MODULE 3 PART A ANSWER

[Link] the Cauchy’s mean

value theorem for

f(x) = x3, g(x) = 2−x, in[0, 9]

and find the value of c.

[Link]’s Mean Value Theorem (CMVT):
If f and gare continuous on [ a , b ]and differentiable on ( a , b ), then there exists c ∈(a , b)such that
'
f (b)−f (a) f (c)
= .
g (b)−g (a) g' (c)

Given
3
f ( x)=x , g( x)=2−x ,[a , b]=[0 , 9].
Compute:

f (9)−f (0) 729

f (9)−f (0)=729 , g(9)−g (0)=(2−9)−(2−0)=−9. = =−81.
g (9)−g(0) −9
Derivatives:
' 2 '
f ( x)=3 x , g (x )=−1.
Apply CMVT:
'
f (c ) 3 c 2
= =−3 c2=−81⇒ c2=27⇒ c=3 √ 3 .
'
g ( c) −1

Answer: c=3 √ 3(since c ∈(0 , 9)).

[Link] Taylor theorem for

f(x) = (1 − x)5/2 with

Lagrange’s form of

remainder upto two terms

in the interval [0,1]

Given: f (x)=¿, interval [ 0 , 1 ]

Expand about x=0 .

Derivatives

f (0) ¿ 1
'
f ( x) ¿

Taylor’s theorem (up to two terms) with Lagrange remainder

2
' x ''
f (x)=f ( 0)+ x f (0)+ f (ξ ),0< ξ< x ≤ 1
2!
Substitute:

¿¿
Hence, Taylor’s theorem is verified with Lagrange’s form of the remainder.
[Link] that

sin−1x

1 − x2

=x+4

x3

3
2
1 x
=1+ +⋯
√1−x 2
2

Now multiply:

( )( )
−1 3 2
sin ⁡ x x x
= x+ 1+
√1−x 2
6 2

Keeping terms up to x 3:

3 3 3 −1 3
x x 4 x sin ⁡ x =x+ 4 x
¿ x+ + =x+
2 6 3 √ 1−x 2 3
[Link] the curve

3ay2 = x(x − a)2

Curve: 3 a y 2=x ¿

1. Symmetry

Since y 2appears, the curve is symmetric about the x-axis.

2. Intercepts

 x-axis ( y=0):
x ¿Points: ( 0 , 0 ) , ( a , 0 )
 y-axis ( x=0 ):
Only point is ( 0 , 0 )

3. Region of existence
2
y =x ¿ ¿
For a> 0, curve exists for x ≥ 0 .

4. Nature at the origin

2 a
Near x=0 , y ≈ x
⇒ curve has a cusp at the origin.
3

5. Tangent at x=a

At x=a , y=0and the curve touches the x-axis ⇒ tangent is the x-axis.

6. Nature of the curve

Two symmetric branches above and below the x-axis, starting from a cusp at the origin, touching the
x-axis again at ( a , 0 ), and then moving away.
[Link] the curve

y2(a − x) = (x + a)

Curve: y 2 (a−x)=x+ a

1. Symmetry

Since y 2appears, the curve is symmetric about the x-axis.

2. Intercepts

 x-axis ( y=0):
x +a=0 ⇒(−a , 0)
 y-axis ( x=0 ):
2
a y =a ⇒ y=± 1

3. Region of existence

2 x +a
y= ≥ 0⇒−a ≤ x <a
a−x

4. Asymptote

⇒ vertical asymptote: x=a

As x → a , y → ∞

5. Nature of curve

Two branches (above and below x-axis) start from (−a ,0 ), pass through ( 0 , ± 1 ), and approach the
asymptote x=a .
MODULE 3 PART B ANSWER

[Link] f(x)=sin xy in

powers of x-1 and y − π

upto second degree terms

Expand about ¿.

Given f (x , y )=sin ⁡(xy ).

Values of function and derivatives

π π π π
f (1 , )=sin ⁡ =1f x = y cos ⁡( xy )⇒ f x (1, )=0f y =x cos ⁡( xy) ⇒ f y (1 , )=0
2 2 2 2

Second derivatives:
2
2 π −π f =−x 2 sin ⁡(xy )⇒ f (1 , π )=−1
f xx =− y sin ⁡(xy )⇒ f xx (1, )= yy yy
2 4 2
π −π
f xy =cos ⁡(xy)−xy sin ⁡(xy )⇒ f xy (1 , )=
2 2

Taylor expansion up to second degree

sin ⁡(xy)≈ ¿

2
π
sin ⁡(xy)=1− ¿
8
(up to second degree terms)
[Link] f(x)=log(cos x) as

Taylor series about x =

π
Expand about x=a= .
3
f (x)=log ⁡(cos ⁡x)

