Name: ____________________________________ Period: ___________ Date: ______________
4.1 Student Notes: The History of the Cell
The Basic Unit of Life
The is the basic of structure and function and the
unit that can carry on all living processes.
All (prokaryote) and
(eukaryote) organisms are composed of cells.
Because cells are too to be seen with a naked eye, they remained largely
unknown to science until the invention of .
The Discovery of the Cell
In 1665, a scientist named
created an improved
microscope capable of X magnification.
While viewing thin slices of , Hooke was
surprised to see small with a
-like
appearance.
Since they resembled the cells in a
, Hooke
named these units “ .”
Cork cells sketched by
Robert Hooke
The Rise of Microbiology
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was a -taught scientist that is widely considered to be the
father of .
After inventing a handheld single lens microscope capable of X magnification,
Leeuwenhoek became the first to observe protists, , muscle
fibers, spermatozoa, and the of the cell.
Cell Theory
In the 1830s, Theodore
and Matthias
developed the idea that all living things are made of
.
This idea is known as cell .
Rudolf Virchow helped
cell theory by concluding that all cells are only
from
pre-existing cells.
Cell Diversity
There are many different of cells with varying sizes, shapes, and functions.
The female is the largest cell in the human body and can be seen
a microscope.
Bacterial cells are some of the cells and are
visible without a microscope.
Cell Size
Cells are in size based on the ratio between their outer
and their .
Small cells have surface area for their volume of cytoplasm than large cells.
Cells need the surface area of their cell to be
enough to exchange waste, gases, and nutrients with the environment.
As cells , the amount of surface area becomes too
to allow materials to and leave the cell quickly enough.
4.2 Student Notes: The Cell Membrane
Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cells are
complex than eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic organisms are mainly
.
Prokaryotes, such as
, have
a cell surrounding a
cell membrane, a single looped chromosome
(nucleoid), and cytoplasm.
Prokaryotic cells a true
nucleus.
Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic organisms can be unicellular and multicellular, but are most
commonly .
Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and -bound organelles.
Organelles are internal within a cell that perform specific
.
Organelles are surrounded by a single or a double .
Eukaryotic cells are by a thin cell membrane.
The cell membrane the cell and
its cytoplasm from the environment.
Cell Membrane
Cell membranes are composed of a phospholipid
.
When placed in water, phospholipids line up with their
heads facing the water and their
tails pointing away from the water.
The arrangement of the phospholipid bilayer helps
the
watery contents within the cell from the watery
environment it sits in.
Cell membranes are selectively
, which means they only allow
materials to enter or leave the cell.
Small , such as CO2, H2O, and O2, can easily pass through
the in a cell membrane.
Membrane Proteins
Proteins in the cell’s phospholipid bilayer help
materials in and out of cell membranes.
proteins are attached to the external and internal
surface of the cell membrane.
proteins are embedded throughout the entire cell
membrane.
Some integral proteins contain chains that
serve as chemical that help cells recognize each other.
proteins, a type of integral protein, contain
that allow certain substances, such as ions, to pass through the
membrane.
Integral proteins to a substance on one side of the membrane and
it to the other side.
Fluid Mosaic Model
The phospholipids and proteins in a cell membrane from side to side,
causing the membrane to appear “ .”
Proteins embedded in the cell membrane form (mosaics).
Because of these factors, the composition of the cell is
often referred to as the
.
4.4 Student Notes: Internal Cellular Structure
Organized Units
Cells are highly units that contain specialized structures
called .
Each organelle carries out a function that is
to the success of the cell.
Prokaryotic cells do contain membrane-bound organelles.
Cytoplasm
Everything within the cell that is situated the nucleus and the cell
membrane is collectively referred to as .
Cytoplasm is composed of organelles and , the jelly-like
material that the organelles sit in.
Cytosol is made up of and proteins.
Cell Walls
The three main types of eukaryotic cells are , plant, and fungal
cells.
Cell are
only found in plant and fungal cells.
In fungi, cell walls are composed of
.
In plants, cell walls are composed of
.
Cytoskeleton
All cells have a cytoskeleton, a complex network of and
that helps the cell keep its shape.
Since cells do not have cell walls, the cytoskeleton is an
especially important part of its structural .
Microtubules are organized by .
The Nucleus
All of the genetic for cellular processes are contained
within the , the command center of the cell.
, long strands of DNA within the nucleus, is responsible for
making .
Within the nucleus is the , a space dedicated to the
production of .
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough ER is studded with
that are responsible for making
.
Smooth ER
ribosomes and is responsible for making
.
The ER network
the nucleus with the cell membrane and helps
molecules throughout the cell.
Golgi Apparatus
The Golgi apparatus, or Golgi , receives proteins from the ER and
them for transport to the cell membrane.
Once the have been received, the Golgi apparatus packages the products
into membrane-bound
that are capable of bonding with the lipid
in the cell membrane.
Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
Lysosomes and peroxisomes are organelles that act as the
centers of the cell.
Lysosomes are responsible for breaking down .
Peroxisomes are responsible for breaking down .
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are large organelles that break down glucose into .
ATP is the that fuels all cellular activity. The more
a cell is, the more mitochondria it contains.
Mitochondria contain their own that is used to make more mitochondria
when necessary.