Geometry
Quantitative Aptitude
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Geometry
Lines and Angles
Geometry is the branch of mathematics in which we study about different kinds of figure
(dimensionless, one dimensional and two dimensional) and their properties.
Point: A point is an exact location on a plane surface.
Types of Lines
Straight Line: A figure formed by joining two or more collinear points is called a straight line.
The length of a straight line is not finite.
Here, AB is a straight line and is denoted by
Line Segment: When we join two fixed points by a straight line, then the figure so formed is
called a line segment. The length of a line segment is finite i.e. can be measured.
Here, AB is a line segment and it is denoted by
Ray: A straight line originates from one point is called a ray.
Here, AB is a ray and it is denoted by
Intersecting Lines: When two straight lines meet at a point then these lines are called
intersecting lines. Here, AB and CD are intersecting lines and O is called the point of
intersection of these lines.
SUBJECT | Quantitative Aptitude 1 of 40
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Here, AB and CD are intersecting lines and o is called the point
of intersection of these lines.
Transversal Lines: A line is said to be transversal if it intersects two or more lines.
Here, N is a transversal line.
Parallel Lines: Two or more lines are said to be parallel lines if they do not intersect each other.
Here, L and M are parallel lines.
Perpendicular Lines: Two lines are said to be perpendicular lines if the angle between them is
90°.
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Here, AB and CD are perpendicular lines.
Concurrent Lines: Two or more lines are said to be concurrent if they all pass through a fixed
point.
Here, L, M and N are concurrent lines.
Angles and Types of Angles
When two rays originate from a fixed point, then the amount of
rotation from one ray to another ray is called angle between
the rays or angle between lines. The rays are called arms of
angle.
Here, rotation of ray to formed an angle, and it is denoted by
Acute Angle: An angle whose measurement is between 0° to 90° is called an acute angle.
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Here, 0° < ∠AOB < 90°.
Right Angle: An angle whose measurement is 90° is called a right angle.
Here, ∠AOB = 90°.
Obtuse Angle: An angle whose measurement is between 90° to 180° is called an obtuse angle.
Here, 90° < ∠AOB < 180°.
Straight Angle: An angle whose measurement is equal to 180° is called a straight angle.
Here, ∠AOB = 180°.
Reflex Angle: An angle whose measurement is between 180° to 360° is called a reflex angle.
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Here, 180° < ∠AOB < 360°.
Complete Angle: An angle whose measurement is 360° is called a complete angle.
Here, ∠AOB = 360°.
Complementary Angles: Two angles are said to be complementary if their sum is 90° (π/2
radian).
Here, ∠AOC + ∠COB = 90°. So, we can say that ∠AOC and ∠COB are called complementary
angles.
Supplementary Angles: Two angles are said to be supplementary if their sum is 180° (π
radian).
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Here, ∠AOC + ∠COB = 180°. So, we can say that ∠AOC and ∠COB are called supplementary
angles.
Vertically Opposite Angles:
Here, (∠AOC, ∠BOD) and (∠AOD, ∠BOC) are the pairs of vertically opposite angles.
Corresponding Angles
When two parallel lines are intersected by a transversal then the pair of angles which occupy
the same position at the intersection point are called corresponding angles.
Here, (∠BOE, ∠DO’O) is a pair of corresponding angles.
Alternate Interior Angles
When two parallel lines are intersected by a transversal then the pair of angles that lie on
opposite sides of the transversal line and on opposite relative sides of the other lines are
called alternate interior angles.
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Here, (∠BOO’, ∠CO’O) and (∠AO’O, ∠DO’O) are the pairs of alternate interior angles.
Alternate Exterior Angles
When two parallel lines are intersected by a transversal then the pair of angles that lie on
opposite sides of the transversal line and outside the parallel lines are called alternate exterior
angles.
Here, (∠BOE, ∠CO’F) and (∠AOE, ∠DO’F) are the pairs of alternate exterior angles.
Points to Remember
Vertically opposite angles are always equal.
Corresponding angles are always equal.
Alternate interior angles are always equal.
Alternate exterior angles are always equal.
Pairs of consecutive interior angles sum up to 180°.
Triangles
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On the Basis of Sides of Triangle
Equilateral Triangle: A triangle whose all the sides are equal is called an equilateral triangle.
