99d) = 100$$



$$a_1 - a_2 = 100$$




Difference between $1000^{\text{th}}$ terms:




$$a_{1000}(A_1) - a_{1000}(A_2) = (a_1 + 999d) - (a_2 +

999d)$$


$$a_{1000}(A_1) - a_{1000}(A_2) = a_1 - a_2$$




Substituting the difference in the first terms:




$$a_{1000}(A_1) - a_{1000}(A_2) = \mathbf{100}$$




Answer: The difference between their $1000^{\text{th}}$

terms is also 100.


2 Mark Questions (Any 10) ➕
Find the Sum of the following APs. ($S_n$)

The sum of the first $n$ terms of an A.P. is $S_n = \frac{n}{2}[2a +

(n-1)d]$. 67

1.

2, 7, 12 ,…., to 10 terms.

2.

o
o

$a = 2$, $d = 7 - 2 = 5$, $n = 10$ 68

o
o
o

$S_{10} = \frac{10}{2}[2(2) + (10-1)5]$

o
o

$S_{10} = 5[4 + 9(5)] = 5[4 + 45] = 5 \times 49 = \

mathbf{245}$

3.

$- 37, - 33, - 29 ,…, to 12 terms$

4.

o
o

$a = -37$, $d = -33 - (-37) = 4$, $n = 12$ 69

o
o
o

$S_{12} = \frac{12}{2}[2(-37) + (12-1)4]$

 o
o

$S_{12} = 6[-74 + 11(4)] = 6[-74 + 44] = 6(-30) = \

mathbf{-180}$

5.

$0.6, 1.7, 2.8 , \dots, \text{ to } 100 \text{ terms}$

6.

o
o

$a = 0.6$, $d = 1.7 - 0.6 = 1.1$, $n = 100$ 70

o
o
o

$S_{100} = \frac{100}{2}[2(0.6) + (100-1)1.1]$

o
o

$S_{100} = 50[1.2 + 99(1.1)] = 50[1.2 + 108.9]$

o
o

$S_{100} = 50[110.1] = \mathbf{5505}$

7.

$\frac{1}{15}, \frac{1}{12}, \frac{1}{10}, \dots, \

text{ to } 11 \text{ terms}$

8.

o
o

$a = \frac{1}{15}$, $n = 11$ 71
o
o
 o

$d = \frac{1}{12} - \frac{1}{15} = \frac{5 - 4}{60}

= \frac{1}{60}$

o
o

$S_{11} = \frac{11}{2}[2(\frac{1}{15}) + (11-1)(\

frac{1}{60})]$

o
o

$S_{11} = \frac{11}{2}[\frac{2}{15} + 10(\frac{1}

{60})] = \frac{11}{2}[\frac{2}{15} + \frac{1}{6}]$

o
o

$S_{11} = \frac{11}{2}[\frac{4}{30} + \frac{5}{30}]

= \frac{11}{2}[\frac{9}{30}] = \frac{11}{2}[\frac{3}
{10}] = \mathbf{\frac{33}{20}}$

9.

$- 5 + (- 8) + (- 11) + \dots + (- 230)$

10.

o
o

$a = -5$, $d = -8 - (-5) = -3$, $a_n = -230$ 72

o
o
o

First, find $n$: $a_n = a + (n-1)d$

o
o

$$-230 = -5 + (n-1)(-3)$$
o

$$-225 = -3(n-1)$$
o
 $$75 = n-1 \Rightarrow n = 76$$
o
o

Now, find $S_{76}$ using $S_n = \frac{n}{2}(a + a_n)

$:

o
o

$$S_{76} = \frac{76}{2}(-5 + (-230))$$

o

$$S_{76} = 38(-235) = \mathbf{-8930}$$

o

11.

Show that $\triangle ADE \sim \triangle ABC$

12.
13.
14.

Given: $\triangle ABE \cong \triangle ACD$ 73

15.

* Since $\triangle ABE \cong \triangle ACD$ (by CPCT):

16.

1. $AB = AC$

17.

2. $AE = AD$

18.

From $AB = AC$, dividing by $AB$ gives $\frac{AC}

{AB} = 1$.

o
o

From $AE = AD$, dividing both by $AB$ (which equals

$AC$):
 o
o

$$\frac{AE}{AC} = \frac{AD}{AB} \quad \dots (*)$$

o
o

In $\triangle ADE$ and $\triangle ABC$:

1.

$\angle A = \angle A$ (Common Angle)

2.
3.

From $(*)$, $\frac{AD}{AB} = \frac{AE}{AC}$.

(Sides are in proportion)

4.

By SAS Similarity Criterion, $\triangle ADE \sim \

triangle ABC$. (Shown)

A.P. problems (7-10)

1.
2.

Given $a = 8$, $a_n = 62$, $S_n = 210$, find $n$ and

$d$. 74

3.
4.

$S_n = \frac{n}{2}(a + a_n) \Rightarrow 210 = \frac{n}

{2}(8 + 62) \Rightarrow 210 = \frac{n}{2}(70)$

o
o
 $210 = 35n \Rightarrow n = \frac{210}{35} = \
mathbf{6}$

o
o

$a_n = a + (n-1)d \Rightarrow 62 = 8 + (6-1)d \

Rightarrow 54 = 5d$

o
o

$d = \mathbf{\frac{54}{5}}$ or $10.8$

5.
6.

Find $S_{22}$ for A.P. with $d = 7$ and $a_{22} =

149$. 75

7.
8.

