Unit:3

PLUMBING

Plumbing is any system that conveys fluids for a wide range of applications.

Plumbing uses pipes, valves, plumbing fixtures, tanks, and other apparatuses to
convey fluids.

Heating, ventilation and cooling (HVAC), waste removal, and potable water delivery
are among the most common uses for plumbing, but it is not limited to these
applications
 WATER SUPPLY PIPING

• Water piping systems must be designed to provide uniform flow and

pressure in all floors and places
• Piping system to be adopted will differ when
– Main supply is used
– Overhead tank supply is used
– Underground – overhead tank supply is used
– Pumped systems are used

• Water supply pipng systems: Cold water systems, Hot water systems.
• Types of cold water system
– Direct supply system: Water is supplied direct from mains to fixtures
– Indirect supply system: Water is first supplied to overhead tank and
then distributed to different floors by gravity.
 COLD WATER
SUPPLY -
DIRECT
SYSTEM
• All appliances of a house are
directly connected to the main
supply line of Municipality/city
government/ supply company.
 DIRECT WATER SUPPLY

• Adequate water pressure should be available round the clock

• Water is supplied to all fixtures in all levels directly from the city main
• Minimum pressure available will limit number of floors
• Convenient and economical to users
• In addition to its normal supply function, it requires an adequate emergency
storage in the event of water main failure.
• The system requires more pipework than the indirect system and is
therefore more expensive to install, but uniform pressure occurs at all
cistern-supplied outlets.
• To reduce the pressure and to maintain constant pressure depending on the
location at which water enters house, a pressure reducing valve is
sometimes introduced at the main and then the water is distributed to other
pipes of the house.
 Direct Water Supply System

Advantages
• Water supply is continuous throughout day.

Disadvantages
• If water supply is only for certain period of time in a day, it is cumbersome,
as user would be without water for certain time of day.
• If main supply pipe is damaged, whole water supply of house will have to be
stopped till it is repaired.
• Requires less maintenance compared to indirect water supply system
 COLD WATER SUPPLY- INDIRECT
SYSTEM
Here, water enters house from the rising main (main pipe from where water enters
house), which is branched off into kitchen sink and storage tank either
underground or overhead.
• Only kitchen sink receives potable water directly from municipal mains. All the
other appliances receive water from the storage tank.
• The storage tank is kept at height so that water comes down into fixtures
through gravity at sufficient pressure.

Indirect cold water supply has 3 systems:

1. Supply from overhead tank
2. Supply from underground - overhead tank
3. Pumped system
 Supply from
overhead tank

• It requires sufficient water pressure

to reach the top, at least for a
limited period of time
• To meet requirements during non-
supply hours
• Tank filled with direct connection
from mains
• Supply to kitchens taken directly
from main
• Taps, toilets etc connected to tank
 Underground – Overhead tank

• When pressure is always low

• Water stored in underground tanks
and pumped to overhead tank
• 2-3 storied houses use direct as well
as underground-overhead tank
system to get clear drinking water
• Tall buildings need to use water from
tank for all requirements
 Pumped system

• Automatic pumping system like hydro

pneumatic system
• Pressure in the system is boosted by
pumping sets
• Water is pumped from underground tanks
directly to supply-points
• Eliminates need for overhead tank
• Ideal for existing buildings
 Indirect Water Supply System

Advantages
• Once water is stored in storage tank it can be used at any hour of a day, but
a definite storage capacity is needed.

Disadvantages
• In case if any pipe is damaged only that fixture water supply is stopped.
Rest fixtures gets water supply from tank.
• Indirect Water Supply System Tanks (overhead at some level/underground
with pumps) require regular maintenance, cleaning, protection from UV rays
 Hot water supply piping systems

Hot water is needed for bathing and washing in domestic use. There are different
appliances used based on the hot water demand like geysers, boilers etc. In
case of hot water generated in central boiler must be supplied without much
loss of temperature and pressure
• Length of supply pipe increases heat dissipation
• Recirculation of water is required for prompt availability of hot water
• To overcome the wastage of heat, return pipe is provided from the remotest
point of the hot water mains.
• Circulation is automatically achieved by thermo-siphonic action
 Piping system using Thermo-syphonic
action

