CONTENTS

S. No Topics P. No.
1 Article reading and writing criticism 3
2 The concept of word formation (Part A) 5
3 Root words from foreign languages and their use in English (Part A) 8
Acquaintance with prefixes and suffixes from foreign languages in English
4 to form derivatives (Part A) 10
5 Synonyms, antonyms, and standard abbreviations (Vocabulary) 15
6 Compound words– abbreviation – single word substitution (Part A) 28
7 Coherence (Part B) 33
8 Organizing principles of paragraphs in documents (Part B) 35
9 Techniques for writing precisely (Part B) 39
10 Free writing (Part B) 40
11 Paragraphs (Part B) 40
12 Change of tense forms in short text or story (Part B) 40
13 Rewrite or interpret text (Part B) 43
14 Prepare questions based on the text (Part B) 44
15 Inferential reading (Part B) 47
16 Read from Literary pieces (Part B) 54
17 Sentence structures (Part A) 58
18 Use of phrases and clauses in sentences (Part A) 61
19 Punctuation (Part A) 63
20 Subject-verb agreement (Part A) 68
21 Newspaper column writing (Part B) 70
Nature and Style of sensible writing - Describing –Defining –Classifying
22 - Providing examples or evidence (Part B) 71
23 Writing introduction and conclusion 75
24 Identify different parts text (Part B) 79
25 Difference between print and digital writing (Part B) 83
26 Recommendations (Part B) 85
27 Read from innovation and ideas that changed the world (Part B) 85
28 Noun-pronoun agreement (Part A) 92
29 Articles (Part A) 94
30 Prepositions (Part A) 96
31 Redundancies (Part A) 97
32 Foreword - Review of book (Part B) 100
33 Précis writing (Part B) 103
34 Essay writing (Part B) 104
35 Workplace communication (Part B) 104
36 Resume (Part B) 108
37 Business letters and emails (Part B) 108
38 Proposals (Part B) 109

39 Listening comprehension 110

1
40 Short talks on incidents 118
41 Place of visit 118
42 Admiring personalities 118
43 Everyday situations 118
44 Conversations and dialogues 118
45 Listening to motivational speeches 119
46 Speaking for and against 127
Demonstrative speaking practice using visual aids (charts, graphs, maps,
47 pictures, etc,.) 127
48 Formal Presentations 127
49 Debate on social issues/taboos and solutions 127
50 Podcasts and poetry 128
51 Panel discussion 132
52 Reporting an event 136
53 Mock interview 137
54 Master Ceremony 138

1 Article reading and writing criticism

1 Read the following articles and write a critique
Water, water everywhere, nor a drop to drink!
2
 Water is an urgent necessity of life in all the areas of work like household, agriculture,
domestic, industry, etc. It is the nature’s precious gifts to us for the continuity of life on the
earth. All the living things need more water for their survival as their body consists mostly of
water. Human body is consists of two thirds of water. Water doesn’t have any colour, odour,
taste and shape however it provides all to us in our life.

71% of the earth surface is covered with water. It is vital to all forms of life found on
the earth. It is found below the ground, oceans, large water bodies, and small water
reservoirs. Water is also available in many forms like vapor, clouds, precipitation, surface
water, glaciers, polar ice caps, etc. The life cycle of water runs all around on the earth
continuously through evaporation, precipitation, runoff, rain, etc. Apart from this, we lack
clean drinking water in many areas of the country. Water scarcity is the lack of access to the
safe water.

Slowly, it is being hard to manage the quality of water for the people who lack it. In
some areas, lack of water is the daily problem. People have to suffer a lot the scarcity of
water. It takes a lot of efforts, cost and time to manage the access of water to all especially in
the areas of water scarcity. It is a big issue to many countries worldwide. People having
sufficient water do not understand the importance of water and they waste a lot water on daily
basis in many unnecessary activities.

As we all know that around 2 or less percent water is fresh water on the earth and fit
for human consumption. Most of the water is locked up in glaciers, snow, ice and others are
in the form of open source. The main source of freshwater is groundwater because of the
natural filtering system. The matter of freshwater availability raises the question about water
security as well as people’s access to it at affordable price.

The depth of ground water is increasing with the huge climatic changes in the
environment. Clean water insecurity at many places has increased due to the draught and
natural disasters without season. In the coming decades the demand of clean water supply
will increase because of populations growth, need of agriculture and industry will expand,
negative climatic changes, etc.

3
 It’s time to join our hands together and take effective actions regarding save water as
much as possible. There are different ways we can save huge water on daily basis. Water
saving can be done through water conservation methods. Saving water and protective it from
being dirty has been very necessary to meet current and future demand. Climate change is
another factor of water scarcity. As water demands will increase in future, it should be saved
to ensure its availability for future generations.

If we do not take positive action, the condition will be more embarrassing when the
rate of lack of fresh water from an ecosystem exceeds to its natural replacement rate. By
minimizing the need of water to human; freshwater habitats, local wildlife and migrating
birds can be saved. We should bring many positive changes in our habits and activities to
save even a drop of water.

Lack of water is a big issue in many countries. It is a symbiotic factor and important
element to which life depends on. The level of drinking water under the ground is becoming
less because of the disturbance in the natural filtering system. Deforestation and lack of
plants causes rain water to run away instead of going inside the ground. We should follow all
the key activities regarding save water from loss, unnecessary use and waste as well as
damage of water quality.

2. The Vaccine Revolution: How Innovation Will Change the World…Again

By Emilio A. Emini
Over 200 years ago, the first vaccine was created to protect against smallpox, an
infectious disease that had afflicted humanity for centuries. That discovery opened the door to
a golden period of vaccine development that has led to extraordinary improvements in
worldwide public health.
Today, vaccine development continues to thrive as scientists advance technologies
and approaches to reach more people in new ways. Over the years, our understanding of the
immune system has grown considerably. We are now learning how to not
only prevent infectious diseases, but also how to train the immune system to assist in fighting
non-infectious diseases. The possibilities are boundless as vaccines can be potentially used to
treat allergic asthma, to help smokers kick their habit, and to fight off cancerous cells.
As vaccine technology continues to advance, we are working towards the
development of novel vaccines in areas of continued medical need. Patients being
hospitalized represent a particularly vulnerable population. People often arrive at the hospital
feeling preoccupied with the medical need that brought them there in the first place, hoping
their surgeries or treatments go well and anxious to get better. What they don’t expect is to
leave the hospital with an additional ailment.

4
 Each year, hundreds of millions of patients around the world are affected by hospital-
acquired infections. These infections, caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus
aureus and Clostridium difficile, are highly debilitating and often life threatening. To make
matters worse, hospital-acquired infections are becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotics.
Therefore, in addition to inventing new ways to treat these deadly infections after they occur,
we must also look to developing vaccines to prevent the infections in the first place.
As an example, a patient planning an elective surgery would be given a S.
aureus vaccine within a defined period prior to surgery to allow protective immune responses
to develop. These immune responses could then prevent the patient from contracting the
infection during surgery by killing any bacteria that may enter the body during the surgical
procedure. If effective, such a vaccine has the potential to greatly reduce the burden of the
infection in hospitals, and would potentially save numerous lives of patients who experience
infection with treatment-resistant bacteria.
When I began my career 30 years ago as a virologist, it was just becoming clear that
AIDS was caused by the HIV virus. I had the opportunity to work on developing one of the
first highly active anti-HIV therapies that protected infected individuals against disease
progression. The experience of seeing the impact of these therapies on those afflicted by the
infection was gratifying.
In a similar way, over the years, I have been fortunate to experience again and again
the immediate and profound impact that newly developed vaccines have had on infectious
disease burdens, both on the individual and population levels. As the potential for vaccines
continues to expand with scientific and technological advances, I hope to continue these
experiences well into the future.

2 The concept of word formation (Vocabulary)

In linguistics (particularly morphology and lexicology), word formation refers to the
ways in which new words are made on the basis of other words or morphemes so called
derivational morphology.

Word-formation can denote either a state or a process, and it can be viewed

either diachronically (through different periods in history) or synchronically (at one particular
period in time). See examples and observations below.

In The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, David Crystal writes about word
formations:
"Most English vocabulary arises by making new lexemes out of old ones — either by adding
an affix to previously existing forms, altering their word class, or combining them to
produce compounds. These processes of construction are of interest to grammarians as well
as lexicologists. ... but the importance of word-formation to the development of the lexicon is
second to none. ... After all, almost any lexeme, whether Anglo-Saxon or foreign, can be
given an affix, change its word class, or help make a compound. Alongside the Anglo-Saxon
​root in ​kingly, for example, we have the French root in royally and the Latin root in regally.
There is no elitism here. The processes of affixation, conversion, and compounding are all
great levelers."

5
(David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, 2nd ed. Cambridge
University Press, 2003)

Processes of Word-Formation
"Apart from the processes that attach something to a base (affixation) and processes that do
not alter the base (conversion), there are processes involving the deletion of material. ...
English Christian names, for example, can be shortened by deleting parts of the base word
(see 11) This type of word formation is called truncation, with the term clipping also being
used.
1 Condo (-condominium)
2 demo (-demonstration)
3 disco (-discotheque)
4 lab (-laboratory)

We also find so-called blends, which are amalgamations of parts of different words, such
as smog (-smoke/fog) or modem (modulator/demodulator). Blends based on orthography are
called acronyms, which are coined by combining the initial letters of compounds or phrases
into a pronounceable new word (NATO, UNESCO, etc.).
Simple abbreviations like UK or USA are also quite common."

Types of Word Formation Processes

1 Compounding
Compounding forms a word out of two or more root morphemes. The words are called
compounds or compound words. In Linguistics, compounds can be either native or
borrowed. Native English roots are typically free morphemes, so that means native
compounds are made out of independent words that can occur by themselves. Examples:
1. mailman (composed of free root mail and free root man)
2. mail carrier
3. dog house
4. fireplace
5. fireplug (a regional word for 'fire hydrant')
6. fire hydrant
7. dry run
8. cupcake
9. cup holder
10. email
11. e-ticket
12. pick-up truck
13. talking-to
In Greek and Latin, in contrast to English, roots do not typically stand alone. So compounds
are composed of bound roots. Compounds formed in English from borrowed Latin and Greek
morphemes preserve this characteristic. Examples include photograph, iatrogenic, and many
thousands of other classical words.

6
2 Rhyming compounds (Write the meaning for the following words )
1. lovey-dovey
2. chiller-killer
3. higgledy-piggledy
4. tootsie-wootsie
5. bunnie-wunnie
6. Henny Penny
7. snuggly-wuggly
8. Georgie Porgie
9. Piggie-Wiggie
10. pitter-patter
11. zigzag
12. tick-tock
13. riffraff
14. flipflop

3 Write the blended word for the following

1. advertisement + entertainment →
2. biographical + picture →
3. breakfast + lunch →
4. chuckle + snort →
5. cybernetic + organism →
6. guess + estimate →
7. hazardous + material →
8. motor + hotel →
9. prim + sissy →
10. simultaneous + broadcast →
11. smoke + fog →
12. Spanish + English →
13. spoon + fork →
14. telephone + marathon →
15. web + seminar →

3 Root words from foreign languages and their use in English (Vocabulary)
1. Alarm - Italian - to arms
2. Ballot - Italian - small pebble or ball, people would vote by casting a pebble into a
box
3. Cantelope - Italian - singing wolf, a town in Italy where the melon was grown
4. Companion - from both Spanish and French, but with a Latin root - one with whom
you would eat bread

7
 5. Denim - French - the cloth was developed in Nimes and called Serge di Nimes, later
shortened to di Nimes, then to denim. It was also made in Genoa, Italy, hence the
name "jeans"
6. Genuine - Italian - placed on the knees. In Rome, a father placed a newborn on his
knee to legally claim it as his
7. Muscle - Latin - little mouse, when you flex a muscle, it was called a little mouse that
runs beneath your skin
8. Night - German - first meant "day" because the day began at sunset, like many other
ancient civilizations
9. Ostracize - Greek - pottery, if someone was a danger to the town, the people would
write their vote on chunks of pottery to decide to banish him or not
10. Slogan - Celtic - two words together that mean battle cry
11. Victim - Latin - an animal that was to be sacrificed
12. Worm - Old English - dragon

Find the meaning for the following words:

1. Allegator -
2. Batrachomyomachy -
3. Bowyang -
4. Bumbershoot -
5. Cantankerous -
6. Comeuppance -
7. Crapulence -
8. Discombobulate -
9. Eructation -
10. Fard –
11. Fartlek -
12. Firkin -
13. Flummox –
14. Formication -
15. Hobbledehoy -
16. Lollygag -
17. Mollycoddle -
18. Skedaddle -
19. Snollygoster -
20. Vomitory –
21. Yahoo -

Root
Meaning Origin Related Words
Word

Herbi grass, plant Latin

8
 different,
Hetero Greek
other

Hex/a Six Greek

Histo tissue Greek

Homo, like, alike, Latin

homeo same Greek

Lact/o milk Latin

Later side Latin

Leuk/o, white,
Greek
leuc/o colorless

word, law,
Lex Greek
reading

Iso equal Greek

language,
Lingu Latin
tongue

Hepa liver Latin

Latin
Icon/o image
Greek

peculiar,
Idio personal, Greek
distinct

beneath,
Infra Latin
below

Hemi half, partial Greek

Ject Throw Latin

9
Jud Law Latin

Junct Join Latin

Juven Young Latin

Hyp/o Under Greek

4 Acquaintance with prefixes and suffixes from foreign languages in

English to form derivatives (Vocabulary)

1. With the given Prefixes coin a new word

Prefix Meaning Example
Ante- : earlier, before
Anti- : against, opposed to
Auto- : self
Bio- : life
Co- :together
Com- : together, with
Con- : together, with
Counter- : against
De- : caused not to be
Dis- : not
En-, em- :to form a verb
Extra- :outside, beyond
Hyper- : more than usual
Im- :opposite of
Infra- : below in a range, beyond
Inter- : between, among (a group)
Ir- : not
Mal- : bad, badly
Mega- : big, a million times
Micro- :extremely small
Mini- :small
Multi- : Many
Non- : not none
Over- : beyond a limit
Para- : also, similar, connected with
Peri- : around
Post- : later than, after

10
Pre- : earlier, before

Pro- in favour of, supporting

Re- :back, again
Semi- :half
Sub- : under, below
Super- : greater, more powerful
Trans- : to the far side
Ultra- : above in a rang
Under- : too low, below a level

2. Formation of nouns from adjectives by adding suitable suffixes, that is, -ity, -ce, cy,-
ness, -hood, -ism, -ion
ADJECTIVE SUFFIX NOUN
Productive -ity
Delivered -ce
Private -cy
Mad -ness
Child -hood
Modern -ism
Specific -cation

3. Formation of verbs from adjectives by adding suitable suffixes, that is, -en, -ise, -fy
ADJECTIVE SUFFIX NOUN
Sharp -en
Special -ise
False -fy

4. Formation of nouns from verbs by adding suitable suffixes that is, -ment, -ure, -tion, -
ence, -y, -ance, -ity, -ing, -age, -al
VERB SUFFIX NOUN

Treat -ment

Depart -ure

Act -ion

Expend -ture

Depend -ence

Deliver -y

Maintain -ance

11
 Continue -ity

Plan -ing

Break -age

Dispose -al

5. Formation of adjectives from verbs by adding suitable suffixes, that is, -ble, -ic, -tive
-ent, -ky, -ed, -ious, -able, -ory
VERB SUFFIX ADJECTIVES

Convert -ble

Terrify -ic

Compare -tive

Differ -ent

Shake -ky

Complicate -ed

Perish -able

Doubt -ious

Introduce -ory

6. Formation of adjectives from nouns by adding suitable suffixes, that is, -al, -cal, -able,
-ic, -ous, -ed, -ish, -en, -ful, -less, -y
VERB SUFFIX ADJECTIVE

Physics -al

Practice -cal

Favour -able

Magnet -ic

Hazard -ous

Pirate -ed

Child -ish

Wood -en

12
 Faith -ful

Price -less

Health -y

7. Formation of verbs from nouns by adding suitable suffixes, that is, -ise/ -ize, -fy, -en,
-ate
NOUN SUFFIX VERB

Computer -ise/-ize

Picture ise/-ize

Beauty -fy

Weakness -en

Regulation -ate

8. From different parts of speech by adding suitable suffixes

Verb Noun Adjective

Solve solution

expression expressive

Break breakage

conclusion conclusive

Imagination

Weaken weak

Purify pure

9. Form noun from adjective

a) Able-
b) Frequent-
c) Wide-
d) Innovative-
e) Brief

10. Form noun from verb

a) Allude-
b) Oblige-
c) Install-
d) Obey-

13
e) Publish

11. Give negative forms

a) appropriate-
b) possible-
c) normal-
d) logical-
e) manage-

12. Form verb from adjective

a) long-
b) beauty-
c) clean-
d) valuable-
e) fertile-

13. Fill in the following blank spaces with the appropriate form of the word

Noun Adjective Verb Person concerned

Administration

Admiration

Application

Breakage

Breeding

Communication

Cultivation

Discovery

Disposal

Energy

Finance

Legislation

Nature

Operation

Optimization

Prohibition

Proliferation

Protection

Quantity

14
 Qualification

Rehabilitation

Refinement

Residence

Research

Science

Support

Survival

Treatment

Utilization

Violation

5 Synonyms, antonyms, and standard abbreviations (Vocabulary)

1. Use the words in the box to find synonyms for the italicized words:

destroy try remember build think about

tired convince forecast attack help
hardworking allow worried complain agree

(1) Before you attempt to install it, you should read the directions.

(2) I was anxious about my test results.

(3) It is difficult to predict the weather.

(4) When the students heard they would have a test, they started to grumble.

(5) He began to ponder the reason that he failed.

15
(6) After the earthquake, the villagers desperately needed aid.

(7) Don’t worry. She’ll finish the job. She is very diligent.

(8) I am weary. I need to rest.

(9) I couldn’t persuade her to stay in school.

(10) I can’t recall what his name is.

(11) The captain began the assault in the middle of the night.

(12) They started to construct the house yesterday.

(13) You think it’s too expensive? I concur. I won't buy it at that price.

(14) If water gets in the building, it will ruin the paintings.

(15) I will not permit you to marry my daughter.

16
2. Synonyms Used in Software Companies

Admonish= usurp
Adhesive = tenacious, sticky, glue, gum, bonding agent
Alienate = estrange
Belief = big screen, big shot, big success
Belief = conviction
Baffle = puzzle
Brim = edge
Covet = to desire
Caprice = whim
Concur = similar, acquiesce
Confiscate = appropriate, to take charge, to annex
Cargo = load, luggage
Dispel = scatter
Divulge = reveal, make known, disclose
Discretion = prudence
Emancipate = liberate
Efface = obliterate
Embrace = hug, hold, cuddle
Furtive = stealthy
Heap = to gather
Hamper = obstruct
Heap = to pile
Hover = linger
Incentive = spur
Instigate = incite
Inert = passive
Latitude = scope
Lethargy = stupor
Lamont = lakes, lamentable
Lament = wail
Latent = potential
Merry = Enjoy
Meager = small, little, scanty
Misery = distress
Momentary = for small time
Merit = to deserve
Miserable = unhappy, sad
Obstinate = stubborn
Overt = obvious, clear, explicit, evident
Pretentious = ostentatious
Potential = ability
Rinaile = rigorous
Renounce= reject
Solicit = Humble, urge
Subside = wane
Stifle = snits
Tranquil = calm, silent, serene
To merit- to deserve

17
Volume = quantity
Veer = diverge
Wethargy = well wisher

Synonyms
3. In the following the questions choose the word which best expresses the meaning of the
given word.