$a_{22} = a + 21d \Rightarrow 149 = a + 21(7) \

Rightarrow 149 = a + 147 \Rightarrow a = 2$

o
o

$S_{22} = \frac{22}{2}(a + a_{22}) = 11(2 + 149) =

11(151)$

o
o

$S_{22} = \mathbf{1661}$

9.
10.

Find the sum of first 15 multiples of 8. 76

11.
12.
 o

The A.P. is $8, 16, 24, \dots$

o
o

$a = 8$, $d = 8$, $n = 15$

o
o

$S_{15} = \frac{15}{2}[2(8) + (15-1)8]$

o
o

$S_{15} = \frac{15}{2}[16 + 14(8)] = \frac{15}{2}[16

+ 112] = \frac{15}{2}[128]$

o
o

$S_{15} = 15 \times 64 = \mathbf{960}$

1 Mark Questions (Answer all) 📝

1. Fill in the Blanks


(i) All circles are similar. (congruent, similar) 77





(ii) All squares are similar. (similar, congruent) 78





(iii) All equilateral triangles are similar. (isosceles,

equilateral) 79



 

(iv) Two polygons of the same number of sides are similar, if

(a) their corresponding angles are equal and (b) their
corresponding sides are proportional. (equal, proportional)
80



V & VI.

Examples of Similar and Non-similar Figures 81



(V) Similar figures:

1.

A $2 \text{ cm}$ square and a $5 \text{ cm}$ square.

2.
3.

A small circle and a large circle.

4.

(VI) Non-similar figures:

1.

A square and a rectangle (that is not a square).

2.
3.

An equilateral triangle and an isosceles triangle (that is

not equilateral).

4.

VII. Value of $k$ for A.P.

If $2k, k+10, 3k+2$ are in A.P., the common difference is equal: 82
$$(k+10) - 2k = (3k+2) - (k+10)$$
$$10 - k = 2k - 8$$
$$10 + 8 = 2k + k$$
$$18 = 3k \Rightarrow k = \mathbf{6}$$
VIII. Find the First Term ($a$)

Given: $d = -4$, $a_7 = 4$. 83

$$a_7 = a + 6d$$
$$4 = a + 6(-4)$$
$$4 = a - 24 \Rightarrow a = \mathbf{28}$$
IX. Find $a$ and $d$

A.P. is $11, 8, 5, 2, \dots$ 84



First term ($a$) = 11




Common difference ($d$) = $8 - 11 = \mathbf{-3}$

X. Find Common Difference ($d$)

Given: $a = 2$, $a_5 = 14$. 85

$$a_5 = a + 4d$$
$$14 = 2 + 4d$$
$$12 = 4d \Rightarrow d = \mathbf{3}$$

10 Mark Question (Any 1) ⚖️

Ratio of Area of $\triangle DEF$ and $\triangle ABC$

Given: $D, E, F$ are the mid-points of sides $AB, BC, CA$ of $\

triangle ABC$. 86To Find: Ratio of $Area(\triangle DEF)$ to $Area(\
triangle ABC)$. 87
Solution (Using Mid-point Theorem):

1.
By the Mid-point Theorem: The line segment joining the
mid-points of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side
and is half the length of the third side.

2.
3.

Since $D$ and $E$ are mid-points of $AB$ and $BC$, $DE \
parallel AC$ and $DE = \frac{1}{2}AC$.

4.
5.

Similarly:

6.

$EF \parallel AB$ and $EF = \frac{1}{2}AB$

o
o

$DF \parallel BC$ and $DF = \frac{1}{2}BC$

7.

Consider $\triangle DEF$ and $\triangle ABC$. Since the sides

of $\triangle DEF$ are proportional to the sides of $\triangle
ABC$ (with ratio $1/2$):

8.
9.

$$\frac{DE}{AC} = \frac{EF}{AB} = \frac{DF}{BC} = \

frac{1}{2}$$
10.
11.

By SSS Similarity Criterion, $\triangle DEF \sim \triangle

ABC$.

12.
13.

The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the

square of the ratio of their corresponding sides:
 14.
15.

$$\frac{Area(\triangle DEF)}{Area(\triangle ABC)} = \left(\

frac{DE}{AC}\right)^2 = \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^2 = \
frac{1}{4}$$
16.

Alternative Method (Parallelograms):

1.

Since $D, E, F$ are mid-points, $DE \parallel AC$, $DF \parallel

BC$. Therefore, $AFDE$ is a parallelogram.

2.
3.

The diagonal $DE$ divides parallelogram $AFDE$ into two

congruent triangles, so $Area(\triangle ADE) = Area(\triangle
DEF)$.

4.
5.

Similarly, $DFCE$ is a parallelogram, $Area(\triangle CFE) =

Area(\triangle DEF)$.

6.
7.

And $DBEF$ is a parallelogram, $Area(\triangle BDE) = Area(\

triangle DEF)$.

8.
9.

Thus, $\triangle DEF$, $\triangle ADE$, $\triangle BDE$, and

$\triangle CFE$ are all congruent, so they have equal areas.

10.
11.

$Area(\triangle ABC) = Area(\triangle DEF) + Area(\triangle

ADE) + Area(\triangle BDE) + Area(\triangle CFE)$

12.
13.
 $$Area(\triangle ABC) = 4 \times Area(\triangle DEF)$$
14.
15.

$$\frac{Area(\triangle DEF)}{Area(\triangle ABC)} = \frac{1}

{4}$$
16.

Answer: The ratio of the area of $\triangle DEF$ to the area of $\

triangle ABC$ is $1:4$.