MODULE 4: APPLICATION OF 1ST ORDER 1ST DEGREE DE EMATH 4 – DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
LESSON 4 TITLE: Mixture Problem
LESSON 4 OUTCOMES: At the end of the module, the learner will be able to;
a) Apply differential equation in in solving Mixture problem.
INTRODUCTION:
Solutions in which some substance is varying because of certain physical of chemical
actions are usually analyzed in accordance with the following relation:
𝑹𝒊
𝑪𝒊
𝑽𝟎
𝑪
𝑹𝟎
𝑪𝟎
𝑑𝑄
= 𝑅𝑖 𝐶𝑖 − 𝑅0 𝐶0
𝑑𝑡
Where:
𝑑𝑄
= 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑑𝑡
𝑅𝑖 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐶𝑖 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑅0 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑔𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐶0 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑔𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
At any time 𝑡
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MODULE 4: APPLICATION OF 1ST ORDER 1ST DEGREE DE EMATH 4 – DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
𝑄 𝑄
𝐶0 = =
𝑉𝑇 𝑉0 + (𝑅𝑖 − 𝑅0 )𝑡
Where:
𝑄 = 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑉𝑇 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑉0 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Thus, in general
𝑑𝑄 𝑅0 𝑄
= 𝑅𝑖 𝐶𝑖 −
𝑑𝑡 𝑉0 + (𝑅𝑖 − 𝑅0 )𝑡
Example 1: A tank contains initially 2,500 liters of 50% salt solution, water enters the tank
at the rate of 25 liters per minute and the solution flows out at the rate of 25
liters per minute. Find the percentage of the salt after 20 minutes.
Given:
𝑉0 = 2,500 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑄0 = 50 %
𝐶𝑖 = 0, 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘
𝑅0 = 25 𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑅𝑖 = 25 𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛
Solution:
𝑑𝑄 𝑅0 𝑄
= 𝑅𝑖 𝐶𝑖 −
𝑑𝑡 𝑉0 + (𝑅𝑖 − 𝑅0 )𝑡
𝑑𝑄 25𝑄
= (25 𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛 )(0) −
𝑑𝑡 2500 + (25 − 25)𝑡
𝑑𝑄 𝑄
=−
𝑑𝑡 100
By separation of variable, thus the general solution is:
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑒 −𝑡/100
Solving for 𝐶 at 𝑡 = 0, 𝑄 = 50%
50 = 𝐶𝑒 0
𝐶 = 50
Hence, the equation become,
𝑄 = 50𝑒 −𝑡/100
If 𝑡 = 20 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑄 = 50𝑒 −20/100
𝑄 = 40.94%
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MODULE 4: APPLICATION OF 1ST ORDER 1ST DEGREE DE EMATH 4 – DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Example 2: A tank contains initially 1,000 liters of 50g salt solution, water enters the tank
at the rate of 25 liters per minute and the solution flows out at the rate of 50
liters per minute. Find the amount of the salt after 20 minutes.
Given:
𝑉0 = 1,000 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑄0 = 50 𝑔
𝐶𝑖 = 0, 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘
𝑅𝑖 = 25 𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑅0 = 50 𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛
Solution:
𝑑𝑄 𝑅0 𝑄
= 𝑅𝑖 𝐶𝑖 −
𝑑𝑡 𝑉0 + (𝑅𝑖 − 𝑅0 )𝑡
𝑑𝑄 25𝑄
= (25 𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛 )(0) −
𝑑𝑡 1000 + (25 − 50)𝑡
𝑑𝑄 25𝑄
=−
𝑑𝑡 1000 − 25𝑡
𝑑𝑄 −𝑄
=
𝑑𝑡 40 − 𝑡
By separation of variable, thus the general solution is:
𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑡
=−
𝑄 40 − 𝑡
𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑡
∫ = −∫
𝑄 40 − 𝑡
ln 𝑄 = ln|40 − 𝑡| + ln 𝐶
ln 𝑄 = ln|𝐶(40 − 𝑡)|
𝑒 ln 𝑄 = 𝑒 ln|𝐶(40−𝑡)|
𝑄 = 𝐶(40 − 𝑡)
Solving for 𝐶 at 𝑡 = 0, 𝑄 = 50 𝑔
50 = 𝐶(40)
5
𝐶=
4
Hence, the equation become,
5
𝑄 = (40 − 𝑡)
4
If 𝑡 = 20 𝑚𝑖𝑛
5
𝑄 = (40 − 𝑡)
4
5
𝑄 = (40 − 20)
4
𝑄 = 25 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
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MODULE 4: APPLICATION OF 1ST ORDER 1ST DEGREE DE EMATH 4 – DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Example 3: In a tank there is 100 liters of brine containing 64 kilograms of dissolved salt.