• Circulation of hot water from main pipe

and return line can occur without the aid
of pump
• Difference in density of water at different
temperatures
• Boiler should be placed below the point
of supply
• Suited for smaller installation
 Piping system with forced circulation
• Natural thermo-siphonic pressure is low
• Larger installations require additional pressure
• Helps in using reduced pipe sizes
• Circulation pump must be designed to overcome frictional losses within the
circuit
• Pump should not be used as a booster pump to increase pressure in hot water
lines.
 Piping layout
• A variety of piping layouts for hot
water supply can be arranged, but
some basic principles to be followed
for efficient, effective and
economical design.
• Downfeed system
– Main line(1) is lifted upto the top
floor where the distribution
main(2) will run
– Single downtake pipes(3) are
dropped in each shaft to join a
common return line at the
bottom which is connected to
boiler
– Very efficient, simple and
economical.
 Piping layout
• Upfeed system
– Main flow line(1) and return
pipe(4) are laid at the
lowest level
– Vertical upflow pipes(2)
and corresponding return
pipes(3) supply to rooms
above
– Circulation will occur due to
thermo-siphonic action or
by forced circulation
 Water Flushing

• Water flushing is a pipe cleaning method that entails jetting high-pressure,

high-velocity water through a sewer cleaning nozzle for a prescribed
number of passes.
• Flushing of the sewer pipe is used to remove debris such as sediments,
roots, concrete, calcite and other foreign objects which can cause
blockages and damage to the inner walls of the pipe.
• Flushing the water main lines also ensures that fire hydrants are operational
and allows the operator to assess the available water pressure and flow rate
for firefighting purposes.
PIPING AT SUNKEN SLAB
PIPING AT SUNKEN SLAB
Piping in sunken areas
Piping in sunken areas, false
ceiling areas
 Piping in sunken areas, false ceiling
areas
Advantages:
• All the pipes are concealed in the floor.
Disadvantages
• Height of the space is decreased due to the sunken slab.
• Needs experienced or skilled labor to construct
 HOUSE DRAINAGE

• The principles and procedures to be followed while constructing and laying

sewer lines in private buildings
• Public sewers are laid along public roads
• Private plot holders construct sewer line in the plot and join to the public
sewer
 Principles of house drainage

• The sewers are to be situated by the side of the building rather than below
• Drains are to be laid straight between inspection chambers
• Should be properly ventilated
• Should contain enough number of traps
• Joints are to be watertight
• Sewers should be laid at proper gradient
• Layout should be such that it permits easy cleaning and removal of
obstructions
• Material of sewer should be non absorbent and earth cushioning should be
provided to protect them from external loads
• Sewage formed should be conveyed as early as possible after its formation
• Adequate size for maximum discharge
 Traps

• Traps are defined as fittings at the end of soil pipes or waste pipes to prevent
foul gases coming out of the soil pipe/ waste pipe
• Depressed or bent sanitary fitting which is always filled with waste water
• Contains water seal- measured as the vertical distance between crown and
dip (25-75mm)
• Prevent the passage of foul air or gases but allows sewage to pass through
• Effectiveness depends on depth of water seal
 Traps - requirements

• Easily cleaned
• Easily fixed
• Free from inside projections
• Simple construction
• Smooth surfaces
 Traps, pipes and other components

• Good traps should have following qualities:

• Should provide enough water seal(around 50mm) with large s urface area
• Interiors surface should be smooth so that the flow is not on]bstrcuted which
enables self cleansing.
• An assess door should be provided for cleaning the trap.
• It should be made of non-absorbent material
TRAP TERMINOLOGY
Traps - classification
 Traps - Classification by shape

• P- trap : Has the shape of “P”. The legs of the trap are at right angles
• Q- trap : The legs meet at an acute angle
• S- Trap: Has the shape of “S”. The legs of the trap are parallel
 Floor trap or Nahni trap