Here, ∆ABC is an equilateral triangle because AB = BC = CA, and also all the angles of an
equilateral triangle are equal i.e., ∠A = ∠B = ∠C = 60°.
Isosceles Triangle: A triangle whose two sides are equal is called an isosceles triangle.
Here, ∆ABC is an isosceles triangle because AB = AC. Also, angles opposite to equal sides are
equal i.e., in this figure ∠B = ∠C.
Scalene Triangle: A triangle whose all sides are different in length is called a scalene triangle.
Here, ∆ABC is a scalene triangle because AB ≠ BC ≠ CA.
On the Basis of Measurement of Angles of Triangle
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Acute-angled Triangle: A triangle whose all angles are less than 90° is called an acute-angled
triangle.
Here, ∆ABC is an acute-angled triangle because (∠A, ∠B, ∠C) < 90°.
Right-angled Triangle: A triangle whose one angle is 90° is called a right-angled triangle.
Here, ∆ABC is a right-angled triangle because ∠B = 90°.
Obtuse-angled Triangle: A triangle whose one angle is more than 90° is called an obtuse-
angled triangle.
Here, ∆ABC is an obtuse-angled triangle because ∠B > 90°.
Properties of Triangle
Similar Triangles: If the angles of a triangle are equal to the corresponding angles of another
triangle, then the triangles are similar to each other.
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If ∠A = ∠D, ∠B = ∠E and ∠C = ∠F, then ∆ABC ~ ∆DEF and the sign (~) represents the similarity of
triangles.
Points to Remember
Congruent Triangles: Two triangles are said to be congruent if they coincide with each other
when we place one triangle on another.
If ∠A = ∠D, ∠B = ∠E and ∠C = ∠F and also AB = DE, BC = EF and AC = DF, then ∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF and
vice versa. Here the sign (≅) represents the congruency and vice versa.
Properties of Congruency
S – A – S (Side – Angle – Side): When two sides and the angle between them of a triangle are
equal to the two corresponding sides and the angle between them of another triangle, then
the two triangles are congruent to each other.
SUBJECT | Quantitative Aptitude 10 of 40
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Here, AB = DE, ∠A = ∠D and AC = DF, so ∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF.
S – S – S (Side – Side – Side): When all sides of a triangle are equal to the corresponding sides of
another triangle, then both triangles are congruent to each other.
Here, AB = DE, BC = EF and AC = DF, so ∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF.
A – S – A (Angle – Side – Angle): If two angles and the side between them of a triangle are equal
to the corresponding two angles and the side between them of another triangle, then both
triangles are congruent.
Here, ∠A = ∠D, AB = DE and ∠B = ∠E, so ∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF.
R – H – S (Right Angle – Hypotenuse – Side): If the hypotenuse and one side of a right-angled
triangle are equal to the corresponding hypotenuse and one side of another triangle, then
both triangles are congruent to each other.
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Here, ∠B = ∠E = 90°, AC = DF and AB = DE, so ∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF.
Angle Bisector
A line which divides an angle of a triangle into two equal parts is called an angle bisector of
that angle of the triangle.
Points to Remember
For angle bisector as shown in the above diagram,
In-center of Triangle
The point of intersection of angle bisectors of a triangle is called the in-center of the triangle
or the center of the circle which touches the sides of a triangle internally is called the in-center
of the triangle.
Incenter of a triangle is denoted by I.
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Points to Remember
If I be the in-center of a ∆ABC, then ∠BIC = 90° + ∠A/2, ∠AIB = 90° + ∠C/2, ∠BIC = 90° + ∠B/2.
Perpendicular Bisector
A line which bisects the side of a triangle at an angle of 90° is called a perpendicular bisector.
Circumcentre
The point of intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle is called the
circumcenter of the triangle or the center of the circle which passes through the vertices of
the triangle is called the circumcenter of the triangle.
Points to Remember
If O is the circumcenter of a ∆ABC, then ∠BOC = 2 ∠A, ∠AOB = 2 ∠C and ∠AOC = 2 ∠B.
Median of Triangle
A line joining the vertices of a triangle to the midpoint of the opposite side of the triangle is
called the median of the triangle.
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Centroid of Triangle
The point of intersection of medians of a triangle is called the centroid of the triangle.
Points to Remember
Usually centroid is denoted by G.
If G is the centroid of a triangle and D, E and F are the midpoints of BC, AC and AB, then
AG: GD = BG: GE = CG: GF = 2:1.
