LAB 1

Title:- Establishment of peer-to-peer network.

Tools Used:- Cisco Packet Tracer

Theory:- A peer-to-peer (P2P) network is a decentralized system where individual

devices, or "peers," connect and share resources like files, processing power, or
bandwidth directly with each other, without relying on a central server or authority. Each
peer acts as both a client (a consumer of resources) and a server (a provider of
resources), allowing for direct communication and resource exchange. This architecture
makes P2P networks resilient, scalable, and efficient at utilizing collective resources.

Procedures:- Following are the steps to establish a peer to peer network:

1. Open Cisco Packet Tracer

 Launch the cisco packet tracer software.
2. Add devices
 From the End Devices section, drag and drop 2 PCs (e.g., PC0 and PC1) onto
the workspace.
3. Choose Connection Method
 For direct connection, use a crossover cable.
 Connect:
 One end to PC0 → FastEthernet0
 One end to PC1 → FastEthernet0
4. Assign IP Addresses
 Click on PC0 → Desktop tab → IP Configuration
 IP Address: [Link]
 Subnet Mask: [Link]
 For PC1
 IP Address: [Link]
5. Test Connectivity
 On PC0, go to Command Prompt (Desktop → Command Prompt).
 Type: ping [Link]
 If the setup is correct, you will see Reply from [Link].

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Network:-

Testing:- Using Ping Command

Result:- Since all packet are delivered successfully so network path created successfully.

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 LAB 2
Title:- Simulation of Mesh Topology.

Tools Used:- Cisco Packet Tracer.

Theory:- Mesh topology is a network configuration where multiple devices are directly
interconnected, allowing data to have several possible paths for transmission between any
two nodes. This decentralized design provides high redundancy and fault tolerance, as
data can be rerouted if a single link or device fails. There are two main types: full
mesh, where every device is connected to every other device, and partial mesh, where
only some devices have multiple connections.

Procedures:- Following are the steps to establish a mesh topology:

1. Open Cisco Packet Tracer

 Launch the cisco packet tracer software.
2. Add devices
 From the End Devices section, drag and drop 4 PCs (e.g., PC0,PC1,PC2,PC3)
onto the workspace.
 From the Switches section, drag and drop 4 switches (Switch0, Switch1,
Switch2, Switch3).
3. Connect Devices
 Use Copper Straight-Through Cables to connect each PC to its own switch.
 Now use copper cross-over cable to connect the switches with each other in
a mesh manner (every switch should be connected to all other switches).

4. Assign IP Addresses to PCs

 PC0 → IP: [Link] | Subnet: [Link]
 PC1 → IP: [Link] | Subnet: [Link]
 PC2 → IP: [Link] | Subnet: [Link]
 PC3 → IP: [Link] | Subnet: [Link]
5. Test Connectivity
 On PC0, open Command Prompt and type:
 ping [Link]
 ping [Link]
 ping [Link]
 Repeat on other PCs to confirm connectivity.
 If the setup is correct, you will see Reply from [Link].

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Network:-

Testing:- Using Ping Command

Result:- Since all packet are delivered successfully so network path created successfully.

LAB 3

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Title:- Implementation of Star Topology.

Tools Used:- Cisco Packet Tracer.

Theory:- A star topology is a network design where every peripheral device is connected
directly to a central hub, switch, or router, forming a star-like shape. All data traffic flows
through this central device, which manages and forwards it to the correct
destination. This design offers easy scalability, simple troubleshooting, and isolates
failures to individual nodes, but the central device becomes a single point of failure for
the entire network.

Procedures:- Following are the steps to establish a star topology:

1. Open Packet Tracer

 Launch the Cisco Packet Tracer software.
2. Add Devices
 From the End Devices section, drag and drop 4 PCs (PC0, PC1, PC2, PC3).
 From the Switches section, drag and drop 1 switch (Switch0).
3. Connect Devices
 Use Copper Straight-Through Cables to connect each PC to the switch
 The switch acts as the central device, forming a star shape.
4. Assign IP Addresses to PCs
 PC0 → IP: [Link] | Subnet: [Link]
 PC1 → IP: [Link] | Subnet: [Link]
 PC2 → IP: [Link] | Subnet: [Link]
 PC3 → IP: [Link] | Subnet: [Link]
5. Test Connectivity
 On PC0, open Command Prompt and
 Type:ping [Link]
 ping [Link]
 ping [Link]
 Repeat on other PCs to confirm connectivity.
 If replies are received, the star topology is working correctly.

Network:-

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Testing:- Using Ping Command

Result:- Since all packet are delivered successfully so network path created successfully.

LAB 4
Title:- Implementation of Ring Topology.

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Tools Used:- Cisco Packet Tracer.

Theory:- A ring topology is a network setup where each device is connected to exactly
two other devices, forming a closed loop or ring for data to travel through. Data moves in
a single, consistent direction around the ring, passing from one device to the next until it
reaches its intended destination, often using a "token" to control transmission and prevent
collisions.

