Unit-1
Addition & Multiplication theorem
1) A card is drawn from a well-shuffled pack of playing cards. What is the probability that it
is either a spade or an ace?
2) 3 groups of children contain respectively 3 girls & 1 boy, 2 girls & 2 boys, 1 girl & 3 boys.
One child is selected at random from each group. Show that the chance that the 3 selected
consists of 1 girl & 2 boys is 13/32
3) The odds hat a book on statistics will be favourably reviewed by 3 independent critics are
3 to 2, 4 to 3 & 2 to 3 respectively. What is the probability that of the 3 reviews -
i) All will be favourable
ii) Majority of the reviews will be favourable.
iii) Exactly one review will be favourable]
iv) Exactly 2 reviews will be favourable
At least one of the reviews will be favourable.
4) A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting a king or a heart or
a red card.
5) An urn contains 4 tickets numbered 1,2,3,4 & another contains 6 tickets numbered
2,4,6,7,8,9. If one of the two urns is chosen at random & a ticket is drawn at random from the
chosen urn. Find the probability that the ticket drawn bears the number: i) 2 or 4 ii) 3 iii) 1 or
9
Conditional probability
1) A bag contains 17 counters marked with the numbers 1 to 17. A counter is drawn &
replaced. A second drawing is then made. What is the probability that
i) The first number drawn is even & second odd.
ii) The first number is odd & the second even
How will your result in i) & ii) be affected if the first counter drawn is not replaced?
2) Data on the readership of a certain magazine shows that the proportion of ‘male reader
under 35’ is 0.40 & over 35 is 0.20. If the proportion of readers under 35 is 0.70, find the
proportion of subscribers that are ‘females over 35 years’. Also calculate the probability that
a randomly selected male subscriber is under 35 years of age
3) Two computers A & B are to be marketed. A salesman who is assigned the job of finding
customers for them has 60% & 40% chances respectively of succeeding in case of computer
A & B. The 2 computers can be sold independently. Given that he was able to sell at least one
computer, what is the probability that computer A has been sold?
4) A bag contains 10 gold & 8 silver coins. Two successive drawings of 4 coins are made
such that:
i) Coins are replaced before the second trial.
ii) The coins are not replaced before second trial.
Find the probability that the first drawing will give 4 gold & second 4 silver coins.
5) From a city population, the probability of selecting i) a male or a smoker is 7/10 ii) a male
smoker is 2/5 iii) a male, if a smoker is already selected is 2/[Link] the probability of
selecting a) a non-smoker b) a male & c) a smoker, if a male is first selected.
Bayes’ theorem
1) A bag contains 6 red, 5 blue balls & another bag contains 5 red & 8 blue balls. A ball is
drawn from first bag & without noticing colour is put in the second bag. A ball is drawn from
second bag. Find the probability that ball drawn is blue in colour.
2) In 2002, there will be 3 candidates for the position of principal- Mr. Chatterji, Mr. Ayangar
& Dr. Singh- whose chances of getting the appointment are in the proportion 4:2”3
respectively. The probability that Mr. Chatterji , if selected would introduce co-education in
the college is 0.3. The probabilities of Mr. Ayangar & Dr. Singh doing the same are
respectively 0.5 & 0.8;
i) What is the probability that there will be coeducation in the college in 2003?
ii) If there is coeducation in the college in 2003, what is the probability that Dr.
Singh is principal
3) From a vessel containing 3 white & 5 black balls, 4 balls are transferred into an empty
vessel. From this vessel a ball is drawn & is found to be white. What is the probability that
out of 4 balls transferred 3 are white & 1 is black.
4) From a vessel containing 3 white & 5 black balls, 4 balls are transferred into an empty
vessel. From this vessel a ball is drawn & is found to be white. What is the probability that
out of 4 balls transferred 3 are white & 1 is black.
5) The probability of X,Y & Z becoming managers are 4/9,2/9 & 1/3 respectively. The
probabilities that the bonus scheme will be introduced if X,Y & Z becomes managers are
3/10,1/2 & 4/5 respectively.
i) What is the probability that bonus scheme will be introduced?
ii) If the bonus scheme has been introduced, what is the probability that the manager
appointed was X?
Unit-2
Binomial distribution
1) A department in a works has 10 machines which may need adjustment from time to time
during the day. Three of these machines are old, each having a probability of 1/11 of needing
adjustment during the day, and 7 are new, having corresponding probabilities of 1/21.
Assuming that no machine needs adjustment twice on the same day, determine the
probabilities that on a particular day
i) Just 2 old and no new machines need adjustment
ii) If just 2 machines need adjustment, they are of the same type.