π
Values of function and derivatives at x=
3

( π3 )=log ⁡ ⁣( 12 )=−log ⁡2f ( x)=−tan ⁡x ⇒ f ⁣( π3 )=−√ 3f (x )=−sec ⁡ x ⇒ f ⁣( π3 )=−4

f ⁣
' ' '' 2 ''

f (x)=−2 sec ⁡ x tan ⁡x ⇒ f ⁣( )=−8 √ 3

'' ' 2 π'''
3

π
Taylor series about x=
3

( ) ( )
2
π π
log ⁡(cos ⁡x )= −log ⁡2−√ 3 ⁣ x − −2 ⁣ x −
3 3
¿ ¿

4 √3
( ) ( ) ( )
2 3
π π π
log ⁡(cos ⁡x )=−log ⁡2−√ 3 x − −2 x − − x− +⋯
3 3 3 3
[Link] the value of c in the

interval [3,7] for the

function f(x) = ex,

g(x) = e−x using CMVT.

Apply Learner to recall the

Concept

Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem (CMVT):

If f , gare continuous on [ a , b ]and differentiable on ( a , b ), then
'
f (b)−f (a) f (c)
= for some c ∈(a , b).
g (b)−g (a) g' (c)

Given:
f ( x)=e , g ( x)=e , interval [ 3 ,7 ]
x −x

Both functions are continuous and differentiable ⇒ CMVT applies.

Apply CMVT
7 3 c
e −e e 2c
−7 −3
= −c =−e
e −e −e
Note:
3 4
e 7−e 3 e (e −1)
−7 −3
= −7 4
=−e 10
e −e e (1−e )
So,
2c 10 2c 10
−e =−e ⇒ e =e ⇒ 2c =10⇒ c=5

c=5
[Link] the Cauchy’s mean

value theorem to find the

value of c,for the functions

f(x) =

x,

g(x) = √1

x in [a,b]where

0!a!

Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem (CMVT):

If f , gare continuous on [ a , b ]and differentiable on ( a , b ), then
'
f (b)−f (a) f (c)
= , c ∈(a , b).
g (b)−g (a) g' (c)

Given:

f (x)=√ x , g (x)=
√ 1 1
= , 0< a<b
x √x
Both functions are continuous and differentiable for x >0.

Compute derivatives

' 1 ' −1
f ( x)= , g ( x )=
2 √x 2x
3/ 2

Apply CMVT

1
√ b− √a = 2 √ c =−c
1 1 −1
−
√b √a 2 c 3/ 2
Simplify LHS:

√ b−√ a =−√ ab
√ a−√ b
√ ab
Thus,
−c=− √ ab ⇒ c=√ ab

c= √ ab
[Link] Cauchy’s mean value

theorem for the functions

f(x) = x2, g(x) = x3 in [ 1 ,

2 ] to find the value of c.

Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem (CMVT):

If f , gare continuous on [ a , b ]and differentiable on ( a , b ), then
'
f (b)−f (a) f (c)
= , c ∈(a , b).
g (b)−g (a) g' (c)

Given:
f ( x)=x , g( x )=x on [ 1 ,2 ]
2 3

Both are continuous on [ 1 ,2 ]and differentiable on ( 1 , 2 ).

Apply CMVT

f (2)−f (1) 4−1 3

= =
g (2)−g(1) 8−1 7
Derivatives:
' ' 2
f ( x)=2 x , g (x )=3 x
So,

2c 3 2 3 14
= ⇒ = ⇒ 14=9 c ⇒ c=
3c 7 3c 7 9
2

14
c=
9
[Link] the curve

a2y2 = x2(a2 − x2)

Curve: a 2 y 2=x 2 (a 2−x 2)

1. Symmetry

Since both x 2and y 2appear, the curve is symmetric about both x-axis and y-axis.

2. Intercepts

 x-axis ( y=0):
2 2 2
x (a −x )=0 ⇒ x=0 , ±a

y=0⇒ only the origin

 y-axis ( x=0 ):

3. Region of existence
2 2 2
x (a −x )
y 2= ≥ 0⇒ ∣ x ∣ ≤ a
a2

4. Nature at the origin

Near x=0 ,
2 2
y ≈ x ⇒ y=± x
⇒ origin is a node with tangents y=± x .

5. Maximum ordinate

a
At x=± :
√2
2
a2 a
y = ⇒ y=±
4 2

6. Shape of the curve

A closed curve (lemniscate type) centered at the origin, touching the x-axis at ( ± a , 0 ) .

Curve: a 2 y 2=x 2 (a 2−x 2)

[Link] the curve y = x +

1

1. Symmetry

Since both x 2and y 2appear, the curve is symmetric about both x-axis and y-axis.