1. CORPULENT 6. CANNY 11. FAKE 16. RESCUE

A. Lean [Link] [Link] [Link]
B. Gaunt [Link] [Link] [Link]
C. Emaciated [Link] [Link] [Link]
D. Obese [Link] [Link] [Link]

2. BRIEF 7. ALERT 12. INDICT 17. ATTEMPT

A. Limited [Link] [Link] [Link]
B. Small [Link] [Link] [Link]
C. Little [Link] [Link] [Link]
D. Short [Link] [Link] [Link]

3. EMBEZZLE 8. WARRIOR 13. STRINGENT 18. FORAY

A. Misappropriate [Link] [Link] [Link]
B. Balance [Link] [Link] [Link]
C. Remunerate [Link] [Link] [Link]
D. Clear [Link] [Link] [Link]

4. VENT 9. DISTANT 14. LAMENT 19. RECKLESS

A. Opening [Link] [Link] [Link]
B. Stodge [Link] [Link] [Link]
C. End [Link] [Link] [Link]
D. Past tense of go [Link] [Link] [Link]

5. AUGUST 10. ADVERSITY 15. HESITATED 20. CONSEQUENCES

A. Common [Link] [Link] [Link]
B. Ridiculous [Link] [Link] [Link]
C. Dignified [Link] [Link] [Link]
D. Petty [Link] [Link] [Link]

4. In each of the sentences given below a word is printed in bold. Below it four choices are
given. Pick up the one which is most nearly the same in meaning as the word printer in bold
and can replaces it without altering the meaning of the sentence.

1. It is very difficult to retain all that you hear in the class.

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

2. The great artist life was full of vicissitudes.

[Link]
[Link]

18
 [Link]
[Link]

3. She has an insatiable love for music.

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

4. The great dancer impressed the appreciative crowd by his nimble movements.
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

5. The visitor had a bohemian look.

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

6. The bullet wound proved to be fatal and the soldier died immediately.
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

7. The attitude of Western countries towards the Third World Countries is rather callous
to say the least.
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

8. In spite of their efforts, the team of scientists could not make much headway to solve
the problem.
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

9. On scrutiny the police officer found out that the documents provided by the landlord
were totally fabricated.
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

10. Lack of occupation is not necessary revealed by manifest idleness.

[Link] perceived

19
 [Link] acquired
[Link] infected
[Link] deflected

11. The accident occurred due to his lapse.

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

12. Sunlight and shadow made the landscape a kaleidoscope of colour.

[Link] containing mirrors and loose pieces of coloured glass
[Link] changing pattern of bright scenes
C.a mixture of black and white
[Link] the seven colours of rainbow

13. After the dismal performance of the team in the series concluded yesterday, the
captain offered his resignation to the president of the club.
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

14. We didn't believe in his statement, but subsequent events proved that he was right.
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

15. The pioneers left a blazing trial of courage, manliness and chivalry.
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

16. He has a propensity for getting into debt.

[Link] tendency
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

17. That young is quite sanguine about the result of his competitive examination.
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

18. He is averse to the idea of holding elections now.

[Link]
[Link]

20
 [Link]
[Link]

19. The thief outwitted the constable on some pretext and disappeared on the way to the
police station.
[Link]
[Link] fooled
[Link]
[Link]

20. Silence is mandatory for meditation to be effective.

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

[Link] the following questions choose the word which is the exact OPPOSITE of the given
words.
1. ENORMOUS 6. EXPAND 11. FLAGITIOUS 16. CULPABLE
[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]

2. COMMISSIONED 7. MORTAL 12. BELITTLE 17. EVASIVE

[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]

3. ARTIFICIAL 8. QUIESCENT 13. STARTLED 18. GREGARIOUS

[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]

4. EXODUS 9. OBEYING 14. BUSY 19. AWARE

[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]
[Link]-coming BFllowing [Link] [Link]
[Link] CRefusing [Link] [Link]
[Link] DContradicting [Link] [Link]

5. RELINQUISH 10. FRAUDULENT 15. FRESH 20. HIRSUTE

[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]

6. Match the words in Column A with their meanings in Column B

21
1.

Column A Column B

abundant enemy

bitter lend

ally scarce

borrow sweet

2.

Column A Column B

brave brighten

despair together

fade hope

apart cowardly

3.

Column A Column B

fold bound, captive

free unfold

famous thin

fat unknown

4.

Column A Column B

attic stale

attractive cellar

fresh temporary

permanent repulsive

5.

Column A Column B

plentiful refuse

accept bent

straight below

22
 above scarce

6.

Column A Column B

yin nadir

giant strong, powerful

feeble yang

zenith tiny, small, dwarf

7.

Column A Column B

Wisdom have-nots

haves exhale

inhale unjust

just folly, stupidity

8.

Column A Column B

lend stingy

guest cheerful

gloomy borrow

generous host

9.

Column A Column B

foolish industrious

fore tiny

lazy aft

vast wise

10.

Column A Column B

coward follower

intelligent sink

float stupid, unintelligent

23
 leader stalwart

7. Choose the suitable option of the four given alternatives, to fill in the blanks in the following
sentences

1. Evolution is a slow process that -----------------plants and animals

a) converts b) changes c) transforms d) alters
2. Dried foods are -----------------to trekkers, explorers and soldiers in battle, who have
little storage space
a) worthless b)inexpensive c) harmful d) invaluable
3. The ocean bottom is very -------------------- to Oceanographers from many points of
view.
a) Enervating b)interesting c) confusing d)enduring
4. The robot cannot be used as a -------------------- for the live teacher in the room
a) Substitution b) surrogate c) replacement d) alternate
5. The enormous ---------------- for power and the shortage of fossil fuels have driven us to look
for alternatives
a) Demand b) request c) query d) requisition

8. Use of abbreviations and acronyms

1. AFK –
2. BRB –
3. BBL –
4. KISS –
5. KIT –
6. NYOB --
7. OMG –
8. POS –
9. TTYL –
10. LTNS –

9. Expand common Acronyms Used in Military /Government

1. SWAT –
2. Navy SEALs –
3. FBI –
4. OSHA –
5. NASA –

10. Expand Common Acronyms Used in Appreciation

6. AWOL –
7. JROTC –
8. RNC –
9. POW –
10. DAFB –
11. SWAT –
12. Navy SEALs –
13. CSI –
14. FBI –

24
15. OSHA –

10. Expand Common Acronyms Used in Appreciation

1. LOL –
2. GMTA –
3. ROFL –
4. TYVM –
5. YW –
6. NP –
7. PHAT –
8. BFF –
9. BFFL –
10. Gr8 –

11. Expand Common Informative Acronyms

1. HIV –
2. DARE –
3. ADD –
4. CDC –
5. CST –

12. Expand Common Acronyms used in competitive exams

[Link]. Abbreviations Expansions

1 PRAGATI

2 NSM

3 AMRUT

4 BOSS

5 PSF

6 Ind AS

7 IRNSS

8 MHFA

9 DI

10 MII

11 DDUGJY

25
12 PMKSY

13 SBM

14 PMSBY

15 APY

16 SCM

17 NMCG

18 SIMo

19 SHC

20 IRNSS

8. Use of abbreviations and acronyms

1. AFK –
2. BRB –
3. BBL –
4. KISS –
5. KIT –
6. NYOB
7. OMG –
8. POS –
9. TTYL –
10. LTNS –

9. Expand common Acronyms Used in Military/Government

1. SWAT –
2. Navy SEALs –
3. FBI –
4. OSHA –
5. NASA –

10. Expand Common Acronyms Used in Appreciation

1. LOL –
2. GMTA –
3. ROFL –
4. TYVM –
5. YW –
6. NP –
7. PHAT –
8. BFF –
9. BFFL –
10. Gr8 –

26
[Link] Common Informative Acronyms
1. HIV –
2. DARE –
3. ADD –
4. CDC –
5. CST –

6. Compound words– abbreviation – single word substitution (Vocabulary)

Compound words
Exercise 1: Solve the crossword using compound words:

2
3
1

6
7

5
4

Follow the clues:

1. Place where kids go run and play. It has a lot of games
2. Game people play throwing, kicking and passing the ball.
3. It’s the place where dogs sleep and rest
4. How do you call a girl who lives in the country and rides a horse?
5. It’s small, tasty and sweet.
6. You can create one on Winter time
7. We use it in the ocean to sail
8. To take long showers and relax in it!
9. Parents construct them above tree for their kids.

Exercise 2: Join each word on list A to a word on List B to make a compound word.
Write out the new words.

27
 A B
1. under room
2. straw ordinary
3. mush screen
4. handle ground
5. ear less
6. mid berries
7. every ring
8. bus down
9. extra bars
10. run fare
11. care body
12. wind night

Exercise 3: Find one word, which will go in front of, or after, these words to make new
words. Write out the new words.

Example: ---- look, ----coat, ----board, ----sight. Answer is OVER - overlook, overcoat,
overboard, oversight

1. - - - give, - - - ever, - - - get,

2. - - - - flow, - - - - time, - - - - take, - - - - work
3. - - - - work, - - - - made, - - - - coming
4. - - - - - mail, - - - - - board, - - - - - bird
5. surf -----, chess -----, card -----
6. - - - - - less, ----- broken, ----- beat, - - - - - burn, ----- throb
7. - - - - dresser, - - - - brush, - - - - do, - - - - style
8. - - - - - piece, - - - - - wash, - - - - - watering

Exercise 4: Match the words given in the brackets with the words given below to form
compound words:

(book, case, holidays, juice, list, machine, map, party, shoes, window)

1. Shopping ............
2. Pencil ...............
3. Exercise ..............
4. Orange .............
5. Birthday .............
6. Bedroom ...............

28
 7. Football ..............
8. Summer .............
9. Mind ................
10. Washing ................

Abbreviation
1. Write down the full form of these abbreviations:

Abs ............................. approx ........................

Acct.............................. asst .........................
bicarb............................ brill .........................
burbs............................ chemo .......................
choch............................. condo ..........................
decaf.............................. deli...........................
demo.............................. MC..........................
hols............................. intro .............................
lib.............................. limo............................
Marg................................ obit..............................
Pic/pix.............................. quads................................
Reck room................. specs..............................
Veggies..................
2. Fill in with appropriate abbreviations:

1. I’m too big. I eat too much ............

2. We would like to know what your software is like. Why don’t you give us a ........... of
your new software.
3. I’ve never been there. It’s too far in the ........ I prefer the town center.
4. Let’s meet there at .................. half past ten – or maybe quarter to eleven.
5. This new brand of ............. is just delicious. It’s the best coffee on Earth!
6. He’s very ill. He’s been extremely tired since his ............
7. The best sandwiches in town are at the ............. It’s the best place to buy good meals
and sandwiches.
8. When I am rich, I will buy a big .............. I will give you my mini.

29
 9. They don’t eat meat. They are ..............
10. Wow! I love these Jeans! They are wonderful! They’re ...............
11. What a handsome man! Have you seen his lovely ................?
12. Philip’s my new .............. He helps me at work.
13. Are you going anywhere special on you ..................?
14. I feel sick. Have you got any ................?
15. I am short-sighted. I need my ................... to read my book!

3. Single word substitution (vocabulary)

Choose an option, which can be substituted for a given word/sentence/phrase out of given
options.
1. A person who thinks only of himself
a. Egoist
b. Eccentric
c. Proud
d. Boaster

2. Ram speaks less in the forum. Ram is

a. Unintelligible
b. Reticent
c. Garrulous
d. Banal

3. Savitri travels by foot. She is a

a. Traveller
b. Stickler
c. Disciplinarian
d. Pedestrian

4. In Magadh there was the government by a king or queen

a. Democratic
b. Monarchy
c. Plutocracy
d. Autocracy

5. This is a practice of having several wives

a. Polygamy
b. Dotage
c. Monogamy
d. Bigamy

6. A life history written by somebody else

30
 a. Biography
b. Autobiography
c. Anthropology
d. Omithology

7. The act of murder of a human being

a. Matricide
b. Patricide
c. Homicide
d. Suicide

8. Something that cannot be imitated

a. Inimitable
b. Inevitable
c. Duplicity
d. Inexplicable

9. Gayatri doesn’t know how to read and write. Her friends call her ..
a. Illiterate
b. Invulnerable
c. Blindfolded
d. Headstrong

10. Study of birds

a. Omithology
b. Anthropology
c. Zoology
d. Numismatics

11. A thing no longer in use

a. Redundant
b. Obsolete
c. Sick
d. Obnoxious

12. Words written on the tomb of a person

a. Manuscript
b. Inscription
c. Epitaph
d. Engrave

13. Sharma is greedy for money. His colleagues call him

a. Avaricious
b. Spendthrift
c. Splendid
31
 d. Cynic

14. A person who insists on something

a. Disciplinarian
b. Stickler
c. Instantaneous
d. Boaster

15. A person who hates women

a. Cruel
b. Misogynist
c. Misanthropist
d. Philanthropist

7 Cohesion & Coherence in Conversation

Are your conversations coherent? Are they cohesive?
Two students are asked to talk about some pictures but if they do not respond to what each
other is saying and make no attempt to reference each other then the conversation can be
coherent but can completely lack cohesion. For example:
A. "I think these people are having a good time."
B. "It appears these people are enjoying themselves."
A. "They seem to be on holiday."
B. "It looks like they are on vacation."

Obviously there is no connection between A and B in this conversation. We understand them

and they are coherent. What is missing is cohesion. They are not connected. A is not
listening to B and B is not listening to A.
On the other hand, take a look at this example:
A. "I think these people are having a good time."
B. "Time is difficult to manage. I am always late for my social appointments like when I
have a date with a girl."
A. "I like girls with long, dark hair and brown eyes."
B. "My dog has brown eyes and a long tail."

This example shows that there is cohesion but the conversation makes no sense and therefore
it is missing coherence.
1 Maintaining coherence by not splitting comparative phrases
1. Change "She offered a different proposal from mine'' to "She offered a proposal different
from mine.''
2. Change "I offered a similar proposal to John's" to "I offered a proposal similar to John's."
3. Change "We acted for other reasons than those you cited" to "We acted for reasons other
than those you cited."

32
Exercises:
1. We formulated a bolder plan than our competitor's.

2. My friend offered a daring enough proposal to inspire our entire department.

3. Our analysts made as accurate a prediction as theirs.

4. He concocted as crazy a plan as yours.

5. She wrote a more brilliant proposal than any other I have seen in 10 years.

2 Maintaining coherence by using passive constructions in relative clauses

1. Change "Information our engineers provide to our marketing staff must be accurate" to
"Information provided by our engineers to our marketing staff must be accurate."

2. Change "The plan our marketing staff unveiled is ambitious" to "The plan unveiled by our
marketing staff is ambitious."

3. Change "A goal all writers share is clarity" to "A goal shared by all writers is clarity."

Exercises:

1. The committee the governor appointed is pro-development.

2. The birch-bark canoes the Ojibwe constructed were stored at the bottoms of lakes and ponds over
the winter.

3. The wolf the man had cornered turned and stood its ground.

4. The mess the gaggle of teenagers left behind was prodigious.

5. The scene the author had adumbrated was skillfully rendered.

8 Organizing principles of paragraphs in documents

There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world.

33
 Canada is one of the best countries in the world to live in. (Topic sentence) First,
Canada has an excellent health care system. All Canadians have access to medical services at a
reasonable price. (Supporting sentences) Second, Canada has a high standard of education.
(Supporting sentences) Students are taught by well‐trained teachers and are encouraged to
continue studying at university. (Evidence/Example) Finally, Canada's cities are clean and
efficiently managed. (Concluding sentence) Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space
for people to live. As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live. (Concluding sentence restating
topic sentence)

1 Read and write only a topic sentence for the following paragraph.

I hate lie. I always try not to tell lies and I want that from my friends, too. I think it is the most
important behavior. I can believe everything my friends say. In addition, a good friend must say his
ideas to me firstly. I mean, he shouldn't talk about me with other people. Especially about the bad
thing, he doesn't have to talk because it might be wrong. Secondly, a good friend must help me. He
must do his best. He should ask help from me too. If we solve problems together, our friendship will
be better and it will become stronger. Thirdly, the talking time is important. I can talk with my friends
for a long time, and during that time I must be happy. That's why we should like the same things. In
conclusion, trust is the basics of a friendship.

A good friend is a person who doesn't tell me lies, who helps me and let me help him, and who I can
talk to in trust.

2 Organize and rewrite the ideas in the following paragraph according to the principles
of paragraph.

I live in a flat with my family. We have two bedrooms and a living room. We have a garden
and we have some flowers there. In weekdays I arrive home at five o'clock and I have lunch. Then I
do my homework and go to bed. I had a computer but now it doesn't work. I have a brother and a
sister and I think I am very lucky to live with them. Sometimes our relatives visit us. Our flat becomes
very crowded sometimes but I like it.

34
First, let's see the order of the ideas:
1. Where the house is
2. Type of the house
3. The location
4. The rooms in the house
5. The fact that he lives with his parents
6. The garden

Answer:
I live in a house in Izmit. It isn't old or modern. It's a normal Turkish house. We can say it is near the
sea. It takes about 10 minutes to go to the sea side on foot. We have one bedroom, one living room.
We also have two other rooms, too. We use them as a dining room. Naturally, we have a kitchen, a
bathroom, and a toilet. I live with my parents. And our house has a little garden; my parents spend
their time there to grow vegetables and fruit.
3 Rewrite the following paragraph

1. I want to talk about friendship. Friends can change your life. So, you must know who is a
real friend. Firstly, your friend must understand you and of course, you must understand her, too. I
think, another important point in a friendship is confidence. You mustn't tell lies to each other. In
addition, you must say everything about yourself. I think these are important for a friendship. If you
have a friend like this, you don't break up with her because a real friend is not found easily.

35
Answer:
1. First of all, a friend mustn't tell lie. He must always tell me the truth and he must be honest because
if there is honesty between two friends, their relationship will last until death. In addition to honesty,
helping or being near a friend on a bad day is very important. Another point to consider is that he
must criticize me if I make a mistake.
2. Friends play a great role in our lives. They affect our lives negatively or positively. We should
choose them very carefully. First, we can look at his behaviors. If it is OK, no problem but if it is not,
we can't become a "Frank". After that, we can look at his activities. It is very important to do
something together. We must be aware of people who have bad habits such as smoking, bad speaking,
etc. Some people don't think so but I think finally we should look at his physical appearance because
if you have different physical appearance than him, you can't be relaxed. For example if you are taller
than him, this generally does uncomfortable to him. As a consequently, it is very important to choose
a friend according to your specialties.