Pure water enters the tank at a constant rate and the resulting mixture runs out
of the same rate. After 50 minutes, the dissolved salt resulted to 16 kilograms.
Determine the rate of inflow
Given:
𝑉0 = 100 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑄0 = 64 𝑘𝑔
𝑉𝑖 = 25 𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐶𝑖 = 0, 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
Let: 𝑥 = 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
Solution:
𝑑𝑄 𝑅0 𝑄
= 𝑅𝑖 𝐶𝑖 −
𝑑𝑡 𝑉0 + (𝑅𝑖 − 𝑅0 )𝑡
𝑑𝑄 𝑥𝑄
= (𝑥 )(0) −
𝑑𝑡 100 + (𝑥 − 𝑥)𝑡
𝑑𝑄 𝑥𝑄
=−
𝑑𝑡 100
By separation of variable, thus the general solution is:
𝑑𝑄 𝑥𝑑𝑡
=−
𝑄 100
𝑑𝑄 𝑥𝑑𝑡
∫ = −∫
𝑄 100
𝑥𝑡
ln 𝑄 = − + ln 𝐶
100
𝑥𝑡
ln 𝑄 − ln 𝐶 = −
100
𝑄 𝑥𝑡
ln = −
𝐶 100
𝑄 𝑥𝑡
𝑒 ln𝐶 = 𝑒 −100
𝑄 𝑥𝑡
= 𝑒 −100
𝐶
𝑥𝑡
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑒 −100
Solving for 𝐶 at 𝑡 = 0, 𝑄 = 64 𝑘𝑔
64 = 𝐶𝑒 0
𝐶 = 64
Hence, the equation become,
𝑥𝑡
𝑄 = 64𝑒 −100
If 𝑡 = 50𝑚𝑖𝑛 ; 𝑄 = 16 𝑘𝑔
𝑥𝑡
𝑄 = 64𝑒 −100
𝑥(50)
16 = 64𝑒 − 100
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MODULE 4: APPLICATION OF 1ST ORDER 1ST DEGREE DE EMATH 4 – DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
16 𝑥
= 𝑒 −2
64
1 𝑥
ln = ln 𝑒 −2
4
𝑥
ln 0.25 = −
2
𝑥 = −2 ln 0.25
𝑥 = 2.77 𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛
Example 4: A tank contain 50 gallons of water, brine containing 2 lbs per gallon of salt flows
into the tank at the rate of 2 gpm. The mixture kept uniform by stirring runs out
at the same rate. How long will it take before the quantity of the salt in the tank
will be 50 lbs?