Median divides a triangle into two equal parts (i.e., equal in area). From the above figure,
ar(∆ABD) = ar(∆ACD), ar(∆BCE) = ar(∆BAE), ar(∆ACF) = ar(∆BCF).
AD + BE + CF = (AB + BC + AC) / 2.
Altitude of Triangle
Perpendicular lines drawn from the vertices of a triangle to the opposite sides of the triangle
are called the altitudes of the triangle.
Orthocenter
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Orthocenter is the point of intersection of the altitudes of the triangle.
Points to Remember
If O is the orthocenter of a triangle, then ∠BOC + ∠A = 180°, ∠AOB + ∠C = 180°, ∠AOC + ∠B
= 180°.
AB + BC + AC > AD + BE + CF.
Pythagoras Theorem
In any right-angled triangle, AB2 + BC2 = AC2, where ∠B = 90°.
Mid-point Theorem
If D and E are the midpoints of side AB and AC, then and
Points to Remember
If D, E and F are the midpoints of the sides AB, AC and BC of ∆ABC, then DE = 1/2 BC, DF =
1/2 AC, EF = 1/2 AB and Area of (∆ADE) = Area of (∆BDF) = Area of (∆DEF) = Area of (∆EFC) =
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1/4 Area of (∆ABC).
Some More Properties
An exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the opposite interior angles of the
triangle. Here, ∠X = ∠A + ∠B, ∠Y = ∠B + ∠C, ∠Z = ∠A + ∠C.
Sum of the exterior angles of a triangle is 360°. Here, ∠X + ∠Y + ∠Z = 360°.
If in a ∆ABC, the sides AB and AC are extended and the bisectors of exterior angles of ∠B
and ∠C meet at O, then ∠BOC = 90° – ∠A / 2.
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In ∆ABC, if BC is extended to D, and AL is the bisector of the exterior angle ∠A, then ∠ABC +
∠ACD = 2 ∠ALC.
If in a ∆ABC, BC is extended to D, and BE and CE are the bisectors of ∠ABC and ∠ACD which
meet at E, then ∠BEC = (1/2 ∠BAC).
In ∆ABC, if AM is an altitude on BM and AN is the angle bisector of ∠A, then ∠MAN = 1/2
(∠B – ∠A).
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In ∆ABC, if AL is the angle bisector of ∠A which meets the produced BC at L, then ∠ABC +
∠ACL = 2 ∠ALC.
If a line intersects two parallel lines, then the bisectors of consecutive interior angles
make a right-angled triangle. Here, AB and CD are parallel lines and EF is a transversal.
Here, ∆LMN is a right-angled triangle.
If a line intersects two parallel lines, then the bisectors of interior angles make a
rectangle. Here, AB and CD are parallel lines and EF is a transversal. Here, MNOP is a
rectangle.
SUBJECT | Quantitative Aptitude 18 of 40
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In ∆ABC, if AD is the angle bisector of the exterior angle ∠A which meets the produced BC
at D (exterior angle bisector theorem). Here, AB / AC = BD / CD.
In an equilateral triangle ABC, if AD ⊥ BC, BE ⊥ AC and CF ⊥ AB, then 3 AB² = 3 BC² = 3 AC² =
4 AD² = 4 BE² = 4 CF².
In a right-angled ∆ABC right-angled at B, if the midpoints of AB and BC are M and N
respectively, then
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In a ∆ABC, if BN and CM are the medians which intersect at 90°, then
In a right-angled ∆ABC right-angled at B, if M and N are the midpoints of side AB and BC
respectively, then
In a right-angled ∆ABC right-angled at ∠B and BD ⊥ AC, then
SUBJECT | Quantitative Aptitude 20 of 40
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Quadrilaterals
A figure formed by four line segments is called a quadrilateral.
Points to Remember
The sum of angles of any quadrilateral is 360°. Here, ∠A + ∠B + ∠C + ∠D = 360°.
Types of Quadrilaterals
Parallelogram: A quadrilateral is said to be a parallelogram if its opposite sides are parallel and
equal to each other.
Here, AB || CD, BC || AD, AB = CD and BC = AD.
Rectangle: A parallelogram is said to be a rectangle if the measurement of each angle is 90°.
Here, AB || CD, BC || AD, AB = CD and BC = AD, ∠A = ∠B = ∠C = ∠D = 90°.