36
Answer:
2. As friends may affect us in a negative or positive way, we should be selective in choosing our
friends. First, we observe their behaviors. We should have similar characters so that we can get along.
Second, the types of activities they prefer can give us a clue. If we are not a cigarette-smoker or a
cursing person, we wouldn't want to see such people around us. Finally, physical appearances should
be compatible as well. Some people may not agree with me, but I think a very short person and a very
tall person would not be able to get on well for a long time. In short, behaviors, types of activities, and
physical appearance of friends must be similar to be good friends.
9 Techniques for writing precisely
10 Techniques for More Precise Writing

1. Use Active Voice

When a sentence includes be or any other copulative verb, such as is or are, recast the sentence to
omit the verb.
Before: “The meeting was seen by us as a ploy to delay the project.”
After: “We saw the meeting as a ploy to delay the project.”

2. Avoid Vague Nouns

Phrases formed around general nouns such as aspect, degree, and situation clutter sentences.
Before: “She is an expert in the area of international relations.”
After: “She is an expert in international relations.”

3. Use Words, Not Their Definitions

Replace explanatory phrases with a single word that encapsulates that explanation.
Before: “The crops also needed to be marketable so that families would be able to sell any yields that
exceeded what they personally required.”
After: “The crops also needed to be marketable so that families would be able to sell any surplus.”

4. Avoid Noun Strings

Reorganize sentences to eliminate series of nouns used as adjectives.
Before: “The lack of a secure transfer may hamper computer security incident response efforts.”
After: “The lack of a secure transfer may hamper responses to computer-security incidents.”

5. Convert Nouns to Verbs

When a sentence includes a noun ending in -tion, change the noun to a verb to simplify the sentence.
Before: “They will collaborate in the creation of new guidelines.”
After: “They will collaborate to create new guidelines.”

6. Reduce Verb Phrases to Simple Verbs

Identify the verb buried in a verb phrase and omit the rest of the phrase.
Before: “The results are suggestive of the fact that tampering has occurred.”
After: “The results suggest that tampering has occurred.”

7. Replace Complex Words with Simple Ones

Choose simpler synonyms for multisyllabic words.

37
Before: “The department will disseminate the forms soon.”
After: “The department will pass out the forms soon.”

8. Avoid Expletives
Don’t start sentences with “There is,” “There are,” or “It is.”
Before: “There are many factors in the product’s failure.”
After: “Many factors contributed to the product’s failure.”

9. Eliminate Prepositional Phrases

Replace “(noun1) of the (noun2)” phrasing with “(noun2)’s (noun1)” phrasing.
Before: “The decision of the committee is final.”
After: “The committee’s decision is final.”

10. Reduce Wordy Phrases to Single Words

Replace phrases that signal a transition with simple conjunctions, verbs, or other linking words.
Before: Due to the fact that the project is behind schedule, today’s meeting has been postponed.
After: Because the project is behind schedule, today’s meeting has been postponed.

Exercise

1. What are the new ways people can use technology to change the world?
2. Is addiction to technology something we should worry about?
3. How can teenagers be convinced to drive more safely?

10 Free Writing
1. Outside the window, you see something you can’t believe.
2. Write a letter to your 14-year old self.
3. None of your friends remember you, describe yourself to them.
4. Just as you fall asleep, the phone rings.
5. How will cars look in 50 years?
6. The door you had locked is wide open.
7. You have the power to stop time, what do you do?

11 Paragraph Writing
1. Students don't understand how important it is to have privacy on social media.
2. When Have You Seen Yourself and Your Life Reflected in a Book or Other Media?
3. What Kind of Education System Do You Think Is Best?
4. Does Technology in the Classroom Ever Get in the Way of Learning?
5. How Much Freedom Have Your Parents Given You?

12 Change of tense forms in short text

Exercise 1
1. I told John not to drive, because he _____ all night.
a. drank

38
b. was drinking
c. had drunk
d. had been drinking

2. Why did you change the channel? I ______ that movie.

a. watched
b. was watching
c. had watched
d. had been watching

3. When I _____ out of the shower the lights _____.

a. got / were getting off
b. had got / were getting off
c. was getting / went off
d. had been getting / had got off

4. When I saw Clara I realised that she ______ much in all those years.
a. didn't change
b. wasn't changing
c. hadn't changed
d. hadn't been changing

5. When he entered the room somebody _____ him in the head.

a. hit
b. was hitting
c. had hit
d. had been hitting

6. He admitted that he ______ all the money from the box.

a. took
b. was taking
c. had taken
d. had been taking

7. The burglar _____ to open the safe when he _____ the owner come in.
a. was trying / heard
b. tried / heard
c. had been trying / had heard
d. tried / was hearing

8. I knew he _____ because his eyes were red.

a. cried
b. was crying wrong
c. had cried
d. had been crying

9. The plane in which the football team _____ crashed and none of them survived.
a. travelled
b. were travelling
c. had travelled

39
d. had been travelling wrong

10. We _____ for about 20 minutes when the plane was hit by turbulence.
a. flew
b. were flying wrong
c. had flewn
d. had been flying

Exercise: 2
Many years ago I 1.___________(decide) to spend New Year's Eve with my family. I
2._________(not normally spend) new year with my parents but I had nowhere to go, and
being with my family seemed preferable to being on my own.
When my parents 3._____________(open) the door I could see they
4._______________(smile) , and that they were genuinely happy to see me. I
5.________________ (be) addicted to heroin for 10 years, and for them, seeing me was the
confirmation that I wasn't dead in an alley. Unfortunately, I 6.____________(be) nothing new
or exciting to tell them, just the same sad old stories. I 7.___________(go) from crappy job
to crappy job, being invariably sacked, and I 8.______________(resort) to crime whenever I
was out of money. Same old, same old.
During dinner, I 9.____________(drink up) a few glassfuls of whisky. I
10.____________(need) something to make ease the pain, because for the whole evening my
sisters 11._______________(look) at me with such contempt that it was unbearable. My own
sisters 12.________________(hate) me. Then I had a moment of realisation; I
13._______________(discover) that they would never hate me as much as I hated myself.
When we finished dinner I 14.___________(raise) my glass. "I'm going into rehab," I
said. My parents 15.____________(look) at me with some kind of hope. Parents never lose
hope. But my sisters just 16._____________(look) down with disdain. They
17.____________(know) perfectly well that I had been in rehab centres many times before,
and that this time wouldn't be different.
But this time it was different. After that day, I 18.____________(remember) that look
in my sisters' eyes every day, every time I 19.____________(want) to shoot some heroin. 10
years later, on a New Year's Eve, I thanked my sisters because they 20.___________(save)
my life. They kissed me with their new look in their eyes, the look of love.
Exercise: 3
We thought that we were on the right path when suddenly we _______ (run into) a very
familiar rock and _______ (realise) that we ___________ (walk) in circles for quite a long
time. We ____________ (be) totally lost, and the fact that we _________ (already/finish) our
water provisions wasn't very promising.
We ___________ (decide) to go uphill because according to John, it would be easier to spot a
way out from an elevated point. He _____________ (learn) that from a documentary
he ______________ (see) about survival. But what the documentary ____________ (not
teach) John was that maybe it’s not such a good idea to go up a mountain when you are
exhausted and waterless.

40
We _____________ (trek) one mile when we _____________ (started) to have a horrible
feeling that that might be our last trek. Of course, we _________________(say) anything, but
we could see in each other’s eyes that at that precise moment
we __________________ (think) precisely the same. We couldn't walk any longer, so
we ___________________ (decide) to sit and rest, quietly, because neither of us wanted to
share any of our gloomy thoughts.
"Hello, can I help you?" we suddenly ___________________ (hear).
We ___________________(raise) our heads and ______________ (see) a little man with
slanted eyes and a childish grin. He __________________ (stand) right next to us. I
wondered where he _______________ (come) from and how long
he ________________ (stand) there. But it didn't matter really, because we were safe.

13 Rewrite or interpret text

Rewrite the following text in your own words:
1. "The Antarctic is the vast source of cold on our planet, just as the sun is the source of our
heat, and it exerts tremendous control on our climate," [Jacques] Cousteau told the camera.
"The cold ocean water around Antarctica flows north to mix with warmer water from the
tropics, and its upwelling’s help to cool both the surface water and our atmosphere. Yet the
fragility of this regulating system is now threatened by human activity." From "Captain
Cousteau," Audubon (May 1990):17.
2. The twenties were the years when drinking was against the law, and the law was a bad joke
because everyone knew of a local bar where liquor could be had. They were the years when
organized crime ruled the cities, and the police seemed powerless to do anything against it.
Classical music was forgotten while jazz spread throughout the land, and men like Bix
Beiderbecke, Louis Armstrong, and Count Basie became the heroes of the young. The flapper
was born in the twenties, and with her bobbed hair and short skirts, she symbolized, perhaps
more than anyone or anything else, America's break with the past. From Kathleen Yancey,
English 102 Supplemental Guide (1989): 25.
3. Matisse is the best painter ever at putting the viewer at the scene. He's the most realistic of
all modern artists, if you admit the feel of the breeze as necessary to a landscape and the
smell of oranges as essential to a still life. "The Casbah Gate" depicts the well-known
gateway Bab el Aassa, which pierces the southern wall of the city near the sultan's palace.
With scrubby coats of ivory, aqua, blue, and rose delicately fenced by the liveliest gray
outline in art history, Matisse gets the essence of a Tangier afternoon, including the subtle
presence of the bowaab, the sentry who sits and surveys those who pass through the gate.
From Peter Plagens, "Bright Lights." Newsweek (26 March 1990): 50.
4. While the Sears Tower is arguably the greatest achievement in skyscraper engineering so
far, it's unlikely that architects and engineers have abandoned the quest for the world's tallest
building. The question is: Just how high can a building go? Structural engineer William
LeMessurier has designed a skyscraper nearly one-half mile high, twice as tall as the Sears
Tower. And architect Robert Sobel claims that existing technology could produce a 500-story
building. From Ron Bachman, "Reaching for the Sky." Dial (May 1990): 15.

14 Prepare questions based on the text

Read the passages and prepare questions based on the text.

41
1. NOISE

The world ought to be a quieter place. Anti-noise has hit the marketplace. It means,
for example, that refrigerators will no longer w hine, vacuum cleaners no longer roar and
washing machines no longer rumble. It may even soon be possible to cancel out the low-
frequency throb of the teenage stereo blasting its bass through the wall from the flat next
door. Already Toshiba has introduced a silent refrigerator. Built into the fridge is a system
that silences the hum of the motor by firing anti-noise at it.
What is anti-noise? It is the exact opposite of a particular sound. It peaks when the
other sound dips, and dips when the other sound wave peaks. The anti-sound is fired at the
unwanted sound through a loudspeaker. The two waves cancel each other out, like ripples
meeting each other on a pond. The rest is silence.
There must, however, be a perfect match, otherwise you end up with double the din.
Thus anti-noise has had to wait for the microprocessor in order to be effective. The
microprocessor can monitor the unwanted sound and respond in milliseconds.
A typical active noise cancellation system has been sold to a railway company in the United
States.
The company unloads grain from trains by using giant vacuum tubes. These tubes
produce as much noise a jet taking off. After installing the system, the noise was reduced to
the level of an air conditioners hum. Forty were installed, to the relief of Americans living
near railway unloading points.
In the aircraft industry, active noise cancellation is contributing to a revival in
propeller-driven passenger aircraft, which passengers disliked because of their noise. The
first test flight with an anti-noise system took off in 1989. The system has now moved on
from research to commercial development, with passengers likely to hear the benefits in a
year or two.
In the car industry, conventional mufflers generate back-pressure, which forces the engine to
work harder. An active noise canceller removes the need for sound-absorbing chambers, and
improves fuel consumption by as much as six per cent. From the point of view of saving fuel,
car makers are keen to install the technology.
It won't be long before silent washing machines, fridges and vacuum cleaners are in
the High Street shops. Electrolux has signed an agreement to manufacture the technology
which should be on the market by 1994.
The trouble is, once you remove one noise, you become more aware of all the others.
How will we be able to shut up the sparrows at five in the morning?

42
2. Energy monitoring software
Life is improving for managers at the 2,700 stores of Sainsbury, one of the world's
largest supermarket groups. A program from PA, a big software company, will make a boring
job much simpler: collecting data about each shop's energy consumption, whether from
refrigeration, lights or air conditioning. The automated data collection is part of Sainsbury's
plan to reduce by 50% emissions of greenhouse gases from existing shops by 2019.
Sainsbury and PA may well be pioneers, but they are not alone. While governments
discuss levels of carbon emissions, many companies have already started to make reductions,
or are at least preparing to – leading to more and more software firms offering products to
help. If predictions are correct the market for carbon-management software could soon
become as large as those for other important business applications such as enterprise
application software (EAS) programs, a $7 billion market last year.
Many companies have measured energy consumption for some time in an attempt to
reduce running costs. Other firms have tracked emissions of different types in order to
comply with pollution regulations. In recent times, public pressure has led to more companies
publishing emissions data in their annual reports or to organizations like the Carbon
Monitoring Project. However, most firms will need to upgrade from the basic tools, such as
spreadsheets, they they have been using.
Things are changing, in spite of the recession, says Jim Scarfe, CEO of
CarbonReduct, a consultancy. Increased energy costs and new regulations are all pushing
companies to monitor their emissions and do so with appropriate software, he states. In the
USA, for example, the Carbon Reduction Plan will come into force next year. Among other
things, it requires firms that use more than 8,000 megawatt-hours of electricity per annum to
evaluate and report the energy they consume.
Expecting an increase in demand, many software-publishers have moved into the
market, mostly with internet-based services. In a recent survey SRP Research, another
consultancy, listed no fewer than 183 suppliers. Some emphasise reporting, others
compliance and still others improving business processes. There are well-established
companies, such as EnergySoft and LMG. Many start-ups, such as CarbonModel and
GreenData, have appeared. Even Large software firms like Oracle and IBM have also moved
into the market.
For the time being, the needs of most firms are simple: making sure that energy data
is collected and can be audited. But in the years ahead, this will change, predicts Susanna
Sierra of SRP. Companies will need software that collects energy data automatically, while
helping them to find the best ways to reduce emissions and allowing them to manage other
resources, such as water.
Scarfe and Sierra both expect that Oracle and SAP, which already dominate most
types of business software, will control the market in this area, too, because it is a good match

43
for their other products. These giants also have the resources to buy the best technology. In
June SAP purchased Green Standards, a start-up. Oracle is thought to be planning a similar
purchase soon. But they have other rivals. LMG has been buying companies selling
environmental software. Some expect great things from X8, a start-up founded by Jana
Novic, who pioneered EAS software.
All this interest gives an idea of how important the business of monitoring
environmental performance is likely to become. Scarfe recently suggested that in time it
could even be as big a market as financial accounting.

15 Inferential Reading
Exercises-1
Directions: Read each passage and then respond to the questions. Each question will ask you
to make a logical inference based on textual details. Explain your answer by referencing
the text.

Ryan was looking forward to sleeping over at his friend Robert's house. Though they had
been classmates for a while, the two had only recently become good friends. Ryan packed up
his sleeping bag, a pillow, and a few of his favorite toys and games, and then his mom
dropped him off at Robert's. Robert met Ryan on the porch and the two did their secret
handshake and started playing right away. First they played pirates in Robert's tree fort. Next
they played ninjas in the driveway. Then it started getting dark and they went inside of
Robert's house. As soon as they walked in the house, Ryan's eyes starting getting red and
itchy. He saw a big orange cat sitting on the couch. Then he started sneezing uncontrollably.
"I'm sorry, Robert. It's been a lot of fun, but I have to call my mom."

1. Why do Ryan's eyes get red and itchy when he walks into Robert's house?

44
 How do you know this?

2. Why does Ryan want to call his mother?

How do you know this?

"William, don't forget your towel!" Mom shouted as she applied sunblock on the baby.
William threw the folding chairs in the back of the minivan and shouted through the garage
door, "OK Mom!" He then ran up and grabbed his towel. "Georgie!" William shouted. There
was no response. Mom packed the baby up into the car seat. "William, can you help me with
his umbrella?" William ran down the stairs, almost tripping over a chew toy, and then he
helped his mother load the large umbrella in the minivan. "Mom, I can't find Georgie,"
William said. His mother shrugged and replied, "That's OK, William. He probably shouldn't
come with us anyway."
3. Where are Mom and William going?

How do you know this?

4. Who is Georgie?

How do you know this?

45
As the teacher brought the class back from the washroom, he noticed that Alvin and Elijah
were nowhere to be seen. He asked the class, "Has anyone seen Alvin or Elijah?" Most of the
students confirmed that they had not seen them, except for Rodney, who remained silent
while tapping his foot on the floor anxiously. The teacher noticed this. "Rodney, do you
happen to know where your best buddies Alvin and Elijah went?" Rodney looked away and
said, "Nah, I haven't seen them." The teacher notified the office of the missing students. An
announcement was made over the PA system and a few minutes later, Alvin and Elijah
returned to class. Both of them were very sweaty and Elijah was carrying a basketball. "Sorry
we took so long. We had to use the bathroom," said Elijah. "Yeah," chimed in Alvin, "it took
longer than we thought."

5. What were Alvin and Elijah doing while they were gone?

How do you know this?

6. Why was Rodney acting so strangely?

How do you know this?

7. Will the teacher believe Alvin and Elijah's story?

46
How do you know this?

Tony walked out of the shopping mall with his arms full of bags and the sun shining on him.
As he approached his car, he started awkwardly feeling around his pockets with his arm full
of bags. He did not find what he was looking for so he transferred the bags on one arm to the
other arm, which already had bags. Tony had a lot of bags on one arm. He still couldn't find
what he was looking for. Now he dropped the bags and plunged both hands desperately into
all of the pockets on his jeans. With a look of despair, Tony ran to his car. He tried to open
the door, but it was locked. Then he saw something on the passenger seat of the car. He
stopped looking and pulled his phone out of his pocket.
8. Why does Tony get so frantic?

How do you know this?

9. What does Tony see on the passenger seat?

How do you know this?

10. Why is Tony getting on the phone?

How do you know this?

Inferential Reading Exercise -2

47
Directions: Read each passage and then respond to the questions. Each question will ask you
to make a logical inference based on textual details. Explain your answer by referencing the
text.
Kyle ran into his house, slamming the door behind him. He threw his book bag on the floor
and plopped onto the couch. After six hours of playing Grand Larceny VII, he ate some
pizza and fell asleep with a slice on his stomach and his feet on his book bag. When Kyle
came home from school the next day, he was noticeably distraught. He balled up his report
card and placed it inside a soup can in the garbage. He then flipped the soup can upside down
in the garbage can and arranged loose pieces of trash over it. As he plopped down on the
couch, he let out a sigh and picked up his controller.

1. Why is Kyle distraught?

How do you know this?

2. Why does Kyle put the report card in a soup can?

How do you know this?