2. Intercepts

 x-axis ( y=0):
2 2 2
x (a −x )=0 ⇒ x=0 , ±a

y=0⇒ only the origin

 y-axis ( x=0 ):

3. Region of existence
2 2 2
x (a −x )
y 2= ≥ 0⇒ ∣ x ∣ ≤ a
a2

4. Nature at the origin

Near x=0 ,
2 2
y ≈ x ⇒ y=± x
⇒ origin is a node with tangents y=± x .

5. Maximum ordinate

a
At x=± :
√2
2
2 a a
y= ⇒ y=±
4 2

6. Shape of the curve

A closed curve (lemniscate type) centered at the origin, touching the x-axis at ( ± a , 0 ) .
[Link] the curve y = x +

1
Curve: y=x +
x

1. Symmetry

1
f (−x)=−x− =−f (x )
x
⇒ symmetric about the origin.

2. Intercepts

 x-axis:
x + =0 ⇒ x +1=0 ⇒ no real intercepts.
1 2
x
 y-axis:
Not defined at x=0 .

3. Asymptotes

 Vertical asymptote: x=0

 Oblique asymptote: y=x

4. Stationary points

dy 1
=1− 2 =0 ⇒ x =±1 y (1)=2(minimum), y (−1)=−2(maximum)
dx x

5. Nature of curve

Two separate branches:

 For x >0: curve lies in I quadrant, has a minimum at ( 1 , 2 ).

 For x <0: curve lies in III quadrant, has a maximum at (−1 ,−2 ).

Approaches x=0 and the line y=x asymptotically.

[Link] the curve

y2(a − x) = x2(a + x)

Curve: y 2 (a−x)=x 2( a+ x)

1. Symmetry

Since y 2appears, the curve is symmetric about the x-axis.

2. Intercepts

 x-axis ( y=0):
2
x (a+ x )=0 ⇒ x=0 , −aPoints: ¿
 y-axis ( x=0 ):
2
a y =0⇒ (0 , 0)

3. Region of existence
2
x (a+ x )
y 2= ≥ 0⇒−a ≤ x <a
a−x

4. Asymptote

As x → a , denominator (a−x)→ 0⇒ y → ∞

⇒ vertical asymptote x=a

5. Nature at the origin

Near x=0 : y 2 ≈ x 2 ⇒ y=± x

⇒ origin is a node with tangents y=± x .

6. Shape

Two branches symmetric about the x-axis, passing through (−a ,0 )and the origin, and approaching
the asymptote x=a .
[Link] the curve

)2/3 + (

)2/3 = 1

() ()
2/ 3 2 /3
x y
Curve: + =1
a b
This is a standard astroid.

1. Symmetry

The curve involves even powers of x and y (2/3) ⇒ symmetric about both x-axis and y-axis.

2. Intercepts

()
2/ 3
x
 x-axis ( y=0): =1 ⇒ x=± a
a

y-axis ( x=0 ): ( )
2 /3
y
 =1 ⇒ y =±b
b

3. Tangents at intercepts

At the intercepts, the tangents are vertical at x=± a and horizontal at y=±b .

4. Nature of the curve

 Smooth, closed curve

 Four cusps at ( ± a , 0 ) and ( 0 , ± b )

 Lies entirely within rectangle defined by [ −a , a ]and [ −b , b ]

5. Shape description

The curve is a symmetric “diamond-like” astroid, touching the axes at ( ± a , 0 ) and ( 0 , ± b ) , with
smooth concave arcs connecting the cusps.
If you want, I can sketch the astroid for clarity—it helps a lot visually.

[Link] the curve

y2(2a − x) = x3

Curve: y 2 (2 a−x)=x 3

1. Symmetry

Since y 2appears, the curve is symmetric about the x-axis.

2. Intercepts

 x-axis ( y=0):
3
x =0 ⇒ x=0
Point: ( 0 , 0 )

 y-axis ( x=0 ):
2
y (2 a−0)=0 ⇒ y =0
Same point ( 0 , 0 )

3. Region of existence
3
2 x
y= ≥0
2 a−x
For real y : 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 a

4. Tangent at origin
3 3 /2
2 x x
Near x=0 , y ≈ ⇒ y ≈±
2a √2 a
 Origin is a cusp (since slope dy /dx =0at origin)

5. Asymptotic behavior

⇒ y →∞
−¿¿ +¿¿
As x → 2 a , denominator (2 a−x)→0

 Vertical asymptote at x=2 a

6. Shape

 Two branches symmetric about x-axis

 Start at cusp at origin, rise to infinity as x → 2 a