2) A multiple choice test consists of 8 questions and 3 answers to each question, of which
only one is correct. If a student answer each question by rolling a balanced die and checking
the first answer if he gets 1 or 2, the second answer if he gets 3 or 4 and the third answer if he
gets 5 or 6, find the probability of getting :
i) Exactly 3 correct answers
ii) No correct answer
iii) At least 6 correct answers
3) A coffee connoisseur claims that he can distinguish between a cup of instant coffee and
acup of percolator coffee. 75% of the time it is agreed by that its claim will be accepted if he
correctly identifies at least 5 of the 6 cups. Find his chances of having the claim: accepted,
rejected when he does have the ability he claims.
4) Determine the binomial distribution whose mean is 9 and standard deviation 3/2.
5) A & B play a game in which their chances of winning are in the ratio 3:2. Find A’s Chance
of winning at least 3 games out of the 5 games played.
Poisson distribution
1) Suppose that the number of telephone calls coming into a telephone exchange between 10
AM & 11 AM . say, X1 is a random variable with Poisson distribution with parameter 2.
Similarly the number of calls arriving between 11 Am & 12 noon, say X2 has a Poisson
distribution with parameter 6. If X1 & X2 are independent. What is the probability that more
than 5 calls come in between 10 AM & 12 noon.
2) A car hire firm has two cars which it hires out day by day. The number of demands for a
car on each day is distributed as Poisson distribution is 1.5(with mean). Calculate the
proportion of days on which:
i) Neither car is used
ii) The proportion of days some demand is refused.
3) An insurance company insures 4000 people against loss of both eyes in a car accident.
Based on the previous data the rates were computed on the assumption that on an average 10
persons in 1 lakh will have car accident each year the result in this type of injury. What is the
probability that more than 3 of the insures will collect on their policy in a given year?
4) In a Poisson distribution frequency corresponding to three successes is 2/3 times the
frequency corresponding to 4 successes. Find the mean and standard deviation of mean
distribution.
5) A manufacturer who produces medicine bottles finds that 0.1% of bottles are defective.
The bottles are packed in boxes containing 500 bottles. A drug manufacturer buys 100 boxes
from the producers of bottles. Using Poisson distribution find how many boxes will contain:
i) No defective
ii) At least two defective
Normal distribution
1) X is a normal variate with mean 30 & Standard deviation 5. Find the probability that i)
26≤X≤40 ii) X≥45 iii) |X-30|> 5
2) The average daily sale of 500 branch office 150 thousand and the standard deviation 15
thousand assuming the distribution to be normal indicate how many branches have sales
between a)120 thousand and 145 thousands b) 140 and 165 thousand.
3) A mean yield for 1-acre plot for 662 kg with a standard deviation 32 kilo, assuming normal
distribution how many 1-acre plot in a batch of 1000 plots would be expect to be yield:
i) Over 700 kilos
ii) Below 650 kilos
iii) What is the lowest yield of the best 100 plots?
4) The local authorities in a certain city install 10000 electric lamp in the street of city. If this
lamps have an average life 1000 burning hours with a standard deviation of 200 hours.
Assuming normality what number of lamp might be expected to fail
i) In the first 800 burning hours
ii) Between 800 and 1200 burning hours
After what period of burning hours would you accept that:
a) 10% of lamps would fail.
b) 10% of lamps would be still burning
5) There are 6 hundred Economics students in the post graduate classes of a university & the
probability for any student to need a copy of a particular book from the university library on
any day is 0.05. How many copies of the book should be kept In the university library so that
the probability may be greater than 0.90 that one of the students needing a copy from the
library has to come back disappointed?
Exponential distribution
1) Let X be a random variable with the p.d.f
F(x)={ ; x>0
0 ; otherwise
Find :i) Value of a ii) P(X>3) iii) P(1<X<4)
2) A fast food chain finds that the average time customers have to wait for service is 45 sec.
If the waiting time can be treated as exponential Radom variable, what is the probability that
a customer will have to wait more than 5 minutes give that already he waited for 2 minutes?
3) The time required (In hours) to repair a machine is exponentially distributed with
parameter 1/2, what is the probability that a repair time exceeds 2 hours? What is the
conditional probability that a repair time takes at least 10 hours give that its duration exceeds
9 hours?
4) The length of time a person speaks over phone follows exponential distribution with
mean 6. What is the probability that the person will talk for
i) More than 8 minutes ii) Between 4 minutes & 8 minutes
5) The life length (In month)of an electric component follows a exponential distribution with
parameter ½. What is the probability that the compose services at least 10 moths given that
already it had survived for more than 9 months?