3. Was Kyle’s report card good or bad and why was it like that?

48
How do you know this?

Anastasia sat by the fountain in the park with her head in her palms. She was weeping
mournfully and her clothing was disheveled. In between gasps and sobs, Anastasia cried out
a name: “Oh... John…” And then her cell phone beeped. Her hand ran into her purse and
her heart fluttered. The text message was from John. She opened up the message and read
the few bare words, “I need to get my jacket back from you.” Anastasia threw her head into
her arms and continued sobbing.
4. What relationship do John and Anastasia have?

How do you know this?

5. Why is Anastasia sad?

How do you know this?

Cassie rolled over in her bed as she felt the sunlight hit her face. The beams were warming
the back of her neck when she slowly realized that it was a Thursday, and she felt a little too
good for a Thursday. Struggling to open her eyes, she looked up at the clock. “9:48,” she
shouted, “Holy cow!” Cassie jumped out of bed, threw on the first outfit that she grabbed,
brushed her teeth in two swipes, threw her books into her backpack, and then ran out the
door.
6. What problem is Cassie having?

How do you know this?

49
7. Where is Cassie going?

How do you know this?

Kelvin was waiting in front of the corner store at 3:56. His muscles were tense and he was
sweating a bit more than usual. The other kids gathered in front of the little storefront were
much more relaxed, even playful. They joked back and forth lightly to each other but for
Kelvin, time slowed. 3:57. “Don’t worry, Kelvin. He ain’t even gonna show up.” Kelvin
hoped that he wouldn’t. A black four-door Camry with tinted windows pulled up and parked
across the street. Kelvin gulped. 3:58. A group of teenagers piled out of the car. James was
in the front. “Hi-ya, Kelvin. Glad you could make it,” James said. Kelvin felt smaller.

8. Why is Kelvin waiting at the corner store?

How do you know this?

9. Are James and Kelvin friends?

How do you know this?

50
10. Why is Kelvin so nervous?

How do you know this?

16 Read from Literary pieces

The Tyger
BY WILLIAM BLAKE

Tyger Tyger, burning bright,

In the forests of the night;
What immortal hand or eye,
Could frame thy fearful symmetry?

In what distant deeps or skies.

Burnt the fire of thine eyes?
On what wings dare he aspire?
What the hand, dare seize the fire?

And what shoulder, & what art,

Could twist the sinews of thy heart?
And when thy heart began to beat,
What dread hand? & what dread feet?

What the hammer? what the chain,

In what furnace was thy brain?
What the anvil? what dread grasp,
Dare its deadly terrors clasp!

When the stars threw down their spears

And water'd heaven with their tears:
Did he smile his work to see?
Did he who made the Lamb make thee?

Tyger Tyger burning bright,

51
In the forests of the night:
What immortal hand or eye,
Dare frame thy fearful symmetry?

Read the above Poem and discuss the answers among yourself:
1. What does the tiger in the Tyger symbolize?

2. What is the mood of the Tyger by William Blake?

3. Which line from the poem The Tyger is an example of alliteration?

4. What literary devices are used in the Tyger?

“The Road Not Taken”

by Robert Frost
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,
And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveler, long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth;

Then took the other, as just as fair,

And having perhaps the better claim,
Because it was grassy and wanted wear;
Though as for that the passing there
Had worn them really about the same,

And both that morning equally lay

In leaves no step had trodden black.
Oh, I kept the first for another day!
Yet knowing how way leads on to way,
I doubted if I should ever come back.

I shall be telling this with a sigh

Somewhere ages and ages hence:
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—
I took the one less traveled by,

52
And that has made all the difference.

Read the above Poem and answer the following questions:

1. Where does the traveler find himself? What problem does he face?

2. Discuss what these phrases mean to you.

(i) “a yellow wood”

(ii) “it was grassy and wanted wear”

(iii) “the passing there”

(iv) “leaves no step had trodden black”

(v) “how way leads on to way”

(vi) What is that the last two lines of poem mean?

The shortest speech: The Gettysburg Address

By Abraham Lincoln, November 19, 1863

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation,
conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so
conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war.
We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here

53
gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do
this.

But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow --
this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far
above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what
we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be
dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that
from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last
full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in
vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government
of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

Question
Critically analyse the above literary text and explain the importance of its theme.

17 Sentence structures (Grammar)

EXERCISE ONE
I. Rewrite the following Simple Sentences as Compound Sentences:

54
1. The old man being weak could not walk properly.

2. In spite of being poor, his father is a contended man.

3. She must work hard to be successful in the examination.

4. Our teacher is popular among students for his diligence.

5. But for his faults he would have progressed immensely.

6. Visualizing a danger ahead, the traveler became cautious.

7. The student must accept his fault to escape his punishment.

8. The culprit ran away to escape his arrest.

9. Taking off their clothes the children jumped into the river.

10. In the event of being late you will not be allowed entry.

EXERCISE TWO
Rewrite the following Simple Sentences as Complex Sentences:
11. Nobody could find out the place of their stay.

12. The purpose of his visit to this place is not known.

13. All the laborers set out for their homes at sunset.

55
14. On seeing the policeman, the thief fled away.

15. You cannot succeed without working hard.

16. Pious women are always respected by all.

17. I do not know the way leading to his house.

18. The guests sitting in the room could not hear his voice.

19. She hoped to be successful in the examination.

20. A man fair in his dealings is always trusted.

EXERCISE THREE
Rewrite the following Complex Sentences as Compound Sentences:
21. I am confident that he is innocent in this matter.

22. Unless he works hard, he cannot pass the examination.

23. However hard work she may do she cannot pass the examination.
24. She is sure that he has stolen her purse.

25. As the shopkeeper quarrels with every customer, nobody likes him.

26. If he does not improve his behavior, he will lose all his friends.

27. Unless the culprit accepts his fault, he will not be spared.

56
28. She did not attend the office because she felt unwell today.

29. She has lost the book that she had purchased.

30. If you do not attend the class you will not be allowed to sit in the examination.

EXERCISE FOUR
Rewrite the following Compound Sentences as Complex Sentences:
31. Let me reach my office and then I shall talk to him.

32. Spare the rod and spoil the child.

33. The thief saw the police man, so he ran away.

34. She is feeling unwell so she cannot attend her office today.

35. The child felt hungry, so he started weeping.

36. The news is very good but it is not true.

37. Eat less and you will remain healthy.

38. The old man is very rich but he is a miser.

39. Children put on new clothes and went to see the fair.

40. Keep quiet or you will repent.

57
 18 Use of phrases and clauses in sentences (Grammar)

Build and Connect Sentences with Transitional Words and Phrases

1. To be self-centered does not mean to disregard the worth of other people.

We are all [Link] psychologists would probably accept this position.

2. There are differences in math performance between boys and girls.

These differences cannot be attributed simply to differences in innate [Link] one
were to ask the children themselves, they would probably disagree.

3. We do not seek solitude.

If we find ourselves alone for once, we flick a switch.
We invite the whole world [Link] world comes in through the TV or Internet.

4. Little girls, of course, don't take toy guns out of their hip pockets.
They do not say "Pow, pow" to all their neighbors and friends.
The average well-adjusted little boy does [Link] we gave little girls the six-shooters,
we would soon have double the body count.

5. We know very little about pain.

What we don't know makes it hurt all the more.
There is ignorance about pain.
No form of illiteracy in the United States is so widespread.
No form of illiteracy in the United States is so costly.

58
6. We drove the wagon close to a corner post.
We twisted the end of the wire around it.
We twisted the wire one foot above the ground.
We stapled it fast.
We drove along the line of posts.
We drove for about 200 [Link] unreeled the wire on the ground behind us.

7. The historical sciences have made us very conscious of our past.

They have made us conscious of the world as a machine.
The machine generates successive events out of foregoing ones.
Some scholars tend to look totally [Link] look backward in their
interpretation of the human future.

8. Rewriting is something that most writers find they have to do.

They rewrite to discover what they have to say.
They rewrite to discover how to say it.
There are a few writers who do little formal rewriting.
They have capacity and experience.
They create and review a large number of invisible drafts.
They create and review in their minds.
They do this before they approach the page.

59
 19 Punctuation (Grammar)
I. Use appropriate punctuation marks and rewrite the following sentences.
1. We had a great time in France the kids really enjoyed it

2. Some people work best in the mornings others do better in the evenings

3. What are you doing next weekend

4. Mother had to go into hospital she had heart problems

5. Did you understand why I was upset

6. It is a fine idea let us hope that it is going to work

7. We will be arriving on Monday morning at least I think so

8. A textbook can be a wall between teacher and class

9. The girls father sat in a corner

10. In the words of Murphys Law Anything that can go wrong will go wrong

II. Punctuate the following sentences

1. He is not really nice looking and yet he has enormous charm
2. When I was a child I could watch TV whenever I wanted to
3. It is a fine idea let us hope that it is going to work
4. Mrs Solomon who was sitting behind the desk gave me a big smile
5. We were believe it or not in love with each other
6. I don’t like this one bit said Julia

60
7. Have you met our handsome new financial director
8. If you are ever in London come and see you
9. Michael in the Ferrari was cornering superbly
10. Looking straight at her he said I cant help you
III. This exercise will test your understanding of all kinds of different punctuation
marks, particularly commas, colons, semi-colons and apostrophes.
Select the correctly punctuated sentence.
1 a) Spain is a beautiful country; the beache's are warm, sandy and spotlessly clean.
b) Spain is a beautiful country: the beaches are warm, sandy and spotlessly clean.
c) Spain is a beautiful country, the beaches are warm, sandy and spotlessly clean.
d) Spain is a beautiful country; the beaches are warm, sandy and spotlessly clean.
2 a) The children's books were all left in the following places: Mrs Smith's room, Mr
Powell's office and the caretaker's cupboard.
b) The children's books were all left in the following places; Mrs Smith's room, Mr
Powell's office and the caretaker's cupboard.
c) The childrens books were all left in the following places: Mrs Smiths room, Mr
Powells office and the caretakers cupboard.
d) The children's books were all left in the following places, Mrs Smith's room, Mr
Powell's office and the caretaker's cupboard.
3 a) She always enjoyed sweets, chocolate, marshmallows and toffee apples.
b) She always enjoyed: sweets, chocolate, marshmallows and toffee apples.
c) She always enjoyed sweets chocolate marshmallows and toffee apples.
d) She always enjoyed sweet's, chocolate, marshmallow's and toffee apple's.
4 a) Sarah's uncle's car was found without its wheels in that old derelict warehouse.
b) Sarah's uncle's car was found without its wheels in that old, derelict warehouse.
c) Sarahs uncles car was found without its wheels in that old, derelict warehouse.
d) Sarah's uncle's car was found without it's wheels in that old, derelict warehouse.
5 a) I can't see Tim's car, there must have been an accident.
b) I cant see Tim's car; there must have been an accident.
c) I can't see Tim's car there must have been an accident.
d) I can't see Tim's car; there must have been an accident.

61
6. a) Paul's neighbours were terrible; so his brother's friends went round to have a word.
b) Paul's neighbours were terrible: so his brother's friends went round to have a word.
c) Paul's neighbours were terrible, so his brother's friends went round to have a word.
d) Paul's neighbours were terrible so his brother's friends went round to have a word.
7. a) Tims gran, a formidable woman, always bought him chocolate, cakes, sweets and a
nice fresh apple.
b) Tim's gran a formidable woman always bought him chocolate, cakes, sweets and a
nice fresh apple.
c) Tim's gran, a formidable woman, always bought him chocolate cakes sweets and a
nice fresh apple.
d) Tim's gran, a formidable woman, always bought him chocolate, cakes, sweets and a
nice fresh apple.
8 a) After stealing Tims car, the thief lost his way and ended up in the chief constable's
garage.
b) After stealing Tim's car the thief lost his way and ended up in the chief constable's
garage.
c) After stealing Tim's car, the thief lost his way and ended up in the chief constable's
garage.
d) After stealing Tim's car, the thief lost his' way and ended up in the chief constable's
garage.

9 a) We decided to visit: Spain, Greece, Portugal and Italy's mountains.

b) We decided to visit Spain, Greece, Portugal and Italys mountains.
c) We decided to visit Spain, Greece, Portugal and Italy's mountains.
d) We decided to visit Spain Greece Portugal and Italy's mountains.
10 a) That tall man, Paul's grandad, is this month's winner.
b) That tall man Paul's grandad is this month's winner.
c) That tall man, Paul's grandad, is this months winner.
d) That tall man, Pauls grandad, is this month's winner.

IV. In the following exercise you will be given some sentences containing embedded
quotations. Select the correctly punctuated sentence.

62
1 a) Morris says of his boss, 'His use of English grammar leaves many people stunned
and disbelieving' (Grammar for Beginners).
b) Morris says of his boss, His use of English grammar leaves many people stunned
and disbelieving (Grammar for Beginners).
c) Morris says of his boss, 'His use of English grammar leaves many people stunned
and disbelieving.' (Grammar for Beginners)
2 a) On killing Davenport, the queen says this of herself 'I am lost. All is now lost.
There is nothing for me but a return to the tower!' (The Keys to the Castle).
b) On killing Davenport, the queen says of herself: 'I am lost. All is now lost. There is
nothing for me but a return to the tower!' (The Keys to the Castle).
c) On killing Davenport, the queen says of herself: 'I am lost. All is now lost. There is
nothing for me but a return to the tower! (The Keys to the Castle).
3 a) Although many people have yet to discover the delights of the cuisine of
Luxembourg, Smith knows exactly what he likes: 'The cuisine of Luxembourg is
without doubt the finest in the world' (1001 Fantastic Things About Luxerbourg,
p6211).
b) Although many people have yet to discover the delights of the cuisine of
Luxembourg, Smith knows exactly what he likes 'The cuisine of Luxembourg is
without doubt the finest in the world' (1001 Fantastic Things About Luxerbourg,
p6211).
c) Although many people have yet to discover the delights of the cuisine of
Luxembourg, Smith knows exactly what he likes: 'The cuisine of Luxembourg is
without doubt the finest in the world' (1001 Fantastic Things About Luxerbourg,
p6211)
4 a) Fraser asserts that 'cognitive processing is at the very core of academic success'
(More Cognitive Psychology p334)
b) Fraser asserts that: 'cognitive processing is at the very core of academic success'
(More Cognitive Psychology p334).
c) Fraser asserts that 'cognitive processing is at the very core of academic success'
(More Cognitive Psychology p334).
5. a) Although opinion is not unanimous, Smith is certain about the quality of Greek
wine: 'Wherever you travel in the world, you will not find a more satisfying or
carefully produced drink than the wine of the Greek islands' (1001 Great Things
About Greece, p3765).
b) Although opinion is not unanimous, Smith is certain about the quality of Greek
wine: Wherever you travel in the world, you will not find a more satisfying or
carefully produced drink than the wine of the Greek islands (1001 Great Things
About Greece, p3765).
c) Although opinion is not unanimous, Smith is certain about the quality of Greek
wine, 'Wherever you travel in the world, you will not find a more satisfying or

63
 carefully produced drink than the wine of the Greek islands' (1001 Great Things
About Greece, p3765).

V. Correct the paragraph by adding appropriate punctuation and capitalization.

1. winston is one of the most laid-back people i know he is tall and slim with black
hair and he always wears a t-shirt and black jeans his jeans have holes in them and
his baseball boots are scruffy too he usually sits at the back of the class and he
often seems to be asleep however when the exam results are given out he always
gets an "A" i don't think hes as lazy as he appears to be

2. the continuing care retirement community CCRC has become one alternative to
the impending increase in our elderly population according to estella espinoza
professor of gerontology at the university of connecticut. nursing homes are no
longer the answer to this social need she said their simply to costly for todays
senior-citizens she added.

3. CCRC's normally require a tremendous down payment to buy into a living unit
then they require a considerable monthly "maintenance fee." this large initial
investment together with the continuing high price of socalled maintenance means
that many americans will be excluded from the CCRC of their choice. "its a shame
that getting old has to be so expensive" said espinoza there are three things
involved here affordability convenience and human dignity

20 Subject-verb agreements (Grammar)

I. Fill in the blanks using appropriate verb forms:

1. The indecisive people often ______ their goal.
2. Men and women______ each other.
3. Ten thousand rupees ______ a big amount for a poor person.
4. Two and two _____ four.
5. She as well as her mother ______ rather conservative.
6. Neither of the statements _______ convincing.
7. None ______ present at the emergency meeting called by the principal of the school.
8. One of the cricket players of Pakistan _____ charged for match fixing.
9. Your success or failure in all examinations of life ______ on your efforts.

64
 10. My mother and teacher ______ my role model.
11. Everyone of the laborers ________ given a reward.
12. Neither of the combatants ______ able to break the record.
13. One of the machines _______ malfunctioning.
14. The police _______ arrested five culprits.
15. A three day workshop ______ conducted for the management trainees.
16. Linguistics ______ an interesting subject.
17. Churchill, statesman and writer, _________ no more.
18. Ram, along with his parents, ______ going to Singapore.
19. The North pole and South pole _______ equally distant from the equator.
20. Nothing _________ yet been decided.
21. The tiger _______ our National animal.
22. Sheela with her friends _________ at the theatre.
23. A pack of cards ________ missing.
24. One of my friends ________ going abroad today.
25. Some of the music ________ boring.
26. Either of the two books _______ not sufficient.
27. Neither shoby nor her friends ________ come.
28. Half of the cake ________ eaten by Raju.
29. Any new vehicle _______ to be registered.
30. There _______ three meetings in succession.
31. Hundred miles ________ not a long distance.
32. A volley of questions ________ put forth by the quiz master.
33. This information _______ not correct.
34. The Governor and the Vice-chancellor ________ come for the function.
35. Your scissors ________ very sharp.
36. Many an artiste ___________ not gain stand for more than one film.
37. A great many students _______ been declared successful.
38. None of the candidates _____ filed their nomination.
39. The girl who ______ scored the highest marks is appreciated by all the friends.
40. Each of the boys _______ managed to get prize.

Exercise 2
Correct the following sentences for the subject-verb agreement:
1. Slow and steady win the race.
2. The jury were unanimous in its decision.
3. The number of applicants are large.
4. Even five thousand rupees were a lot of money in the 1950’s.
5. One of my friends are going for higher studies to the U.S.
6. Nora and Nina doesn’t want that dress.
7. Not one the artists were available for comment.
8. Either I or my eyesight am at fault.
9. The number of failures are high.

65
 10. Several students who receives the award are from the rural section.

2. NOUN-VERB AGREEMENT
Exercise 1:
Fill in the blanks with a verb form that agrees with the subject or a pronoun that
agrees with its antecedent:
1. The horse and carriage _________ waiting at the door.
a) is b ) are c) either could be used here d ) was
2. No nook or corner ________ left unexplored.
a) was b) is c) were d) their
3. The quality of the apples _______ not very good.
a) was b) were c) is d) either could be used here
4. His knowledge of Indian languages __________ commendable.
a) Is b) are c) has d) have
5. Excessive consumption of beverages such as tea and coffee _______ adverse
effects on health.
a) Has b) had c) have d) either could be used here
6. The rise and fall of the tide ________ due to the influence of the moon.
a) is b) was c) were d) have
7. Please allow John and _______ to go to the movies.
a) I b) me c) either could be used d) none of these
8. All passenger must buy _______ tickets
a) their b) our c) his d) her
9. Every man must bear _______ own burden.
a) his b) their c) our d) none of these
10. Each girl gave ______ own version of the story.
a) their b) her c) our d) either could be used

21 Newspaper column writing

Topics for Newspaper column writing
1. Homelessness: Is Sleeping in the Street a Crime?
2. Artificial Intelligence
3. Complete the following article as instructed.