Procedures:- Following are the steps to establish a Ring Topology:

1. Open Packet Tracer

 Launch the Cisco Packet Tracer software.
2. Add Devices
 From the End Devices section, drag and drop 4 PCs (PC0, PC1, PC2, PC3).
 From the Switches section, drag and drop 4 switches (Switch0, Switch1,
Switch2, Switch3).
3. Connect Devices
 Use Copper Straight-Through Cables to connect each PC to the switch
 Now connect the switches in a ring (closed loop):
 Switch0 ↔ Switch1
 Switch1 ↔ Switch2
 Switch2 ↔ Switch3
 Switch3 ↔ Switch0
4. Assign IP Addresses to PCs
 PC0 → IP: [Link] | Subnet: [Link]
 PC1 → IP: [Link] | Subnet: [Link]
 PC2 → IP: [Link] | Subnet: [Link]
 PC3 → IP: [Link] | Subnet: [Link]
5. Test Connectivity
 On PC0, open Command Prompt and
 Type:ping [Link]
 ping [Link]
 ping [Link]
 Repeat on other PCs to confirm connectivity.
 If replies are received, the star topology is working correctly.

Network:-

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Testing:- Using Ping Command

Result:- Since all packet are delivered successfully so network path created successfully.

LAB 5
Title:- Implementation of Hub-to-Hub Network.

Tools Used:- Cisco Packet Tracer.

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Theory:- Two-hub interconnection is a network setup where two hubs are connected
together to expand the network size and allow communication between devices
connected to both hubs. In this type of connection, each hub works as a central point for
its connected PCs, and linking the hubs ensures that all devices in both hubs belong to the
same network and can share data with each other.

Procedures:- Following are the steps to establish a Hub-to-Hub Network:

1. Open Packet Tracer

 Launch the Cisco Packet Tracer software.
2. Add Devices
 From the End Devices section, drag and drop 6 PCs (PC0, PC1, PC2,
PC3,PC4,PC5).
 From the Hubs section, drag and drop 2 hubs (Hub0, Hub1).
3. Connect Devices
 Use Copper Straight-Through Cables to connect
 Now, connect Hub0 ↔ Hub1 using a Copper Cross-Over Cable.
4. Assign IP Addresses to PCs
 PC0 → IP: [Link] | Subnet: [Link]
 PC1 → IP: [Link] | Subnet: [Link]
 PC2 → IP: [Link] | Subnet: [Link]
 PC3 → IP: [Link] | Subnet: [Link]
 PC4 → IP: [Link] | Subnet: [Link]
 PC5 → IP: [Link] | Subnet: [Link]
5. Test Connectivity
 On PC0, open Command Prompt and
 Type: ping [Link]
 ping [Link]
 ping [Link]
 Similarly, test from PCs on Hub1 to PCs on Hub0.
 If replies are received, the hub-to-hub connection is successful.

Network:-

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Testing:- Using Ping Command

Result:- Since all packet are delivered successfully so network path created successfully.

LAB 6
Title:- Establishment of WAN Network.

Tools Used:- Cisco Packet tracer.

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Theory:- A WAN (Wide Area Network) is a computer network that spans a large
geographical area, such as a city, country, or continent, to connect multiple smaller
networks, including local area networks (LANs), data centers, and cloud services. The
primary purpose of a WAN is to enable communication and data sharing between devices
and users across vast distances, acting as the fundamental infrastructure for organizations
with a global footprint and forming the backbone of the internet.

Procedures:- Following are the steps to establish a WAN Network:

1. Open Packet Tracer

 Launch the Cisco Packet Tracer software.
2. Add Devices
 4 PCs,2 Switches, 2 Routers
3. Connect Devices
 Use copper straight-through cables to connect pc to switches and swithes to
routers.
 Use Serial DCE Cable to connect two routers.
4. Assign IP Addresses
 Nepalgunj LAN:
o PC6 → [Link] | Subnet: [Link] | Gateway: [Link]
o PC7 → [Link] | Subnet: [Link] | Gateway: [Link]
o Router0 (Fa0/0) → [Link]
 Kathmandu LAN:
o PC8 → [Link] | Subnet: [Link] | Gateway: [Link]
o PC9 → [Link] | Subnet: [Link] | Gateway: [Link]
o Router1 (Fa0/0) → [Link]
 Configure Routing Protocol (RIP)
 On Router0:
o Network address
 [Link]
 [Link]
 [Link]
 Same as for router1.
6. Test Connectivity:-
 From PC6, open Command Prompt and type: ping [Link]
 If reply is received, your WAN setup is successful.
 We can also test between other PCs from both LANs.

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Network:-

Testing:- Using Ping Command

Result:- Since all packet are delivered successfully so network path created successfully.

LAB 7
Title:- Different commands in Networking.

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Tools Used:- Command Prompt, Operating System: Windows 10/11, Internet
Connection (for some commands like ping, nslookup).

Theory:- Networking commands are used to configure, monitor, and troubleshoot

computer networks. In Windows, commands like ipconfig, ping, tracert, and nslookup
help in checking IP configuration, testing connectivity, tracing network paths, and
resolving domain names. These commands are essential for understanding network
communication and diagnosing issues.

Procedure:- Following are the steps to execute different commands in networking on

window:

1. Open Command Prompt (Press Win + R, type cmd, press Enter).

2. Type the networking command we want to test.
 For IP details → ipconfig
 To check connectivity → ping host (like:-[Link])
 To trace route → tracert host (like:-[Link])
 To resolve domain name → nslookup domain (like:-[Link])
 To see open connections,ports and process IDs → netstat –ano
 To display the ARP table (MAC <->IP mapping) → arp –a
 to show system’s MAC address → getmac
 To show routing table → route print
3. Observe the output.
4. Take screenshots of each command output.

Outputs for each commands:-

 Ipconfig

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 Ping <host>

 Tracert <host>

 Nslookup domain

 Netstat –ano

 Arp –a

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  Getmac

 Route print

Testing: Each command was executed successfully and produced the expected output.

Result:- The outputs of all 8 networking commands were observed successfully.

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