Given:
𝑉0 = 50 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑄0 = 0 (𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘)
𝑅𝑖 = 2 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐶𝑖 = 2 𝑙𝑏𝑠/𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛
𝑅𝑜 = 2 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛/𝑚𝑖𝑛
Solution:
𝑑𝑄 𝑅0 𝑄
= 𝑅𝑖 𝐶𝑖 −
𝑑𝑡 𝑉0 + (𝑅𝑖 − 𝑅0 )𝑡
𝑑𝑄 2𝑄
= (2)(2) −
𝑑𝑡 50 + (2 − 2)𝑡
𝑑𝑄 2𝑄
=4−
𝑑𝑡 50
𝑑𝑄 𝑄
+ =4
𝑑𝑡 25
Find general solution using Linear differential equation:
𝑑𝑄 𝑄
+ =4
𝑑𝑡 25
1
𝑃(𝑡) = ; 𝑄(𝑡) = 4
25
1
𝑢 = 𝑒 ∫25𝑑𝑡
𝑡
𝑢 = 𝑒 25
𝑄𝑢 = ∫ 𝑄(𝑡)𝑢𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑡 𝑡
𝑄𝑒 25 = ∫ 4𝑒 25 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑡 𝑡
𝑄𝑒 25 = 100𝑒 25 + 𝐶
−𝑡
𝑄 = 100 + 𝐶𝑒 25
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MODULE 4: APPLICATION OF 1ST ORDER 1ST DEGREE DE EMATH 4 – DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Solving for 𝐶 at 𝑡 = 0, 𝑄 = 0
0 = 100 + 𝐶𝑒 0
𝐶 = −100
Hence, the equation become,
−𝑡
𝑄 = 100 − 100𝑒 25
If 𝑄 = 50 𝑙𝑏𝑠
−𝑡
𝑄 = 100 − 100𝑒 25
−𝑡
50 = 100 − 100𝑒 25
−𝑡
100𝑒 25 = 50
−𝑡 50
𝑒 25 =
100
−𝑡 1
𝑒 25 =
2
−𝑡
ln |𝑒 25 | = ln 0.5
𝑡
− = ln 0.5
25
𝑡 = 17.33 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
1. A tank contains 200 liters of fluid in which 30 grams of salt is dissolved. Brine
containing 1 gram of salt per liter is then pumped into the tank at a rate of 4
L/min; the well-mixed solution is pumped out at the same rate. Find the number
of grams of salt in the tank at any time 𝑡.
𝑨𝒏𝒔. 𝑸(𝒕) = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏𝟕𝟎𝒆−𝒕/𝟓𝟎
2. A large tank is filled to capacity with 500 gallons of pure water. Brine containing
2 pounds of salt per gallon is pumped into the tank at a rate of 5 gal/min. The
well-mixed solution is pumped out at the same rate. Find the number of pounds
of salt in the tank at time 𝑡.
𝑨𝒏𝒔. 𝑸(𝒕) = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟏 − 𝒆−𝒕/𝟏𝟎𝟎 )
3. A large tank is partially filled with 100 gallons of fluid in which 10 pounds of salt
is dissolved. Brine containing 0.5 pound of salt per gallon is pumped into the
tank at a rate of 6 gal/min. The well-mixed solution is then pumped out at a
slower rate of 4 gal/min. Find the number of pounds of salt in the tank after 30
minutes.
𝑨𝒏𝒔. 𝟔𝟒. 𝟑𝟖 𝒍𝒃𝒔
4. Tank A initially holds 100 gallons of brine that contains 100 lbs of salt while
tank B holds 100 gallons of water. Two gallons of water enter tank A each
minute and the mixture assumed uniform. The water flows from A to B at the
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MODULE 4: APPLICATION OF 1ST ORDER 1ST DEGREE DE EMATH 4 – DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
same rate and the mixture in tank B also kept uniform. The mixture runs out of
tank B at the rate of 2 gal/min. How much salt is in tank B at the end of 1 hour?
𝑨𝒏𝒔. 𝟑𝟔. 𝟏𝟒 𝒍𝒃𝒔
5. A tank contains 8L (liters) of water in which is dissolved 32 g (grams) of
chemical. A solution containing 2 g/L of the chemical flows into the tank at a rate
of 4 L/min, and the well-stirred mixture flows out at a rate of 2 L/min. Determine
the amount of chemical in the tank after 20 minutes.
𝑨𝒏𝒔. 𝟗𝟖. 𝟔𝟕 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒔
60