66
4. The Economic Crisis
5. What Makes a Good Commercial?
6. Do Violent Video Games Make People More Violent in Real Life?

22 Nature and Style of sensible writing - Describing –Defining –Classifying -

Providing examples or evidence
Styles of writing:
Different types:

67
 1. DESCRIPTIVE WRITING

If an author writes in a descriptive style, he/she is painting a picture in words of a person,

place, or thing for the audience. The author might employ metaphor or other literary device in
order to describe the author’s impressions via their five senses (what they hear, see, smell,
taste, or touch).

An Example for Descriptive Writing: The Blond Guitar

My most valuable possession is an old, slightly warped blond guitar―the first instrument I
taught myself how to play. It's nothing fancy, just a Madeira folk guitar, all scuffed and
scratched and fingerprinted. At the top is a bramble of copper-wound strings, each one
hooked through the eye of a silver tuning key. The strings are stretched down a long, slim
neck, its frets tarnished, and the wood worn by years of fingers pressing chords and picking
notes. The body of the Madeira is shaped like an enormous yellow pear, one that was slightly
damaged in shipping. The blond wood has been chipped and gouged to gray, particularly
where the pick guard fell off years ago. No, it's not a beautiful instrument, but it still lets me
make music, and for that I will always treasure it.

Question 1
Write a descriptive note on a historical monument that you have fascinated by.

2. ARGUMENTATIVE / PERSUASIVE WRITING

Argumentative writing is the main style of writing you will use in academic papers. When an
author writes in a persuasive style, they are trying to convince the audience of a position or
belief. This writing contains the author’s opinions and biases, as well as justifications and
reasons given by the author as evidence of the correctness of their position. Any
“argumentative” essay you write in school should be in the persuasive style of writing.

Examples of Argumentative/Persuasive Writing:

Rich Does Not Mean Happy
The discussion on money and happiness has been going on for a long time. There are some
who believe that the more money you have, the happier you are. People are busy indulging in
different activities while trying to be happy. You can buy food, clothing, shelter and other
68
things that people need but these are just physical things. Money satisfies the physical needs
of the person, but people need to understand that happiness is not physical. It is an inner
feeling that a person has.
Those who rely on money will always count on getting more and will never be satisfied with
the money they have. People who possess a lot of money have more things than others who
have a moderate amount.

Question:
Discuss: The violence shown in cartoons, videogames and movies that badly affect
child’s mind.

3. NARRATIVE
Narrative writing is used in almost every longer piece of writing, whether fiction or
nonfiction. When an author writes in a narrative style, they are not just trying to impart
information, they are trying to construct and communicate a story, complete with characters,
conflict, and settings.

As a writer, you can choose to tell a story any way you'd like. This is known as point of view.
There are three popular forms:
First Person - In this point of view, a character (typically the protagonist, but not always) is
telling the story. You'll notice a lot of "I" and "me" or "we" in first person narrations.
Second Person - In this point of view, the author uses a narrator to speak to the reader. You'll
notice a lot of "you," "your," and "yours" in second person narration.
Third Person - In this point of view, an external narrator is telling the story. You'll notice a
lot of "he," "she," "it," or "they" in this form of narration.

Question 1:
Whom did you dream to be when you were a kid? Why?

69
Question 2:
Make use of the following vocabularies in your narrative passage to elaborate a painful
incident happened in your/your friend’s life.
[ordeal, lament, survival, suffering, strength, shock, encouragement, annoying, solace,
breathtaking]

Question: 3:
Make a list of 10 words each for the emotion “happiness” and “pity.”

Happiness:

Pity:

4. COMPARATIVE WRITING:
The fundamental purpose of a comparative essay is to elaborate the similarities and
differences between two things in a systematic manner. An effective comparative essay will
leave the reader with much greater clarity about the natures and properties of the things that
have been compared.

Exercise 1
Identify from the list of following words that are used to compare or contrast.
Additionally, Despite that, As well as, At the same time, Although, Meanwhile, Comparably,
Nevertheless, Compared to, Correspondingly, On the contrary, On the other hand,
Furthermore, In addition, Yet, However, In parallel, Just as In contrast, Nonetheless,
Likewise, Moreover, Even so, Unlike, Same as, Conversely, Similarly, Even though.

70
Exercise 2
Write a comparative paragraph on Communication – before and after the advent of
computers and modern technology.

23 Writing introduction and conclusion

2. Writing introduction and conclusion
Exercise 1
Make an introduction and conclusion to the following argumentative paragraph, and provide
suitable title to the theme.

Title: _____________________________

Introduction:

71
Many 'humans' around the world demand for fast foods, rather than carrying a homemade or
healthy food. Many people feel sick, unable to move, living with cancer is pointing towards
these nasty junk foods and fast foods. You may not notice the heaps of irrelevant ingredients
the fast food services use to increase the supply to the mobs of customers who are addicted to
fast foods, can results in an unhealthy life. Each penny you save, each penny of a healthy life
you earn. Instead of buying fast food to wipe away your hunger, you can order a healthy,
organic, and homemade food, which Worth's more than the benefits of a healthy life. Much
medical expertise prefers eating healthy foods or those which are prepared in homes or those
who are prepared out of organic ingredients.

To some extent, I believe that the consumption of fast foods is the biggest curse the person
meets to ruin the upcoming healthy life, ‘you eat, you enjoy, you live with it', but that doesn't
mean that you make it a necessity for you. Many victims of diabetes, hepatitis and liver
cancer say that "every bite of the junk food, Worth's equal to the consumption of poisonous
food.

On the other hand, I do believe that the consumption of fast foods can be the right choice for
your journey, but that doesn't last for many hours. If you've got nothing on for your journey,
then you can go for fast food. But it's better to carry healthy food and to maintain a healthy
diet.

In conclusion, fast foods are the best choice to have in urgent business, but it better to have a
home-made, because the more you go for Homemade, the more they are healthy and less
risky.

Conclusion:

72
Exercise 2
Write an introductory and a concluding paragraph after discussing the similarities and
dissimilarities of Basketball and Soccer.

Introduction:

Conclusion:

73
 24 Identify different parts text
Read the following literary passage and identify the different parts of text:
EAST AND WEST
-by Rabindranath Tagore

The modern age has brought the geography of the earth near to us, but made it difficult for us
to come into touch with man. We go to strange lands and observe; we do not live there. We
hardly meet men: but only specimens of knowledge. We are in haste to seek for general types
and overlook individuals…

74
When we think of it, we see at once what the confusion of thought was to which the Western
poet, dwelling upon the difference between East and West, referred when he said, 'Never the
twain shall meet.' It is true that they are not yet showing any real sign of meeting. But the
reason is because the West has not sent out its humanity to meet the man in the East, but only
its machine. Therefore the poet's line has to be changed into something like this:

Man is man, machine is machine,

And never the twain shall wed.

You must know that red tape can never be a common human bond; that official sealing-wax
can never provide means of mutual attachment; that it is a painful ordeal for human beings to
have to receive favours from animated pigeon-holes, and condescension from printed
circulars that give notice but never speak. The presence of the Western people in the East is a
human fact. If we are to gain anything from them, it must not be a mere sum-total of legal
codes and systems of civil and military services. Man is a great deal more to man than that.
We have our human birthright to claim direct help from the man of the West, if he has
anything great to give us. It must come to us, not through mere facts in juxtaposition, but
through the spontaneous sacrifice made by those who have the gift, and therefore the
responsibility…

When I was young a stranger from Europe came to Bengal. He chose his lodging among the
people of the country, shared with them their frugal diet, and freely offered them his service.
He found employment in the houses of the rich, teaching them French and German, and the
money thus earned he spent to help poor students in buying books. This meant for him hours
of walking in the mid-day heat of a tropical summer; for, intent upon exercising the utmost
economy, he refused to hire conveyances. He was pitiless in his exaction from himself of his
resources, in money, time, and strength, to the point of privation; and all this for the sake of a
people who were obscure, to whom he was not born, yet whom he dearly loved. He did not
come to us with a professional mission of teaching sectarian creeds; he had not in his nature
the least trace of that self-sufficiency of goodness, which humiliates by gifts the victims of its
insolent benevolence. Though he did not know our language, he took every occasion to
frequent our meetings and ceremonies; yet he was always afraid of intrusion and tenderly
anxious lest he might offend us by his ignorance of our customs. At last, under the continual
strain of work in an alien climate and surroundings, his health broke down. He died, and was
cremated at our burning-ground, according to his express desire.

The attitude of his mind, the manner of his living, the object of his life, his modesty, his
unstinted self-sacrifice for a people who had not even the power to give publicity to any
benefaction bestowed upon them, were so utterly unlike anything we were accustomed to
associate with the Europeans in India, that it gave rise in our mind to a feeling of love
bordering upon awe.

We all have a realm, a private paradise, in our mind, where dwell deathless memories of
persons who brought some divine light to our life's experience, who may not be known to
others, and whose names have no place in the pages of history. Let me confess to you that
this man lives as one of those immortals in the paradise of my individual life.

He came from Sweden, his name was Hammargren. What was most remarkable in the event
of his coming to us in Bengal was the fact that in his own country he had chanced to read
some works of my great countryman, Ram Mohan Roy, and felt an immense veneration for

75
his genius and his character. Ram Mohan Roy lived in the beginning of the last century, and
it is no exaggeration when I describe him as one of the immortal personalities of modern
time. This young Swede had the unusual gift of a farsighted intellect and sympathy, which
enabled him even from his distance of space and time, and in spite of racial differences, to
realize the greatness of Ram Mohan Roy. It moved him so deeply that he resolved to go to
the country which produced this great man, and offer her his service. He was poor, and he
had to wait some time in England before he could earn his passage money to India. There he
came at last, and in reckless generosity of love utterly spent himself to the last breath of his
life, away from home and kindred and all the inheritances of his motherland. His stay among
us was too short to produce any outward result. He failed even to achieve during his life what
he had in his mind, which was to found by the help of his scanty earnings a library as a
memorial to Ram Mohan Roy, and thus to leave behind him a visible symbol of his devotion.
But what I prize most in this European youth, who left no record of his life behind him, is not
the memory of any service of goodwill, but the precious gift of respect which he offered to a
people who are fallen upon evil times, and whom it is so easy to ignore or to humiliate. For
the first time in the modern days this obscure individual from Sweden brought to our country
the chivalrous courtesy of the West, a greeting of human fellowship.

The coincidence came to me with a great and delightful surprise when the Nobel Prize was
offered to me from Sweden. As recognition of individual merit it was of great value to me, no
doubt; but it was the acknowledgement of the East as a collaborator with the Western
continents, in contributing its riches to the common stock of civilization, which had the chief
significance for the present age. It meant joining hands in comradeship by the two great
hemispheres of the human world across the sea.

Point of discussion Parts of Text

Theme of passage

Introductory ideas

76
 Concluding ideas

Relevant from irrelevant

facts

Contradictory ideas

77
 Connectives

25 Difference between print and digital writing

1. Elicit the contrast between Print and digital broadcast.

2. Bring out the salient features and the difference between Novels and Movies. (printed
materials and visual entertainments.)

78
3. Explain the detailed features of visual and print media.

4. Write any ten important points on printed and visual media.

79
 26 Recommendations
1. Write a set of eight recommendations to save water.
2. Write a set of eight recommendations to keep your country peaceful from war.
3. Write a set of eight recommendations to reduce unemployment.
4. Recommendations on the demands of the employees.
5. Recommendations to reduce air pollution in the city.

27 Read from innovation and ideas that changed the world

1. The Printing Press
Prior to the rise of the Internet, no innovation did more for the spread and democratization of
knowledge than Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press. Developed around 1440 in Mainz,
Germany, Gutenberg’s machine improved on already existing presses through the use of a
mould that allowed for the rapid production of lead alloy type pieces. This assembly line
method of copying books enabled a single printing press to create as many as 3,600 pages per
day. By 1500 over 1,000 Gutenberg presses were operating in Europe, and by 1600 they had
created over 200 million new books. The printing press not only made books affordable for
the lower classes, but it helped spark the Age of Enlightenment and facilitated the spread of
new and often controversial ideas. In 1518 followers of the German monk Martin Luther used
the printing press to copy and disseminate his seminal work “The Ninety-Five Theses,”
which jumpstarted the Protestant Reformation and spurred conflicts like the Thirty Years’
War (1618-48). The printing press proved so influential in prompting revolutions, religious
upheaval and scientific thought that Mark Twain would later write, “What the world is today,
good and bad, it owes to Gutenberg.”
1. When was the printing press developed?

80
2. How many new books were printed?

3. How many pages were printed in a single day?

4. What was the main purpose for the invention of printing press?

5. What was the role played by the printing press during the revolution?
2. The Compass
Magnetic compasses may have been made somewhat obsolete by satellites and global
positioning systems, but their impact on early navigation and exploration was inestimable.
Originally invented in China, by the 14th century compasses had widely replaced
astronomical means as the primary navigational instrument for mariners. The compass
provided explorers with a reliable method for traversing the world’s oceans, a breakthrough
that ignited the Age of Discovery and won Europe the wealth and power that later fueled the
Industrial Revolution. Most importantly, the compass allowed for interaction—both peaceful
and otherwise—between previously isolated world cultures.
1. When was the Compass invented?

2. What was the impact of this invention?

3. What was the main purpose for the invention?

4. What was the role played by compass during that period?

3. Paper Currency
Throughout much of human history, money took the form of precious metals, coins and even
raw materials like livestock or vegetables. The inception of paper money ushered in a bold
new era—a world in which currency could purchase goods and services despite having no
intrinsic value. Paper currency was widely used in China in the ninth century, but did not
appear in Europe until the late 1600s. Spurred on by frequent shortages of coins, banks issued
paper notes as a promise against future payments of precious metals. By the late 19th century
many nations had begun issuing government-backed legal tender that could no longer be
converted into gold or silver. The switch to paper money not only bailed out struggling
governments during times of crisis—as it did for the United States during the Civil War—but
it also ushered in a new era of international monetary regulation that changed the face of

81
global economics. Perhaps even more importantly, paper currency was the vital first step in a
new monetary system that led to the birth of credit cards and electronic banking.
1. When was the Paper Currency developed?

2. What role has it played in the improvement of the country?

3. Suggest any alternate apart from paper currency?

4. What was the main purpose for the invention?

5. What was the role played by the Currency during the revolution?

4. Steel
While early human societies made extensive use of stone, bronze and iron, it was steel that
fueled the Industrial Revolution and built modern cities. Evidence of steel tools dates back
4,000 years, but the alloy was not mass-produced until the invention of the Bessemer Process,
a technique for creating steel using molten pig iron, in the 1850s. Steel then exploded into
one of the biggest industries on the planet and was used in the creation of everything from
bridges and railroads to skyscrapers and engines. It proved particularly influential in North
America, where massive iron ore deposits helped the United States become one of the
world’s biggest economies.
1. When was the Steel developed?

2. What role has it played in the improvement of the country?

3. What was the main purpose for the invention?

4. What was the role played by the Steel during the revolution?

5. The Electric Light

82
While they are easy to take for granted, all it takes is a short power outage to remind us of the
importance of artificial lights. Pioneered in the early 19th century by Humphry Davy and his
carbon arc lamp, electric lights developed throughout the 1800s thanks to the efforts of
inventors like Warren de la Rue, Joseph Wilson Swan and Thomas Alva Edison. It was
Edison and Swan who patented the first long-lasting light bulbs in 1879 and 1880, liberating
society from a near-total reliance on daylight. Electric lights went on to be used in everything
from home lighting and street lamps to flashlights and car headlights. The complex networks
of wires erected to power early light bulbs also helped lead to the first domestic electrical
wiring, paving the way for countless other in-home appliances.
1. When was the Electric Light developed?

2. What role has it played in the improvement of the country?

3. What was the latest improvement in the field till date?

4. What was the main purpose for the invention?

5. What was the role played by the Electric Light during the revolution?

6. Magnifying Lenses
Magnifying lenses might seem like an unremarkable invention, but their use has offered
mankind a glimpse of everything from distant stars and galaxies to the minute workings of
living cells. Lenses first came into use in the 13th century as an aid for the weak-sighted, and
the first microscopes and telescopes followed in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.
Figures like Robert Hook and Anton van Leeuwenhoek would go on to use microscopes in
the early observance of cells and other particles, while Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler
employed the telescope to chart Earth’s place in the cosmos. These early uses were the first
steps in the development of astonishing devices like the electron microscope and the Hubble
Space Telescope. Magnifying lenses have since led to new breakthroughs in an abundance of
fields including astronomy, biology, archeology, optometry and surgery.
1. When was the Magnifying Lenses developed?

2. What role has it played in the improvement of the country?

3. What was the latest improvement in the field till date?

83
4. What was the main purpose for the invention?

5. What was the role played by the Magnifying Lenses?

7. The Telegraph
The telegraph was the first in a long line of communications breakthroughs that later included
radio, telephones and email. Pioneered by a variety of inventors in the 18th and 19th
centuries, the telegraph used Samuel Morse’s famous Morse code to convey messages by
intermittently stopping the flow of electricity along communications wires. Telegraph lines
multiplied throughout the 1850s, and by 1902 transoceanic cables encircled the globe. The
original telegraph and its wireless successors went on to be the first major advancements in
worldwide communication. The ability to send messages rapidly across great distances made
an indelible impact on government, trade, banking, industry, warfare and news media, and
formed the bedrock of the information age.
1. When was The Telegraph developed?

2. What role has it played in the improvement of the country?

3. What was the latest improvement in the field till date?

4. What was the main purpose for the invention?

5. What was the role played by The Telegraph during the revolution?

8. Antibiotics
A giant step forward in the field of medicine, antibiotics saved millions of lives by killing and
preventing the growth of harmful bacteria. Scientists like Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister
were the first to recognize and attempt to combat bacteria, but it was Alexander Fleming who
made the first leap in antibiotics when he accidentally discovered the bacteria-inhibiting mold
known as penicillin in 1928. Antibiotics proved to be a major improvement on
antiseptics—which killed human cells along with bacteria—and their use spread rapidly
throughout the 20th century. Nowhere was their effect more apparent than on the battlefield:
While nearly 20 percent of soldiers who contracted bacterial pneumonia died in World War I,
84
with antibiotics that number dropped to only 1 percent during World War II. Antibiotics like
penicillin, vancomycin, cephalosporin and streptomycin have gone on to fight nearly every
known form of infection, including influenza, malaria, meningitis, tuberculosis and most
sexually transmitted diseases.
1. When was the Antibiotics developed?