Square: A parallelogram is said to be a square if all its sides are equal and the measurement of
each angle is 90°.
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Here, AB || CD, BC || AD, AB = CD = BC = AD, ∠A = ∠B = ∠C = ∠D = 90°.
Rhombus: A parallelogram is said to be a rhombus if all its sides are equal and the angle
between the diagonals is 90°.
Here, AB || CD, BC || AD, AB = CD = BC = AD, ∠A = ∠C ≠ 90° and also ∠B = ∠D ≠ 90°.
Trapezium: A quadrilateral is said to be a trapezium if one pair of opposite sides is parallel to
each other.
Here, AB || CD.
Points to Remember
The sum of adjacent angles of a parallelogram is 180°.
In a parallelogram ABCD, ∠A + ∠B = ∠B + ∠C = ∠C + ∠D = ∠D + ∠A = 180°.
The opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.
In a parallelogram ABCD, ∠A = ∠C and ∠B = ∠D.
Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
In a parallelogram ABCD, if O is the point of intersection of the diagonals, then, OA = OC
and OB = OD.
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The sum of the square of the diagonals is equal to four times the square of the side of
the rhombus. If d1 and d2 are diagonals of rhombus and a is the side length of rhombus,
then (d1)2 + (d2)2 = 4a2.
In a rectangle, the sum of squares of adjacent sides is equal to the square of the
diagonal. AB² + BC² = AC².
In a square, the length of the diagonal is equal to √2 × side of square
In a rhombus, the diagonal bisects the opposite angles. In rhombus
ABCD, ∠BAC=∠DAC, ∠BCA=∠DCA, ∠ABD=∠ADB,and ∠CBD=∠CDB
Properties of Quadrilateral
In a quadrilateral ABCD, if the angle bisectors of ∠A and ∠B meet at P, then ∠APB = (∠C +
∠D)/2.
If the diagonals of a trapezium ABCD meet at O, then
If M and N are the mid-points of non-parallel sides AD and BC of a trapezium in which AB ∥
CD, then MN = 1/2 × (AB + CD).
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If M and N are the mid-points of diagonals a trapezium in which AB ∥ CD, then MN = 1/2 ×
(AB - CD) where AB > CD.
Triangles on the same base and between the same parallel lines are equal in area.
Here, LM and ON are parallel lines. ∴ area(∆ABC) = area(∆ABD).
Parallelogram on the same base and between the same parallel lines are equal in area.
Here, LM and ON are parallel lines. ∴ area(∆ABCD) = area(∆ABEF).
If a parallelogram and a triangle lie on the same base and between the same parallel
lines, then the area of the triangle = area of parallelogram.
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Here, l || m.
The perimeter of a quadrilateral is greater than the sum of its diagonals.
Here, AB + BC + CD + DA > AC + BD.
If O is any point inside a rectangle ABCD, then OA² + OC² = OB² + OD².
Polygons
A two-dimensional figure formed by three or more line segments is called a polynomial and
the polynomial whose all sides are equal is called a regular polynomial.
Types of Polygons on the Basis of Sides
Triangle: A polygon formed by three line segments.
Quadrilateral: A polygon formed by four line segments.
Pentagon: A polygon formed by five line segments.
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Hexagon: A polygon formed by six line segments.
Properties of Polygons
(Sum of interior angles of a polygon = (2n - 4) × 90°, where n = number of sides.
Each exterior angle of a regular polygon = 360°/n, where n = number of sides.
Each interior angle of a regular polygon = 180° – interior angle of the polygon.
The angle made by the side of a polygon at the center of the regular polygon = 360°/n,
where n = number of sides.
Number of diagonals of a polygon = n(n - 3)/2, where n = number of sides.
The sum of all exterior angles of a polygon = 360°.
Area of a regular polygon = (na2/4) × cot (π/n), where n = number of sides, a = side length.
Radius of the circumcircle of a regular polygon = a/2 × cosec (π/n), where n = number of
sides, a = side length.
Radius of the in-center of a regular polygon = a/2 × cot (π/n), where n = number of sides,
a = side length.
Circles
It is the locus of all the points which lie in a plane such that their distances from a fixed point
are always constant. The fixed point is called the center of the circle.
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A circle of center O and radius r is denoted by C (O, r).
Parts of Circle
Radius of Circle: The distance between the center and any point present on the circumference
of the circle is called the radius of the circle. Usually, the radius of the circle is denoted by r or
R.