• Floor trap is also called as Nahni Trap (Nahni in hindi means washing /
bathing place).
• Nahni Trap is provided to prevent the foul gasses entering into the
building by providing the water seal.
• Minimum 50 mm depth of water seal should be provided.
• Whether waste water is flowing or not, floor trap prevents the foul gases
(bad smells) to enter in to the building.
• To collect wastewater from the bathroom, wash area, wash basin, kitchen
sinks etc.
• Floor traps are available in PVC, UPVC and CI; they are without vent
pipe but removable grating is provided at the top of Traps.
 Floor trap or Nahni trap
• Provided as points of exit of waste
water in the house
• Placed in bathrooms, kitchens etc.
• Forms the starting point of waste
water flow
• Also known as nahni trap
 Floor trap
• Grated cover is always fixed flush with floor level and
can be removed to permit easy cleaning and
maintenance.
• total depth varies from 100 - 125 mm.
• On the upper floors if it used, that room/area/space
has to be sunken or raised about 150-200mm to
accomodate the trap.
• Flooring should have slope towards the trap
• Outle of nahni trap is always connected to waste
water pipe except the nahni trap connected to
urinal/s is connected to soil pipe.
• Nahni traps laid at the ground/Plinth level
arseperately connected to waste wwater pipe which
directly discharges the water over a gully trap
 GULLY TRAP
• A gully trap is provided
outside the building before
connecting to external
sewerage line. It also
collects waste water from
the kitchen sink, wash
basins, baths and wash
area.
• It has deep water seal of
minimum 50 mm depth
and it also prevents entry
of bugs and insects from
sewer line to waste water
pipes.
 Gully trap
• Forms the starting
point of horizontal
flow of sewage
• Situated near external
face of wall
• Leads the sewage to
inspection chambers,
manholes or sewers
 GULLY TRAP
• The total depth of gully trap shall not be less than 30
cm.
• Depth of water shall not be less than 15 cm and with a
minimum water seal of 50 mm.
• Each gully trap shall have one cast iron grating 15 cm
x 15 cm and it must be embedded in cement concrete
foundation properly and housed in a brick masonry
chamber.
• Chamber must be well plastered and one water and
air tight C.I cover fixed over frame 30 cm X 30 cm
inside dimensions.
• 3-4 Waste water pipes can be discharged into one
single gully trap chamber
 Intercepting trap
• Provided in the last
manhole
• Conveys sewage
from house to the
public sewer
• Also known as
interceptor or
disconnecting trap
INTERCEPTING CHAMBER
 INTERCEPTING CHAMBER

• 60 TO 65 MM water seal
• Primary function is to prevent movement of foul
gases and air from public/common sewer into
household sewer. Therefore this trap is always fixed
at the outlet point of last inspection chamber of the
house hold sewer system. Such chambers which
are provided with intercepting trap are therefore
referred to as Intercepting chambers.
• C.I or glazed stoneware trap
• Last IC is provided with a vent pipe.
 GREASE TRAP

• To remove oily waste from waste water

• Used in larege hotels, restaurants , industries
where large quantities of oil waste are expected
• Since the oil or grease sticks to the pipes inner
surface has a tendency to clog, choke and forms
the scale in turn increase in the inner dia and
would not be able to clean. So to avoid these
issues oil is collected and remove prior.
• Masonry or cast iron
• Bent or tee pipe at the outlet
 Bottle Traps

• basin's plumbing that keeps the bathroom

hygienic and odor-free
• Easy connection
• Easy Maintenance
• Provided below washbasin, drinking water
fountain or cold water dispensers.
• In bottle trap, the discharge of waste water is
not quick as compared to other type of traps, so
its usage is limited to wash basins but not used
for kitchen sinks
BOTTLE TRAP
Type of trap Equipments or locations where it is used

Bottle trap Wash basin

Nahni Trap or floor trap Bathrooms, toilets, urinals, Below sinks and
washing areas, utility area
Gully trap Kitchen, washing areas, Waste water discharge
chambers
Intercepting traps Last chamber of house hold sewer system

Grease trap Kitchen, wash area of restaurants, canteens,

hotels, hostels etc
Silt trap Courtyards, open to sky pavements, wash
areas
SYSTEMS OF PLUMBING

HOUSE DRAINAGE
 Systems of plumbing

• Single-stack system
• One-pipe system
• One-pipe system partially ventilated
• Two-pipe system
 Single stack system
• Single vertical soil
pipe is fixed and all
waste matter is
discharged into it
• The pipe also acts as
vent pipe
• Economic
Single stack system
 One pipe system
• Separate vent pipe
is added
• More effective than
single stack system
• Vent pipe of
minimum 50 mm
diameter
One-pipe system
One pipe system partially ventilated

• One soil pipe to collect all waste matter and a

relief vent pipe which provides ventilation only
to the traps of water closets
• Intermediate arrangement between single
stack and one pipe system
 Two pipe system