2. What role has it played in the improvement of the country?

3. What was the latest improvement in the field till date?

4. What was the main purpose for the invention?

5. What was the role played by the Antibiotics in the field of medicine?

9. The Steam Engine

Cars, airplanes, factories, trains, spacecraft—none of these transportation methods would
have been possible if not for the early breakthrough of the steam engine. The first practical
use of external combustion dates back to 1698, when Thomas Savery developed a steam-
powered water pump. Steam engines were then perfected in the late 1700s by James Watt,
and went on to fuel one of the most momentous technological leaps in human history during
the Industrial Revolution. Throughout the 1800s external combustion allowed for exponential
improvement in transportation, agriculture and manufacturing, and also powered the rise of
world superpowers like Great Britain and the United States. Most important of all, the steam
engine’s basic principle of energy-into-motion set the stage for later innovations like internal
combustion engines and jet turbines, which prompted the rise of cars and aircraft during the
20th century.
1. When was the Steam Engine developed?

2. What role has it played in the improvement of the country?

3. What was the latest improvement in the field till date?

4. What was the main purpose for the invention?

85
5. What was the role played by the Steam Engine in the field of transportation?

10. Internet
The Internet, a network of computers covering the entire planet, allows people to access
almost any information located anywhere in the world at any time. Its effects on business,
communication, economy, entertainment and even politics are profound. The Internet may
not have changed the world as much as the plow, but it's probably on par with the steam
engine or automobile.
DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), the research and development arm
of the U.S. military, created ARPANET in the late 1960s. This network of computer-to-
computer connections was intended for military and academic research. Other computer
networks began to cross the globe in the next few years, and by the late 1970s computer
scientists had created a single protocol, TCP/IP, that would allow computers on any network
to communicate with computers on other networks. This was, essentially, the birth of the
Internet, but it took 10 or so years for various other networks in the world to adopt the new
protocol, making the Internet truly global.
The Internet is such a powerful invention that we've probably only begun to see the effects it
will have on the world. The ability to diffuse and recombine information with such efficiency
could accelerate the rate at which further world-changing inventions are created. At the same
time, some fear that our ability to communicate, work, play and do business via the Internet
breaks down our ties to local communities and causes us to become socially isolated. Like
any invention, the good or ill it accomplishes will come from how we choose to use it.
1. When was the Internet developed?
2. What role has it played in the improvement of the country?

3. What was the latest improvement in the field till date?

4. What was the main purpose for the invention?

5. What was the role played by Internet in the field of technology?

28 Noun-pronoun agreements

Select the sentence which has the pronoun Agreement

Which of the following sentences has the pronoun agreeing with the antecedent noun?

86
When a company changes their marketing strategy abruptly, they may cease to make money.
When a company changes its marketing strategy abruptly, it may cease to make money.

If any one of the employees are late, they must report at once to the foreman.
If any one of the employees is late, s/he [OR ‘he or she’ OR ‘she or he’ OR ‘they’] must
report at once to the foreman.

Neither trouble nor expense was spared in giving each of the boys the education he wanted.
Neither trouble nor expense were spared in giving each of the boys the education they
wanted.

When certain marketing tactics are not working, then obviously they must be changed.
When certain marketing tactics are not working, then obviously it must be changed.

Each of the political parties is being forced to disclose its campaign expenses.
Each of the political parties are being forced to disclose their campaign expenses.

The crew of three men and two women were applauded when their boat crossed the finishing
line.
The crew of three men and two women was applauded when its boat crossed the finishing
line.

Several theories were put forward to explain the accident, but the investigators found it
unsatisfactory.
Several theories were put forward to explain the accident, but the investigators found them
satisfactory.

All levels of the profession had its own salary range.

All levels of the profession had their own salary range.

Management issued a statement on its new work practice agreement.

Management issued a statement on their new work practice agreement.

Every woman present at the function was a leader in their profession.

Every woman present at the function was a leader in her profession.

Exercise 3: Noun/Pronoun Antecedent Agreement

1. Since the doctor went to medical school, _____ should know what treatment you need.
a.) they
b.) she
2. If anyone has an opinion about capital punishment, _____ should state it.
a.) he
b.) they
3. Because the members of the chemistry class did poorly on the exam, ____ had to take a
make-up exam.
a.) they

87
 b.) it
4. Due to the fact that my car is older than other cars, I don't expect ____ to run in the winter.
a.) them
b.) it
5. If people don't like to shop at that store, ____ shouldn't go there.
a.) he
b.) they
6. Any worker can break ____ arm during an accident.
a.) his
b.) their
7. When computers crash, ____ need to be fixed immediately.
a.) it
b.) they
8. A typical shopper doesn't like it when ____ is consistently interrupted by a salesperson.
a.) she
b.) they are
9. If you need help with your grammar,____ may want to take advantage of this online
writing lab.
a.) they
b.) you
10. Before students take a test, ____ should prepare adequately.
a.) they
b.) he

29 ARTICLES
Exercise 1:
1. Fill/insert articles a, an and the wherever necessary
1. He received ________ honorarium of Rs. 1000/-
2. ________ Principal is on rounds.
3. _______ India is _________ developing country.
4. My brother is _________ advocate who is working in __________
5. There was __________ little time after the work was over.
6. __________ Sahara is ___________ biggest desert in __________

88
7. Everyone needs _________ visa to go to other countries.
8. ________ Bible is ___________ only book translated into many languages.
9. The mansion is fully furnished with _______ furniture, wardrobes etc.
10. _______ air conditioner releases CFC into _________ atmosphere.
11. _________ Prime Minister Manmohan Singh is on a visit to _________ U.K.
12. Mani bought ________ car and ________ house last year. But, he is selling _________
car due to financial need.
Exercise 2:
Fill in the gaps with suitable articles:
1. Liquid samples assume the shape of its container _______ kinetic theory explains this
property by saying that there are no fixed position for _______ molecules. ________
molecules in the liquid are free to slide over each other in order to occupy position of ______
lowest possible potential energy.
2. I spoke to one of _______ flight attendants for ________ while. Then I managed to fall
asleep for about ______ hour. After I woke up, I ordered for _______ drink.
3. Just imagine _______ biology teacher explaining ______ respiratory system or just ______
body part like _______ larynx, to the class.
4. _______ National green Tribunal (NGT) has directed ________up Pollution Control Board
to identify and install sewage treatment plants at major sources of pollution in _______ Kali
river, _______ tributary of the Ganga.
5. In _______ urban concrete jungle, to be _______urban farmer, people are interested in
setting up terrace gardens. _______ ‘green conscious ‘movement’ is _________ initiative by
environments.
Exercise 3
Fill in the blanks using a/an/the or x (no article) appropriately.
1. What do you have ____ coffee or ____ cold drink on your return from the school?
2. When do you take ____ break for ______short nap?
3. She gave ____ special dinner to celebrate her child’s birthday.
4. She would like to buy ______ electronic door lock.
5. Hyderabad is _______ capital city of Andra Pradesh.
6. My elder brother is ______ mechanical engineer.
7. _____ dog is _____ faithful animal.
8. This box is made of _____ hard pressed wood.
9. I am not going to have ______ breakfast today as I am getting late for my office.
10. _______ oranges of Nagpur are very sweet.
1. I want ____ tea.
2. I do not go to ______ office on Sundays and Mondays.
3. _______ English language is widely spoken in the world.
4. I will not take ______ lunch or dinner for two days consecutively.
89
5. _____ tiger belongs to the same family of animals as ______ cat.

Exercise 4
Use a/an/the wherever necessary and where an article is not needed (zero article
situation) remove that article from the given text.
1. Person is known by company he or she keeps.
2. Jealous people can never be happy in life.
3. Whenever you go out always keep bottle of RO water and orange with you.
4. Gita and Ramayana are pious books of Hinduism.
5. Climate of Meerut is better than that of Jorhat.
6. Indian cricket is passing through critical period.
7. Of all Indian rivers, Ganga is considered most sacred river by Hindus.
8. NCERT syllabus is one of most advanced syllabi at school stage in the world.

30 PREPOSITIONS
Exercise 1:
Fill in the blanks using appropriate prepositions
1. She was standing _______ the window when the guest speaker was speaking.
2. The Party President differs _______the opposition leader on the subject of acquiring
the land for development purposes.
3. There is always a wild gulf ______ the haves and have-nots.
4. I have entered _______ a legal contract with her.
5. An employee needs an unflinching commitment _____ the needs of his or her
organization.
6. She is confident ________ her selection ______ IAS.
7. My friend deals ________the manufacturing of sports goods.
8. The judge looked ___ the case once again _____ giving his verdict.
9. So many youngsters get addicted ______ drug taking in case of any serious
frustration.
10. On account of the Board’s emergency meeting he is working _______ 7:00 a.m
_____ 10:00 p.m.
11. The road ______ our apartments leads ________ Kolkata.
12. She has no liking _________ Indian classical music.
13. Looking forward _______ meeting you soon.
14. With a view ________ helping her financially he provided her a job in the office.
90
 15. She died _______ breast cancer.
16. He is sitting ______ his study.
17. All the mice fell ______ river.
18. Who are you waiting _________?
19. He was _______ heavy debts ______ head _____ foot.
20. ______ dinner all dispersed.

Exercises 2:
Fill in the blanks in the following with suitable preposition:
1. A snowflake originates ________ countless water molecules that initially come together
__________ small groups as a result _________ a weak force ______oxygen and hydrogen
atoms.
2. The ozone layer filters sunlight and prevents adverse ultraviolet radiation _______
reaching the earth’s surface. The UV- B radiation is a harmful form ________ ultraviolet
radiation _________ a wavelength _________ 280 and 320 nanometers.
3. Oil, the major source ________ energy ________ the world today has had a dramatic
effect ________ the world’s economy. Until quite recently, the demand _______ oil seemed
unlimited.
4. A national conference _________ “The use of English in Colleges” was organized
_________ Ambedkar Engineering College, New Delhi ________ auspices of the British
Council. About 220 students ________ different colleges attended the conference.
5. The earth’s reserves of fossil fuels have been formed _______ organic matter subjected
_________ enormous heat and pressure ____________ millions of years. But such reserves
are finite. Because power demand is increasing very rapidly, fossil fuels will be exhausted
________ a relatively short time.
6. Much of gold’s value lies _________ its scarcity. Only ___________80,000 tons have
been mined __________ the history ________ the world.
7. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the science ________ developing computers that can learn
and follow instructions __________ great accuracy and speed. An example _________ AI is
the use ___________ expert systems.
8. The reactor has to be surrounded _________ concrete and steel walls. It is necessary
_______ monitor radiation levels _______ and ________ the plants.
9. Very fast trains are safe compared _________ most other forms __________motorized
transport. For example, the TGV, which commenced operation _________ 1981 travels
__________ 10 million passenger kilometres each year.
10. _______ the engineer, efficiency means output divided _______ input. His job is
_______ secure a maximum output _________ a given input or _________ secure given
output _________ a minimum input.
[Link] energy value of food is usually measured _______ calories. The number _____
calories one uses ________ any one moment normally depends ________ the activity one
does.
91
12. Georgia O’ Keaffe, one of the most significant American artists _________ the 20th
Century, lived ________ New Mexico ________ 1949 ________ her death in 1986. She is
best known ________ her organic forms inspired ________ southwest motifs such as
bleached animal bones, leaves rocks, barren rolling hills, clouds and desert blooms.
Typically, she depicted these abstract designs _________ strong, clear colours. Many of her
works are displayed ________ Georgia O’Keaffe Museum.

31 Redundancies

Precision of words and concise language in the absence of redundant text can help to
Simplify and clarify your writing.
Directions: Underline the unnecessary words or phrases below:
Example: They were large in size.
Answer: They were large in size.
1. The members of the Student Council will come up with a final decision through a vote next
week at an open meeting.
2. The twins were both alike; each had curly blonde hair, a rosy complexion, and pretty
features.
3. It is absolutely essential to include vanilla in the recipe alongside other ingredients.
4. Debbie did a lot of research on the case at law school and she previously found that the
responsible party was found not guilty
5. The vote for the new board member was not completely unanimous when Dr. Roberts
refused to go along with the others.
Write a new, more concise sentence excluding the underlined expletive or other phrase that
can be simplified.
6. There are weaknesses with the plan.
7. There are not any reasons to make that decision.
8. The youth, all old enough to know better, got into trouble and were arrested.
9. The woman Geoffrey dated had to be careful to avoid his wife.
10. Some soldiers refused to obey orders and left behind their comrades in the firefight.
The Worksheet on Redundancy
To keep your writing clear and effective, it is important to avoid redundancy, or unnecessary
repetition. (Just check out the title of this worksheet!) For example:
Incorrect: I hope the DJ will replay my favourite song again.
Correct Option 1: I hope the DJ will replay my favourite song.

92
Correct Option 2: I hope the DJ will play my favourite song again.
In the first sentence, replay and again mean the same thing. It is not necessary to use both.
Directions: Rewrite the following sentences so that they are no longer redundant.
Uses: Copy machine, opaque projector, or transparency master for overhead projector.
Scholastic Inc. grants subscribers of Scholastic Scope permission to reproduce this page for
use in their classrooms. Copyright ©2011 by Scholastic Inc. All rights reserved.

1. The end result of her stubbornness was that she didn’t get dessert.

2. The woman who works in the cafeteria is very polite and courteous.

3. My personal opinion is that the walls should be painted blue.

4. We assembled together in the kitchen.

5. When I joined the gym, I received a complimentary personal training session for free.

6. Jasper’s twin sisters are exactly identical.

7. Tremaine really liked those red sneakers, but they were too small in size.

8. My mom cut the pizza into four quarters.

9. In the modern world of today, we can easily communicate with people around the globe.

10. After much thought and consideration, Frances decided to major in astronomy.

93
 32 Foreword - Review of book
THEY CALLED US ENEMY

FOREWORD’S LIT HIT—INDIE BOOKS THAT’LL BLOW YOU AWAY

A stirring call to learn from history we do not wish to repeat, George Takei’s graphic
memoir They Called Us Enemy relays a story not easily forgotten, but too often ignored. The
soft lines and subtle gray textures of the black-and-white illustrations sit at odds with the
harrowing details they convey as Takei recounts his childhood spent as one of the 120,000
Japanese Americans held in American concentration camps during World War II. These
American citizens were stripped of all but what they could carry, their homes and additional
belongings seized and their assets frozen as they were marched at gunpoint away from the
lives they had built and into the shadows of guard towers. Takei—only four years old when
his family was first imprisoned—recounts these years through the eyes of the child he was,
setting the stage for how these experiences impacted his young adulthood, university years,
and eventual Hollywood success. A cogent reminder that liberty and justice is not always for
all, They Called Us Enemy explores a dark episode of America’s past as it dives into the heart
of a pop culture icon.

They Called Us Enemy, George Takei, Justin Eisinger, Steven Scott, authors; Harmony
Becker, illustrator, Top Shelf Productions, Softcover $19.99 (208pp), 978-1-60309-450-4

Danielle Ballantyne
June 27, 2019

94
Write a forward review for the following books.

1. Write a review for the following book in 200 words.

Review: 1

95
 2. Write a review for the following book in 200 words.

Review: 2

96
 Formal Presentations

33 Précis writing

I. EXERCISES-PRECIS WRITING
Write the precis of the following paragraphs and give an appropriate title to each:
1. Men and women are of equal rank but they are not identical. They are be peerless pair
being supplementary to one another, each helps the other so that without one the existence of
the other cannot be conceived and, therefore it follows as a necessary corollary from these
facts that anything that will impair the status of either of them will involve the equal ruin of
them both. In framing any scheme of women’s education this cardinal truth must be
constantly kept in mind. Man is supreme in the outward activities of a married air and
therefore it is in the fitness of things that he should have a greater knowledge thereof. On the
other hand, noise life is entirely the sphere of woman and, therefore in domestic affairs, in the
upbringing and education of children, woman ought to have more knowledge Not that
knowledge should be divided into water tight compartment’s or that so that some branches of
knowledge should be closed to anyone, but unless courses of instruction are based on
discriminating appreciation of these basic principles, the fullest life of man and woman
cannot be developed. Among the manifold misfortunes that may befall humanity, the loss of
health is one of the severest. All the joys which life can give cannot outweigh the sufferings
of the sick. Among the manifold misfortunes that may befall humanity, the loss of health is
one of the severest. All the joys which life can give cannot outweigh the sufferings of the
sick.
2. Among the manifold misfortunes that may befall humanity, the loss of health is one of the
severest. All the joys which life can give cannot outweigh the sufferings of the sick. Give the
sick man everything and leave him sufferings a d he will feel that half the world is lost to
him. Lay him on a soft silken couch; he will nevertheless be under the pressure of his
suffering while the miserable beggar, blessed with health, sleeps sweetly on the hard ground.
Spend his table with dainty meals and choice drinks, and he will thrust back the hand that
proffers them and every the poor man that thoroughly enjoys his dry crush Surround him with
the pomp of kings, let his chair be a throne and his crutch a world saving scepter, he will look
with contemptuous eye on marble, on gold and on purple and would deem himself happy,
could he enjoy, even was it under a thatched roof, health of the meanest of his servants.
3. Machines have, in fact, become the salves of modern life. They do more and more work
that human beings do not want to do themselves. Think for a moment of the extent to which
machines do work for you. You wake, perhaps, to the hoot of a siren by a machine in a
neighboring factory. You wash in water brought to you by the aid of machinery, heated by
machinery and placed in basins for your convenience by a machine. You eat your breakfast
quickly cooked for you by machinery, go to school in machines made for saving leg labour.
And if you are lucky to be in a very modern school, you enjoy cinema where a machine
teaches you or you listen to lessons broadcast by one of the most wonderful machines. So
dependent has man become on machines that a certain writer imagines a time when machines
will have acquired a will of their own and become the master of men, doomed once more to
slavery.
4. Several times in the history of the world particular countries and cities or even small
groups of people have attained a high degree of civilization. Yet none of these civilizations,
97
important they were, have lasted and one of the reasons why they did not least was that they
were confined to a very few people. They were like little oasis of civilization on deserts of
barbarism. Now it is no good being civilized if everybody round about you is barbarous, or
rather it is some good but it is very risky. For the barbarians are always liable to break in on
you, and with their greater numbers and rude vigor scatter your civilization to the winds.
Over and over again in history comparatively civilized people dwelling in cities have been
conquered in this way by barbarians coming down from the hills and burning and killing and
destroying whatever they found in the plains.
5. A keen sense of humor is the hall mark of culture. When a person can crack a joke on
himself, he raises himself at one in the estimation of his friends. There are people who can
throw jokes at others, but never take one thrown against themselves. This one way traffic is
not really a high sense of good humor. It is the essence of hamper that there should be give
and takes in the process good humor is often the test of tolerance. A fanatic is incapable of
good humor. He is tearing others to pieces fearing of getting himself torn all the time. Good
humor defeats itself. If there is malice in it, or is indulged in to hurt others. A joke should
never hurt otherwise it is no joke at all. A joke should make the person who makes it and the
person who has to take it, laugh together. That is why tolerance and culture are the sources of
every good joke.

34 Essay writing
Write an essay of the following in about 300 words:
1. Write an essay on Innovation and New Ideas.
2. Write an essay on Success.
3. Write an essay on National integration through sports and games.
4. Write an essay on who is the probable winner? Money or Humanism- Justify.
5. Write an essay on Internet- curse and blessing.
6. Write an essay on modern industries and water pollution.
7. Write an essay on Space Research in about.
8. Describe the barriers of communication.