Chord of Circle: The line segment formed by joining any two points present on the
circumference of the circle is called the chord of the circle.
Diameter of Circle: The longest chord of the circle is called the diameter of the circle or the
chord that passes through the center of the circle is called the diameter of the circle.
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Secant of Circle: A line that intersects a circle in two distinct points is called the secant of the
circle.
Tangent of Circle: A line that touches a circle at only one point is called a tangent of the circle.
Arc of Circle: A continuous part of the circle is called an arc of the circle.
Minor Arc: An arc whose length is less than the length of the semi-perimeter of the circle
is called the minor arc of the circle.
Major Arc: An arc whose length is more than the length of the semi-perimeter of the
circle is called the major arc of the circle.
Sector of Circle: A region of the circle bounded by two radii and an arc is called the sector of
the circle.
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Minor Sector: A sector is said to be a minor sector if the central angle made by the arc at
the center is less than 180°.
Major Sector: A sector is said to be a major sector if the central angle made by the arc at
the center is more than 180°.
Segment of Circle: A region bounded by a chord and an arc is called a segment of the circle.
Minor Segment: A segment is said to be a minor segment if the central angle made by
the chord at the center is less than 180°.
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Major Segment: A segment is said to be a major segment if the central angle made by the
chord at the center is more than 180°.
Concentric Circles: Two or more circles are said to be concentric if they have a common center
but different radii.
Cyclic Quadrilaterals: A quadrilateral is said to be a cyclic quadrilateral if all its vertices lie on
the circumference of the circle.
Properties of Circle
Congruent Circle: Two circles are said to be congruent circles if their radii are the same. If
OA (r) = O’B (r’), then C (O, r) ≅ C (O i, ri).
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If a point P lies outside the circle C (O, r), then OP > r.
If a point P lies on the circumference of the circle C (O, r), then OP = r.
If a point P lies inside the circle C (O, r), then OP < r.
The sum of opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 180°. If ABCD is a cyclic
quadrilateral, then ∠A + ∠C = 180° and ∠B + ∠D = 180°.
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The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the opposite interior angle of a
cyclic quadrilateral. Here, ∠CBE = ∠ADC.
When two circles do not touch each other, then in this case four tangents can be drawn in
which two are direct common tangents and two are transversal common tangents.
When two circles touch each other, then in this case three tangents can be drawn in
which two are direct common tangents and one is a transversal common tangent.
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When two circles touch each other internally, then in this case only one tangent can be
drawn.
When two circles do not touch each other, then the length of the direct common tangent
= , where d = distance between the centers of circles and r2 and r1 are the
radii of the circles.
When two circles do not touch each other, then the length of the transverse common
tangent = , where d = distance between the centers of circles and r2 and are
the radii of the circles.
When two circles intersect each other, then in this case two tangents can be drawn in
which both are direct common tangents.
SUBJECT | Quantitative Aptitude 33 of 40
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In the given figure, ∠AOB = 2∠ACB. i.e., the angle made by an arc on the center = 2 × the
angle made at the circumference by the same arc.
Two angles subtended by the same arc AB on two different points C & D at the
circumference are equal i.e., ∠ACB = ∠ADB.
Angles subtended by a semicircle are right angles i.e., 90°, ∠ACB = ∠ADB = 90°.
If a circle drawn interior to a parallelogram touches all its sides, then the parallelogram is
a rhombus. Here, ABCD is a rhombus.
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Two circles touch each other at point P then their centers O, O' and P' will be collinear.
AB and CD are chords of a circle which cut each other at O. Then OA × OB = OC × OD
According to the given figure, chords AB and CD cut each other at P externally, then, PA ×
PB = PC × PD
According to the figure, PT is tangent at point T and AB is a chord, then, PA × PB = PT2
According to the figure, AB is tangent at point P, then, ∠APX = ∠PYX, ∠BPY = ∠PXY.
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In the given figure, PA and PB are two tangents from a point P, then PA = PB.
If a circle touches all the four sides of a quadrilateral then the sum of the opposite sides
is equal. i.e., AB + DC = AD + BC.
If c1 and c2 are two concentric circles and AB is a common chord and point P is such that
OP ⊥ AB, then AC = BD.
Some Examples Based on Above Theory
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SUBJECT | Quantitative Aptitude 40 of 40