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Understanding Current Electricity Basics

The document explains the principles of current electricity, focusing on parallel circuits where voltage remains constant across loads and current splits among them. It includes worked examples for calculating current, voltage, cost of operation, and efficiency. Additionally, it outlines the differences between direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC), energy sources, and types of cells.

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5 views1 page

Understanding Current Electricity Basics

The document explains the principles of current electricity, focusing on parallel circuits where voltage remains constant across loads and current splits among them. It includes worked examples for calculating current, voltage, cost of operation, and efficiency. Additionally, it outlines the differences between direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC), energy sources, and types of cells.

Uploaded by

srp7pwj9nj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

CURRENT ELECTRICITY 👉 Parallel voltage: WORKED EX: PARALLEL CURRENT

• Steady flow of electrons (e⁻) • V_load = V_source Given: V = 18 V, R_T = 2 Ω, loads = 3

• Needs CLOSED circuit 1) I_source = V ÷ R_T = 18 ÷ 2 = 9 A

• Static electricity = charges build up (no steady 👉 Cost to operate: 2) I_each = I_source ÷ 3 = 9 ÷ 3 = 3 A
flow)
• Cost = Power × Time × (cost per kWh) WORKED EX: PARALLEL VOLTAGE
CIRCUIT PARTS
Given: I_source = 2.5 A, R_T = 6.0 Ω
• Energy source (battery/generator)
👉 Efficiency: 1) V_source = I × R_T = 2.5×6.0 = 15 V
• Conducting wires
• %eff = (Energy out ÷ Energy in) × 100 2) V_each lamp = 15 V (same in parallel)
• Load (uses energy)
WORKED EX: COST
• Switch: CLOSED=ON, OPEN=OFF
👉 Units: Given: 75 W, 24 h/day for 1 year, rate = 5.6¢/kWh
DC vs AC
• 1 W = 1 J/s 1) 75 W → 0.075 kW
DC: e⁻ flow one direction (battery)
• kW = W ÷ 1000 2) Time = 24×365 = 8760 h
AC: e⁻ move back & forth (wall outlet)
• h = min ÷ 60 3) Cost = 0.075×8760×0.056 = $36.79
GENERATING ELECTRICITY
SERIES RULES WORKED EX: EFFICIENCY
Motion (water/wind/steam) → turbine → generator
• ONE path Given: E_out = 35 J, E_in = 100 J
→ current electricity
• Total R_T increases as loads added %eff = (35 ÷ 100)×100 = 35%
Coil + magnet → e⁻ flow (Faraday)
• Current same everywhere: I_load = I_source ENERGY SOURCES
EQUATION BANK (MEMORIZE THIS)
• Voltage SPLITS across loads (often ÷ #loads if Renewable: hydro, wind, geothermal, tidal, biomass
👉 Ohm’s Law:
same)
•V=I×R Non-renewable: fossil fuels, nuclear (uranium)
PARALLEL RULES
•I=V÷R CELLS
• MANY paths
•R=V÷I Primary: cannot recharge
• Total R_T decreases as loads added
👉 Parallel current split: Secondary: rechargeable
• Current SPLITS among branches
• I_load = I_source ÷ (# of loads) Fuel cell: continuous chemicals (H₂ + O₂ → H₂O)
• Voltage SAME: V_load = V_source

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