35 Work place Communication

1. Just Listen*

This is an activity that encourages participants to communicate how they feel about a
subject. People get into pairs and one member talks about his or her opinions. His
partner listens without speaking, and then, without rebuttal, recaps on what has been
said.
Uses
This activity strengthens your team members' listening skills. Listening is an
incredibly important part of good communication, and it's a skill that people often
ignore in team activities. This activity also shows them how to listen with an open
mind.
2. Back-to-Back Drawing

98
This exercise is about listening, clarity and developing potential strategies when we
communicate. In communicating expectations, needs, and more, it helps to clarify and create
common ground. This can show what happens when we don’t…
For this activity, you’ll need an even number of participants so everybody can have a partner.
Once people have paired off, they sit back-to-back with a paper and pencil each. One member
takes on the role of a speaker, and the other plays the part of the listener.
Over five to ten minutes, the speaker describes a geometric image from a prepared set, and
the listener tries to turn this description into a drawing without looking at the image.
Then, they talk about the experience, using several of the following example questions:
Speaker Questions
What steps did you take to ensure your instructions were clear? How could these be applied
in real-life interactions?
Our intended messages aren’t always interpreted as we mean them to be. While speaking,
what could you do to decrease the chance of miscommunication in real-life dialogue?
Listener Questions
What was constructive about your partner’s instructions?
In what ways might your drawing have turned out differently if you could have
communicated with your partner?
3. Effective Feedback in “I” Mode
Defensiveness is a root cause of miscommunication and even conflict in the workplace.
We’re not always ready to receive and learn from criticism, especially when it’s delivered
insensitively. This exercise introduces “I” statements, which describe others’ behavior
objectively while allowing the speaker to express the impact on their feelings.
Employees can pair off or work alone, in either case, they will need a worksheet of imaginary
scenarios like this one. Together or solo, they can create “I” statements about how the
imaginary scenario makes them feel. When done in pairs, they can practice giving each other
feedback on ‘meaning what you say’ without triggering defensiveness in the other.
4. Storytelling with CCSG
Storytelling is an engaging way to convey information; when it’s positive information,
narratives are also highly effective means of motivating and inspiring others
(Tomasulo&Pawelski, 2012). Appreciative Inquiry, for example, is one type of positive
psychology intervention that uses storytelling in a compelling way, as a means to share hopes
and build on our shared strengths.
Through this exercise, we can practice structuring our narratives—essentially we’ll have one
‘information delivery’ tool to draw on when we feel it might help (like the doctors we looked
at earlier). CCSG is a structure, and it involves:
C: Characters
C: Conflict
99
S: Struggle
G: Goal
To use the structure as an exercise, participants simply relate a narrative using CCSG. For
example, one team member might describe a past success of the group or team, where their
collective strengths helped them succeed. The Characters would then be whoever was
involved, the Conflict may be a challenge the team faced (a new growth opportunity,
perhaps). The Struggle might be something like geographical distance between team
members, and the Goal would be just that: their objective or success.
Nonverbal Communication Activities and Games
These games can all start or end with a discussion on what is more valuable in
communication: nonverbal or verbal cues?
1. You Don’t Say
Divide the group into smaller groups of 5-7 people. Write out a list of non-verbal behaviors.
Have the groups act out and interpret the meanings of these behaviors. This activity helps
participants recognize nonverbal communication cues from others. Within their groups, have
students display one of the nonverbal behaviors, while everyone else in the group shares or
writes down what nonverbal message they are receiving.
Non-verbal behaviors can include:
Leaning back in a chair with arms crossed;
Leaning forward in a chair;
Smiling;
Frowning;
Yawning;
Nodding;
Resting chin in both hands;
Resting chin on knuckles;
Rubbing your temples;
Tapping fingers on the table;
Looking at your watch;
Staring around the room;
Ask the participants afterward to share their small-group findings. Ask the class if anyone
has ever experienced a nonverbal cue that signaled to them much stronger than any words?
Chances are that they have, and this provides context from their direct experience.
2. Picture Telling with Writing

100
To promote creative communication, this activity engages descriptive language and
storytelling. Hold up a picture with people in it. Have the group write about what the people
are doing and feeling in the picture.
With smaller children, the instructor can ask them to draw what happens next. This is a great
form of imagination and emotional expression.
3. Mimes
Have a list of topic questions prepared. Divide groups into partners. Have one partner act out
the answer to the topic question. The second partner guesses by writing what they believe the
answer is on a piece of paper.
4. Movement Sticks
Hold two poles between the fingers of pairs. Together the pair will adjust to the movement of
the poles. This is a fun and interactive way to attune body language.
5. Mirrors
Divide the group into pairs. Have one partner be chosen as a leader. The other will follow the
facial expressions and body language of the leader. This works on eye contact and emotional
awareness, along with improvement in awareness of body language cues.
Switch the leader with the follower for the second round. Ask the class if they preferred to
follow or lead, and why?
6. One Word Letters
Divide into pairs. Each team has one piece of paper and two pencils. The instructor will start
a clock (2-minute time limit). During the two minutes, the pair will write a single letter
between them. Each of them will add only one word at a time. The pair is to write as quickly
as possible, not going back to re-read anything, but the last word added.
7. Communication Practice in Writing Letters
Grammar and spelling are unimportant. Punctuation is only added for sense in the letter. The
letter may be written to anyone that the pair decides. It does not need to be a finished letter.
Once the time is up, the letter is read aloud to each other, or the group if classroom trust is
solid.
Something interesting occurs when this activity is repeated. The original letters are
nonsensical and amusing.
As the process is repeated, the pair’s language begins to become more cohesive. It makes for
a rich discussion.
8. Team Debate Projects
Collaboration is an important skill for students to have in the world of employment, opinions,
and creating solutions. To understand any selected course material, have students argue a
point against another within a mediated session.

101
There are many resources on how to facilitate team debates. Discuss the complications that
may arise with debates, and how they can practice listening and being willing to change their
mind if the argument is convincing.

36 Resume Writing
1. Write a letter of Application with the Resume for the post of Quality Control Manger
in a reputed company.
2. The chief Engineer, Atomic Power Plant, Kudankulam invites application from
engineering graduates, for the post of Assistant Plant Engineers. Write an application
with resume. (Address: D. John Wright, Room No: 112, Oasis College Hostel,
Tirunelveli-9).
3. Write a letter of application for the post of Designing Engineer to the Managing
Director of Tata Motors Pvt. Ltd. Add a suitable resume to your letter.
4. Write a letter to the HRD Manager of CMT Infosys, Chennai, applying for the post of
Systems Analyst. Enclose your CV along with your letter.
5. Write a letter of application for the post of Planning and Development Engineer to the
HR Manager of L&T Pvt. Ltd. Mumbai. Add with a suitable resume.

37 Business Letters & E-Mails

1. Assume that you are Prateek Raj, a fellow doing research in marketing management at
Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. Write a letter to Ashok Ranjan, the
Marketing Manager of Petronet LNG Limited, World Trade Centre, Babar Road,
Barakhambha Lane, New Delhi- 110001. Request him to send you information about
the company’s marketing activities. Tell him that you need the information for market
research purposes.
2. Imagine that you want to take a car loan from State Bank of India. Write a letter to the
Chief Manager, SBI branch of your locality requesting him/her to send you all the
information related to SBI car loan.
3. Assume yourself you are the Purchase Manger of your company, the company is
interested in buying sixty scanners for its corporate office. Write a letter to Ramesh
Gautam, the GM (Sales and Marketing) and asking him the details of the same.
4. Write a letter to a business associate of his/her promotion to the Vice- President TCS,
Plot No 1 G 1 Sipcot Information Technology Park, Sirucheri, Chennai – 603103.
5. Write a letter to an elected official (local, state, or national) informing the official of
your opinion on a political issue.

E-MAIL WRITING
1. Write an e-mail to your Professor requesting him to allow you to work in a project
work in Bangalore.

102
 2. Write an e-mail to the Green Peace organisation regarding the environment concern in
your locality.
3. Write an e-mail to your friend suggesting him to apply to your company.
4. Write an e-mail to the Manger, State Bank of India requesting him to send the details
of educational loan.
5. Write an e-mail to the Manager of a software company seeking permission to visit the
company.
6. Write an e-mail to the Manager, Government Transport Corporation pointing out that
there are insufficient buses on your route in the morning.

38 Proposals
1. Write a proposal for your college intercollegiate festival.
2. Write a proposal for starting a new venture.
3. Write a project proposal for upgrading your business to the next level.
4. Write a proposal on water scarcity in your area to the government officials.
5. Write a proposal

39 Listening Comprehension 1
Section 1
Questions 1–4
Complete the table below:
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

103
 City Bank Customer Service Log
Example Answer
Type of query: Term deposits
Customer name: David 1 ……………….…
Phone: 023 - 561- 055
D.O.B.: 18 / 02 / 1968
Customer’s Term Deposit details:
Amount: $18,000
Term: 2 ……………….…
Interest rate: 3.45% per annum
Current Term Deposit interest rates:
1 year 3.65% per annum
2 years 3 ……………….… % per annum
4 ……………….… Term Deposits
Minimum deposit: $20,000
Questions 5-10
Complete the table below:

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
5 ................... tax rate: 28%

Investment returns Depend on 6 ..................

Term Effective rate of return

2 years Salary Salary

$ 48,001 - $ 70,000 $70,001 –
7 $ ............
3.75% per annum 3.92.% per
annum

Minimum investment $10,000

amount:

Hidden charges/fees: 8 ......................

Interest payment options: Monthly, 9 ................., 6 monthly,

annually

Applicaiton options: Online

10 .....................

104
 In person

Section 2
Questions 11-20
Questions 11-15
Choose the correct letter, A,B or C

11. The September Celebration day is held .......

A five times a year to honour the city
B on the park’s important birthday
C to remember the history of the park

12. The park was first built in .......

A 1955
B 1979
C the 1990s

13. The part still uses ...........

A a children’s play area
B a petting zoo
C two of the early rides

14. The Hurricane roller-coaster is .......

A tall and made of wood
B designed for smaller children
C very fast and exciting

15. The rides with a height limit are coded .......

A yellow
B blue
C black

Questions 16-20
Complete the notes below
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer

Food options:
 Italian, Chinese, etc. at the Food Court
 Hamburgers, sandwiches, etc. at 16 ......................

Special Events:
Parade
 Starts at noon
 On the 17 ..............
 Run by final year high school students
Concert
 At the amphitheatre
105
  Theme: 18 ................
 Starts at 7:00

Safety and Security:

 Ten 19 ................. centres in the park
 Children ask any staff member for help
 Ask security team at the 20 ..................

Section 3
Questions 21 – 30
Questions 21-24
Complete the flowchart below:
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer:

Session outline:

Project topic: design a water treatment system

Tutorial Structure:

Step 1: go over 21...............

Step 2: think about research 22...............

 Search online databases using good search terns
 Consider the kind of research, e.g. 23........ from
other projects

Step 3: develop an 24...........

Questions 25 – 27
Complete the summary below
Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD for each answer

Project Description:
You need to design a grey-water treatment system to reduce the pressure on the water
25 ...................... in a Cameroon village. Grey-water is waste water from household.

26 ...................... The system needs to treat this water to remove bacteria, and recycle it to use
for purposes such as watering plants, flushing toilets and doing 27 .....................

Questions 28 – 30
106
Complete the notes below
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer

Research tips
General internet searches:

Avoid websites where 28 ..................... try to sell their products.

Engineering library:

Use key words when searching the catalogue

e.g. grey-water treatment systems / 29 ..................... use

EWB website:
Check examples from the 30 .............. last year.

Section 4
Questions 31 – 34
Complete the summary below
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer

Origins of the Caveman Diet

There are many popular fad diets nowadays. They all promise good health if you stick to the
31 ....................... . The Caveman diet is a popular example. This diet includes foods such as
lean meat and fish that our forebears ate before we developed 32 ............ . We need to find
out what our ancestors did eat, so researchers are studying some existing hunter-gatherer
tribes. These tribes typically like to eat meat but they can’t always get it, even though they
are skilled with their weapons, e.g. 33 .............. and .................... . So, instead, they eat foods
that their wives gather. They get only about a 34 ............... of their energy from meal.

Questions 35 – 36
Choose the correct letter A, B or C

35 Research evidence suggests that ...

A the tribesmen’s traditional diet is unhealthy

B our bodies can digest only certain foods
C we can adapt to a range of diets

36 Thai people have difficulty digesting milk because ...

A they have too much lactase in their bodies

B in the past they didn’t farm cows
C their saliva lacks certain enzymes

Questions 37 – 40
Complete the notes below
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer

107
Variation in global diets:
 Inuit – most calories from 37 .................. foods, e.g. seal meat
 Jains – vegetarian, but milk is permitted
 Others – fish, insects
Implications for the caveman diet:
 Cavemen did not all eat the same diet
 Diets come from complicated cultural 38 ..............
Problems with Caveman diet:
 Costs a lot of money for lean meat and 39 ...............
 Too much red meat may be unhealthy
 Reliance on meat is bad for the 40 .......................

Listening Comprehension 2

SECTION 1

QUESTIONS 1-10

Complete the form below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Example: ClearPoint Telephone Company

Customer Order Form
Order taken by: Ms. Jones
Name: Harold (1)............
Address: (2)................ Fulton Avenue, apartment 12
Type of service: (3)................
Employer: Wrightsville Medical Group
Occupation: (4).....................
Work phone: (5).....................
Time at current job: (6).....................
Special services: (7)................ (8) ................
Installation scheduled Day (9)................. Time of the
for: day (10)..............

SECTION 2

QUESTIONS 11-20

108
Questions 11-14

Answer the questions below. Choose the correct letter, A, B, or C.

11. The fair will take place at the

A. Fairgrounds
B. Park
C. School

12. The fair will begin on Friday

A. Morning
B. Afternoon
C. Evening

13. The fair will begin with a

A. Parade
B. Dance Performance
C. Speech by the major

14. There will be free admission on

A. Friday
B. Saturday
C. Sunday

Questions 15-20

Complete the chart below.

Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD for each answer.

Day/Time Event
Saturday afternoon (15).......... show

Saturday evening (16).......... by the lake

Sunday afternoon (17)........... contest

All weekend (18) ......... food

(19)............ for children

(20)............. for sale

109
SECTION 3

QUESTIONS 21-30

Questions 21-23

Complete the information below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

How you get academic credit for work experience

First, read the (21).......... . Find courses that match your work experience. Then write (22)............
of your work experience. Submit that together with a letter from your (23)............ to the
university admissions office.

Questions 21-23

Where can the items listed below be found?

A. admissions office
B. counseling center
C. library

Write the correct letter, A, B, or C, next to questions 24-28.

24. university catalog ................

25. application for admission form ..............

26. requirements list ...................

27. recommendation forms ............

28. job listings ..............

Questions 29 and 30

Choose the correct letters, A, B, or C.

29. What are full-time students eligible for?

A. Discounted books
B. The work-study program
C. A free bus pass.

30. How can a student get financial assistance?

A. Speak with a counselor.

B. Apply to the admissions office
C. Make arrangements with a bank

110
SECTION 4

QUESTIONS 31-40

Questions 31-35

Complete the chart with information about the black bear.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Range Lives in (31) .................. of North America

Diet Ninety percent of diet consists of (32) ............... . Also
eats (33)..............
Cubs Baby bear cubs are born in (34).................
Life Black bears live for about (35)..................... n the wild.
span

Questions 36-40

Which characteristics fit black bears and which fit grizzly bears?

Write A if it is a characteristic оf black bears. Write В if it is a characteristic of grizzly bears.

(36) Has a patch of light fur on its chest................

(37) Weighs 225 kilos ..............

(38) Has a shoulder hump....................

(39) Has pointed ears..............

(40) Has shorter claws..............

Speaking activities

40 Short talks

41 Describe the place that you have visited recently

42 Speak about famous personalities

43 Everyday situations

111
44 Conversations and Dialogues

Following Topics can be used for 40, 43, & 44

1. Current situation 26. Virtual reality 51. Talents and Skills 76. Aging
2. Job / Work 27. Phones 52. Shopping 77. Crafts
3. Clothes 28. Privacy 53. Habits 78. Exercise / Being
4. News 29. Self-driving cars 54. Goals active
5. Sports 30. Podcasts 55. Social media 79. Drinking
6. Where they are 31. Following on 56. Charity / 80. Googling
living? Social Media Volunteering 81. Camping
7. Not too distant 32. Websites 57. Fishing 82. Ice cream
future 33. Where they grew 58. Languages 83. Fashion
8. Free time up? 59. Online dating 84. Luck
9. Music 35. School 60. Super heroes 85. Sleep
10. Movies 36. Friends 61. Stress 86. Dancing
11. Food 37. Family 62. Creativity 87. Singing
12. Books 38. Previous jobs 63. Heroes 88. Fixing things
13. TV 39. Where they have 64. Happiness 89. Culture / Sub
14. Travel lived 65. Advertising cultures
15. Hobbies 40. Accomplishments 66. Celebrities 90. Art
16. Children 41. Clubs 67. Retirement 91. Cards
17. Pets 42. Cars 68. Stereotypes 92. Brands
18. Restaurants 43. Holidays 69. Corruption 93. Nature
19. Current trends 44. Coffee 70. Weather 94. Fruit
20. Comedy / Humor 45. Photography 71. The distant future 95. Plants /
21. Actors / 46. The beach 72. Driving gardening
Actresses 47. Hiking 73. Parks / National 96. Swimming
22. Learning / 48. Aliens Parks 97. Facts
Studies 49. Change 74. Space 98. Pet peeves
23. Apps 50. Cooking 75. Animals 99. Musical
24. Internet instruments
25. Games 100. Fame
101. History

45 Listening to motivational speeches

Listening Comprehension 3

SECTION 1

QUESTIONS 1-10

112
Complete the form below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

Example: Name Robert Goddard

Destination: Melbourne
Total number of visits: (1)..............
Best thing about the city: (2)..............
Favourite attraction: (3)............
Best thing about the destination's (4)...............
dining options:
Method of transport to destination: by (5).............
Age group: (6).............
Income level: (7)............
Purpouse of visit: - on business

- (8).............
Occupation: - (9).............

- writer for a travel

magazine
Opinion of cost of - (10).............
accommodation:

Section 2

Questions 11-15

Lable the map below.

Writethe correct letter, A-E, next to questions 11-15.

113
11. Science Museum................

12. National History Museum............

13. Car Park............

14. Shopping Mall.............

15. Primary School............

Questions 16-20

What is the improvement of each main point of interest in the area?

Choose FIVE answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-G, next to questions 16-
20.

A New entrance
B Free lunch provided
C Free information provided
D Increase in size
E Additional signs
F New exhibitions
G New structure

16. Car Park.................

17. Primary School............

114
18. Science Museum.............

19. National History Museum.............

20. Shopping Mall..........

SECTION 3

QUESTIONS 21-30

Questions 21-23

Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

21. The proposal will

A. be reviewed by two examiners

B. be added to the final grade
C. be returned with feedback

22. The proposal will consist mostly of

A. topics
B. methods
C. results

22. For the practice paper, the tutor has directed the students to make sure to

A. Pay attention to time limits

B. Write at least 6,000 words
C. Keep on topic

Questions 24-30

Complete the sentences below.

Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

24. There is no need to.................. lots of people.

25. Pay attention to the................ of the final report.
26. Prepare............, one for the teaches, another for the students themselves.
27. The deadline of the final paper is ..............
28. The students can.............. their topics before the beginning of April.
29. Students deciding to change topics must deliver a.............. to the research in advance.
30. At the beginning of the report, the hypothesis and an outline of the............. are needed.

SECTION 4

QUESTIONS 31-40

115
 Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

DVERTISING EFFECT

The important factor to consider

 The 31.................. customers must travel affects the probability that they will buy the
product.

Methods of communication

 Advertising slogans are easier to remember if there is a 32.............. played with them.
 Mandy's Candy Store appeals to people's sense of 33.............. to draw in customers.
 To an ad campaign for digital products, it is 34.................. that is extremely important.

Effect on your product sales

 The customer's 35................... after he or she experiences the ad is most important.

Marketing strategies

 On international flights, it is wise for the advertisement to be displayed in the

common 36.............. of most passengers.
 Very few young people buy 37..................
 The UNESCO website would be a good place to advertise for companies aiming to
improve the 38..................
 One good location to place ads for sunscreen is the 39................
 A good scene for a water purification commercial would be 40.................

Listening Comprehension 4

SECTION 1

QUESTIONS 1-10

Questions 1-4

Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A
NUMBER for each answer.

NOTES ON ISLAND HOTEL

 Example: Type of room required

 Answer: Double room

Time

 The length of stay: approximately 2 weeks

 Starting date: 25th April

116
Temperature

 Up to 1................ C.
 Erratic weather

Transport

 Pick-up service is provided.

 Normally transfer to the airport takes about 2................. .

Facilities

 en-suite facilities and a 3............... .

 gym and spa facilities.

 a large outdoor swimming pool.

 three standard 4................ .

Questions 5-10

Complete the table below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

Days Entertainment activities Transportation

 learning to make 5............  mini bus

Tuesdays  having a 6............. concert

 enjoying mountain view  7............
 shuttle bus
Wednesdays  exploring a tropical 8..........
 having a fancy dinner  10...........

Thursdays  watching a spectacular display of 9..........

SECTION 2

QUESTIONS 11-20

Questions 11-14

Answer the questions below. Choose the correct letter, A, B, or C.

Online Exchange Business

117
11. The website is organised by

A. family members
B. friends
C. businessmen

12. How long has the website been operated?

A. about 3 weeks
B. about 3 months
C. about 6 months

13. How many registered users are there in the website?

A. 1000

B. 1500

C. 2000

14. Which country has the most users in the website?

A. Ireland
B. UK
C. Canada

Questions 15-16

Choose TWO letters, A-E

Which TWO things are most popular among users?

A Children’s books
B Textbooks
C Computer games
D Toys
E Tools

Questions 17-20

Complete the sentences below.

Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

17. The website will sort out......... items to help those who can't decide what to
exchange.

18. Do not bother because everyone's.............. is different.

19. Users will give............. on the completion of exchanges.

118
 Criteria

 the quality of the item

 the ease of communication

 the 20............. of delivering

SECTION 3

QUESTIONS 21-30

Questions 21-26

Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

Reflective Journal Assignment

21. What should be firstly included in the reflective journal?

A. Topics he is going to talk about

B. Study aims for the module
C. Suggestions from others

22. The woman has got

A. a lot of friends to help her

B. several books that may be useful
C. sufficient resources showing that she is a good technology user

23. What was the man's biggest achievement in the past?

A. He worked as a waiter in a restaurant

B. He got an offer to lead a team
C. He became a chairman of the Students Union

24. The man decides to

A. do it by himself
B. find a tutor
C. listen to others

25. What is the man's attitude after the discussion?

A. He thinks it is useless
B. He is looking forward to it
C. He feels uncertain about it

26. What should be shown in the man's reflective journal?

119
 A. Self-awareness

B. Mistakes

C. Achievements

Questions 27-30

What is the woman's attitude towards the each of the following activities of study?

Choose FOUR answers from the box and write the letters A-E next to questions 27-30.

A define a problem
B indepndent learning
C develop study skills
D gain confidence
E find it difficult

27. Writing an essay..............

28. Taking exams............
29. Making class notes.............
30. Taking presentation notes...............

SECTION 4

QUESTIONS 31-40

Questions 31-38

Complete the notes below.

Write ONLY ONE WORD for each answer.

Chimpanzee Behaviours

Species

 We can find Pan or Pan Troglodytes in West and Central Africa.

 The Bonobo or Pan Paniscus are found in Democratic Republic of Congo.

Current research

 rule out 31................ and biological factors.

 learn through 32............... of other chimps' behaviour.

Discoveries

 The book The third Chimpanzee by James Diamond discusses some physical features
of chimpanzees.
120
  The discovery reportes by Jane Goodall suggests that chimpanzees know how to
use 33......... .

Chimpanzees in Senegal

 Use spears sharpened with their teeth.

 Can 34............. the shell of the coconut.

 Use a 35................. hammer to crush nuts.

 Are capable of learning 36................ and understanding human language.

Sub-species

 Bonobos live on the other side of 37...................

 Both of them are reducing alarmingly in population 38.......................

Questions 39-40

Choose TWO letters, A-E

Which TWO topics about chimpanzees will the students discuss next week?

A They are slower than human in different ways

B They learn things by copying human’s behaviour
C They develop behaviours generation by generation
D They have very strong ability of logical thinking
E They could be modified to adapt to the environment

46 Speaking for and against

47 Demonstrative speaking practice using visual aids (charts, graphs, maps,

pictures, etc,.)

48 Formal Presentations

49 Debate on social issues/taboos and solutions

50 Podcasts and Poetry

Podcasts

[Link]

[Link]

121
Do watch these two videos about creating a podcast. Create your own podcast (atleast two)
on any topic.

Poetry
1. Winter Morning Poem by Ogden Nash

Winter is the king of showmen,

Turning tree stumps into snow men
And houses into birthday cakes
And spreading sugar over lakes.
Smooth and clean and frosty white,
The world looks good enough to bite.
That's the season to be young,
Catching snowflakes on your tongue!
Snow is snowy when it's snowing.
I'm sorry it's slushy when it's going.

Question

The poet enjoys the winter season in this poem. Imagine that you are in your dream place and
enjoying all the four seasons. Try to write short poems like this for the other seasons.

2. I Am Not Old by Nandita Shailesh Shanbhag

My eyes are fine; they are just printing words small.

I just use a walking stick to seem stately and tall.

Nothing is wrong with my sense of smell.

My ears are fine if you don't whisper but yell.

The wrinkles are just laugh lines; they will go away.

It is fashion that has turned my hair from black to grey.

It's the cold, not age that is stiffening my knees.

I like to hum as I walk; it's not a wheeze.

What extra kilos? My scale is broken down.

If I try, I can still fit into my wedding gown.

My bones don't creak; my shoes are new.

My memory is sharp. Oh, do I know you?

122
Question

The poet describes about the old age. Explain how you will be in your old age and what you
will be doing then. What are the positive points which become negative in your old age?

3. The Ballad Of Rum by Peter R Wolveridge

A dog wandered into our garden one day,

A friendly old mutt, didn't look like a stray.
We never discovered whence he had come,
But we brushed him and fed him and the kids called him Rum.

Now as family members, even dogs must work hard,

So we put Rum on duty next door in our yard,
Bright eyed and watchful by night and by day,
But not much of a guard dog, I'm sorry to say.

He barked at the cats and he'd bark at a toad,

He barked at the cattle outside on the road,
He barked at the horses - so where did he fail?
You see, Rum liked people, and he just wagged his tail.

He liked the yard labour, an amiable bunch.

They fed our dog tidbits and scraps from their lunch.
Rum wolfed it all down, but to our dismay
He seemed to get fatter with each passing day.

Then one night when Rum was laid at his ease,

A burglar crept in just as quiet as you please.
He saw no alarms, heard no siren howling,
No guard dog for sure, there'd be barking and growling.

But Rum was awake and he'd seen him alright,

Delighted with company this time of the night,
He flew through the yard, his new friend to greet,
And his weight bowled the burglar right off of his feet.

The intruder got up and ran off with a wail

And Rum right behind him still wagging his tail.
He departed the yard he'd come in to burgle
Like a champion athlete clearing a hurdle.

But Rum couldn't jump gates, so sadly instead

He picked up the thief's wallet and went back to bed.
Next morning the evidence everyone viewed,
When Rum brought it to us, (just a little bit chewed).

Once given the wallet, the police didn't fail

To capture the burglar and put him in jail.

123
His confession like wildfire spread through the town,
How a big vicious guard dog had knocked the thief down.

We all howled with laughter when we heard the story,

And Rum was our hero, he was basking in glory.
There's been no attempts since to burgle our yard,
For everyone knows now that Rum is on guard.

Question:

Imagine yourself to be Rum and explain this poem in Rum’s point of view.

4. Messy Room by Shel Silverstein

Whosever room this is should be ashamed!

His underwear is hanging on the lamp.
His raincoat is there in the overstuffed chair,
And the chair is becoming quite mucky and damp.
His workbook is wedged in the window,
His sweater's been thrown on the floor.
His scarf and one ski are beneath the TV,
And his pants have been carelessly hung on the door.
His books are all jammed in the closet,
His vest has been left in the hall.
A lizard named Ed is asleep in his bed,
And his smelly old sock has been stuck to the wall.
Whosever room this is should be ashamed!
Donald or Robert or Willie or--
Huh? You say it's mine? Oh, dear,
I knew it looked familiar!

Question:

Is your room messy like described in this poem or neat? Do describe your room, using
different words from this.

5. Be Glad your nose is on your face by Jack Prelutsky

Be glad your nose is on your face,

not pasted on some other place,
for if it were where it is not,
you might dislike your nose a lot.
124
Imagine if your precious nose
were sandwiched in between your toes,
that clearly would not be a treat,
for you'd be forced to smell your feet.

Your nose would be a source of dread

were it attached atop your head,
it soon would drive you to despair,
forever tickled by your hair.

Within your ear, your nose would be

an absolute catastrophe,
for when you were obliged to sneeze,
your brain would rattle from the breeze.

Your nose, instead, through thick and thin,

remains between your eyes and chin,
not pasted on some other place--
be glad your nose is on your face!

Question:

As mentioned in the above poem, if a particular part in your body is pasted somewhere else
what are the difficulties you will face or will you be happy? Explain.

6. Wind On The Hill by A. A. Milne

No one can tell me,

Nobody knows,
Where the wind comes from,
Where the wind goes.

It's flying from somewhere

As fast as it can,
I couldn't keep up with it,
Not if I ran.

But if I stopped holding

The string of my kite,
It would blow with the wind
For a day and a night.

And then when I found it,

Wherever it blew,
I should know that the wind
Had been going there too.

So then I could tell them

Where the wind goes…

125
But where the wind comes from
Nobody knows.

Question:

Nature is always enjoyed and no one can predict the mood of nature. How far have you
enjoyed the nature and how you wanted to enjoy more of it? Explain your imagination
through your own poem.

51Panel Discussion

Kaepernick/Kneeling - President Donald Trump made comments in a speech and on Twitter

against football players who protest during the national anthem. Some National Football
League (NFL) players have been kneeling or sitting during the national anthem. Why is this
such a big deal?
Animal Testing - An estimated 26 million animals are experimented on each year in the
United States. Animals are used to develop medical treatments and medicines. They are also
used to check the safety of commercial products, such as cosmetics and shampoos. Should we
be using animals to test human products?
Global Warming - Studies show that Earth's climate has been getting warmer. Its average
temperature has risen a little more than 1 degree Fahrenheit during the past 100 years or so.
This amount may not seem like much. But small temperature changes can lead to big effects.
Will this affect your future?
Gun Control - Every mass shooting in the United States starts a new debate over the right to
own guns. Americans own more guns than anybody else on Earth. Firearms are involved in
the deaths of more than 30,000 people in the U.S. each year. What can be done to help
prevent more deaths?
Social Networking - More and more people are using social networking sites such as
Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn and Pinterest. On social media, people can
communicate with friends and strangers, do research, and share thoughts, photos, links, music
and information about themselves. Is this good or bad for society?
Confederate Monuments - New Orleans still has four statues that honor the Confederacy.
Last month, the city finally began to remove these statues. It wasn't easy to get rid of them. It
took two years, a city government vote and fights through lawsuits. What are your thoughts
on this issue?
Artificial Intelligence - Without the mess of cables at the back of her head, you might think
she was human. The humanoid robot was created by Hanson Robotics and is the main
attraction at a conference in Geneva, Switzerland, this week on how artificial intelligence, or
AI, can be used to help mankind. Can robots really help humans?
Racism in Advertising - Dove is hardly the first brand to land in hot water for a
controversial ad. Other big-name products have also faced criticism for racism in ads. What
do you think? (Choose one of the three articles: Combination of Pepsi and Dove, Dove,
Pepsi)
EVALUATION CRITERIA Moderate a Panel Discussion

126
This criteria lists the specific goals and expectations for the speech. Please review each level
to help you complete the evaluation.
Clarity 3 – Demonstrates awareness of audience
engagement and needs
5 – Is an exemplary public speaker who is
always understood 2 – Audience engagement or awareness of
audience requires further practice
4 – Excels at communicating using the
spoken word 1 – Makes little or no attempt to engage
audience or meet audience needs
3 – Spoken language is clear and is easily
understood Comfort Level
2 – Spoken language is somewhat unclear or 5 – Appears completely self-assured with the
challenging to understand audience
1 – Spoken language is unclear or not easily 4 – Appears fully at ease with the audience
understood
3 – Appears comfortable with the audience
Vocal Variety
2 – Appears uncomfortable with the audience
5 – Uses the tools of tone, speed, and volume
to perfection 1 – Appears highly uncomfortable with the
audience
4 – Excels at using tone, speed, and volume
as tools Interest

3 – Uses tone, speed, and volume as tools 5 – Fully engages audience with exemplary,
well constructed content
2 – Use of tone, speed, and volume requires
further practice 4 – Engages audience with highly
compelling, well constructed content
1 – Ineffective use of tone, speed, and
volume 3 – Engages audience with interesting, well
constructed content
Eye Contact
2 – Content is interesting but not well-
5 – Uses eye contact to convey emotion and constructed or is well-constructed but not
elicit response interesting
4 – Uses eye contact to gauge audience 1 – Content is neither interesting nor well-
reaction and response constructed
3 – Effectively uses eye contact to engage Moderating
audience
5 – Sets an exemplary example of successful
2 – Eye contact with audience needs panel moderation
improvement
4 – Sets an excellent example of a well-
1 – Makes little or no eye contact with moderated panel discussion
audience
3 – Moderates panel discussion well
Gestures
2 – Moderation skills are present, but need
5 – Fully integrates physical gestures with improvement
127
 content to deliver an exemplary speech
1 – Shows little skill or preparation when
4 – Uses physical gestures as a tool to moderating the panel discussion
enhance speech
Panel Selection
3 – Uses physical gestures effectively
5 – Exemplary selection of panel members
2 – Uses somewhat distracting or limited for their expertise on the topic
gestures
4 – Excellent selection of panel members for
1 – Uses very distracting gestures or no their expertise on the topic
gestures
3 – Selected panel members well for their
Audience Awareness expertise on the topic

5 – Engages audience completely and 2 – Selection of some panel members is not

anticipates audience needs reflective of topic or expertise

4 – Is fully aware of audience 1 – Panel members selected are inappropriate

engagement/needs and responds or ineffective for the topic of discussion
effectively

EVALUATION FORM
Clarity: Spoken language is clear and is easily understood:

5 4 3 2 1

Vocal Variety: Uses tone, speed, and volume as tools:

5 4 3 2 1

Eye Contact: Effectively uses eye contact to engage audience:

5 4 3 2 1

Gestures: Uses physical gestures effectively:

128
5 4 3 2 1

Audience Awareness: Demonstrates awareness of audience engagement and needs:

5 4 3 2 1

Comfort Level: Appears comfortable with the audience:

5 4 3 2 1

Interest: Engages audience with interesting, well-constructed content:

5 4 3 2 1

Moderating: Moderates panel discussion well:

5 4 3 2 1

Panel Selection: Selected panel members well for their expertise on the topic:

5 4 3 2 1

52 Reporting an Event

129
 Sample Event Report

Event: Advertising presentation called “Creating a Successful Campaign”

Over a thousand employees from the Marketing Division stepped away from their
projects last Monday, October 15th, to take part in a groundbreaking new event. “Creating a
Successful Campaign” was just a glimmer in company president Bill Smith’s eye last year,
but after the unprecedented success the Marketing Division enjoyed over the past several
quarters, he felt compelled to make it a reality.

James Jones and Lisa Brian were the featured speakers, inspiring employees to find a
campaign they were passionate about and make their chosen careers more than just a job.
Jones shared the joy he feels when he meets the unspoken needs of his clients after going the
extra mile to discover what they really wanted, and Brian encouraged the attendees to
challenge themselves to a higher standard of work.

The presentations struck a chord with Sue Powell, who remarked, “I feel a new sense of
purpose towards the campaign I’ve been assigned. I’m motivated to do more than just get the
job done; I want to create a campaign that I would be passionate about as a consumer.” With
the motivation from successful advertisers, a chance to interact with key industry leaders, and
a captivating sunset enjoyed from the top floor of King Center, it was truly a day to
remember.
Choose any one of the following events and report to the class.
1. School/College cultural function

130
2. Birthday Party
3. School Club – NSS/NCC/YRC
4. Sports meet
5. Annual Day
6. Initiation Day
7. Marriage function
8. Condolence
9. One day trip with family
10. Accident met or seen

53 Mock Interview
1. Can you tell me a little about yourself?
2. How did you hear about the position?
3. What do you know about the company?
4. Why do you want this job?
5. Why should we hire you?
6. What are your greatest professional strengths?
7. What do you consider to be your weaknesses?
8. What is your greatest professional achievement?
9. Tell me about a challenge or conflict you've faced at work, and how you dealt with it.
10. Where do you see yourself in five years?
11. What's your dream job?
12. What other companies are you interviewing with?
13. Why are you leaving your current job?
14. Why were you fired?
15. What are you looking for in a new position?
16. What type of work environment do you prefer?
17. What's your management style?
18. What's a time you exercised leadership?
19. What's a time you disagreed with a decision that was made at work?
20. How would your boss and co-workers describe you?
21. Why was there a gap in your employment?
22. Can you explain why you changed career paths?
23. How do you deal with pressure or stressful situations?
25. What are your salary requirements?
26. What do you like to do outside of work?
27. If you were an animal, which one would you want to be?
28. How many tennis balls can you fit into a limousine?
29. Are you ready to work in shifts?
30. What do you think we could do better or differently?

54 Master Ceremonies
131
Prepare and present Master of Ceremony for the following events
1. College Initiation Day
2. College Graduation Day
3. College Annual Day
4. Inter College Sports meet
5. Independence Day celebration

132