• Two sets of pipe are laid

• Soil fixtures connected to
vertical soil pipe
• Connections of waste
water are made to
another waste pipe
• Soil and waste pipe are
provided with separate
vent pipes
• Four pipes, hence costly
Two-pipe system
MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTIONS
 Un-plasticized PVC (UPVC)
Pipes
• rigid PVC pipes
• light in weight, tough, resistant
to chemical attack and large in
length.
• Due to large in length the cost of
handling is much whereas
transportation and installation
cost is less.
• Smooth internal surface of pipes
provide less friction which
results in saving of energy. PVC Pipes - Light
• not suitable for the area which is weight still powerfull.
very hot.
• Can be used for sewers, soil,
waste water, Rain water
 CPVC
• CPVC - CPVC is a
thermoplastic made via
chlorination of the polyvinyl
chloride resin.
• It is resistant to
degradation and provides a
long service lifespan.
• In fact, the first piping
systems using CPVC
occurred in 1959, and they
are still working without a
problem.
 CPVC
• PVC is off-white, light gray, or yellow.

• Most suitable for commercial applications,

hot water distribution.

• CPVC (chlorinated polyvinyl chloride) is

piping made from chlorinated polyvinyl
chloride. Its a thermoplastics.
 PPR PIPES
• PPR - Presently PP-R
pipes & fittings are most
reliable in plumbing and
water supply plants, due
to their chemical
features and fusion
welding, which ensures
the plumbing to have a
perfect seal tight
system.
• It can be used both as a
cold water pipe or a hot
water pipe.
 PPR PIPES
• · PPR is white, green • Cost-effective and
and gray
eco-friendly.
• · Cost-effective and • durable enough about
environmentally friendly 50 yrs of life.
• PPR (polypropylene
random co-polymer) is
piping made from
polypropylene with a
random blend of long
and short hydrocarbon
chains(Thermoplastic)
 PB(Polybutylene) Water PIPES
• Polybutylene is a form of plastic
resin that was used extensively
in the manufacture of water
supply piping from 1978 until
1995. Due to the low cost of the
material and ease of installation,
polybutylene piping systems
were viewed as "the pipe of the
future" and were used as a
substitute for traditional copper
piping.
• The leaks were associated with
degradation of polybutylene
exposed to chlorinated water.
HDPE (High Density
Polyethylene)PIPES
 COMPOSITE PIPING
• High grade Virgin
Polyethylene and
Aluminium
• Middle layer is thin
aluminum, outer
layer is PPR, and
inner layer is PPR.
 COMPOSITE PIPES
• Composite pipes - They are lower in weight,
much corrosion resistance and high
strength Ease of deployment.
• Composite pipes can't be used easily and
connection is also dfficult. It requires
special technique to be used.
 VALVES

• Valve is a device that regulates, controls or directs the flow of a fluid

by opening, closing, or partially obstructing fluid flow.

GATE VALVES

• Gate valves are used to permit or prevent the flow of liquids, and are
typically for on/off control rather than flow regulation. Because of
their ability to cut through liquids, gate valves are often used in the
petroleum industry.
• Applications: Gate valves are used in almost all fluid services such
as air, fuel gas, feed water, steam, lube oil, hydrocarbon, and all
most any services.
VALVES
 Globe Valve
• Globe valve is used to stop, start, and
regulate the fluid flow.
• Globe Valves are used in the systems
where flow control is required and leak
tightness is also necessary.
• Globe valve provides better shut off as
compared to gate valve and it is costlier
than gate valve.
GLOBE VALVE
 Z types Globe Valve
The simplest design and most common type is a Z-body. The Z-shaped
partition inside the globular body contains the seat. The horizontal seating
arrangement of the seat allows the stem and disk to travel at a
perpendicular to the pipe axis resulting in a very high-pressure loss.
Y types Globe Valve
 BALL VALVE
A ball valve is a form of quarter-turn valve which uses a hollow,
perforated and pivoting ball to control flow through it. It is open
when the ball's hole is in line with the flow and closed when it
is pivoted 90-degrees by the valve handle.
 BUTTERFLY VALVE

A Butterfly valve is a quarter-turn rotary motion valve, that is used

to stop, regulate, and start the flow. Butterfly valve has a short
circular body. Butterfly Valve is suitable for large valve applications
due to Compact, lightweight design that requires considerably less
space, as compared to other valves.
 Pressure Relief Valve
A pressure Relief valve or
pressure safety valve are used
to protect equipment or piping
system during an overpressure
event or in the event of
vacuum. This valve releases
the pressure or vacuum at pre-
defined set pressure.
PLUMBING OF SMALL HOUSES