Building

Services I
Unit 2

Shafia Ahmad
Asst. Professor
SOA, Reva University
What is Sewarage system?

INTRODUCTION
• The term “sewerage system” includes the entire
infrastructure utilized for collecting, transporting, and
disposing of sewage, but it does not incorporate the
process of treating the sewage.

• This includes all appurtenances, devices, and equipment

involved in the process such as inlets, catch basins, clean
outs, manholes, lampholes, flushing tanks, grease and oil
traps, inverted syphons, and storm regulators.

• These components play a crucial role in maintaining the

functionality and efficiency of the sewerage system.

• The sewerage system relies predominantly on gravity to

facilitate the movement of wastewater and frequently
also utilizes natural stormwater drainage.
What is Sewarage system?

INTRODUCTION
SOURCES of sewage

• When the water is supplied by water works authorities or

provided from private sources, it is used for various purposes
like bathing, utensil cleaning, for flushing water closets and
urinals or washing clothes or any other domestic use.

• The spent water for all the above needs forms the sewage.

• Industries use the water for manufacturing various products

and thus develop the sewage.

• Water supplied to schools, cinemas, hotels, railway stations,

etc., when gets used develops sewage
.
• Ground water infiltration into sewers through loose joints.

• Unauthorized entrance of rain water in sewer lines.

QUANTITY OF SEWAGE

The determination of sanitary sewage is necessary:

• To design the sewerage schemes as well as to dispose a

treated sewage efficiently.
• The size, shape and depth of sewers depend on quantity of
sewage.
• The size of pumping unit depends on the quantity of sewage.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUANTITY OF SANITARY SEWAGE FLOW:

1. Rate of water supply

2. Population
3. Type of area served as residential, industrial or commercial
4. Infiltration and exfiltration
QUANTITY OF SANITARY SEWAGE AND STORM WATER

1. RATE OF WATER SUPPLY:

• The rate of sewage may be 60 to 70 percent of water supply
due to various reasons such as consumption, evaporation,
use in industries etc.
• This may change daily, seasonal and also standard of living
of people.

2, POPULATION:
• As the population increases the quantity of sewage also
increases because the consumption of water is more.

3. TYPE OF AREA SERVED:

• The quantity of sewage depends upon the type of area as
residential, industrial or commercial.
• The quantity is depending on population if it is residential,
type of industry if it is industrial,
• Commercial and public places can be determined by
studying the development of other such places.
QUANTITY OF SEWAGE

4, INFILTRATION AND EXFILTRATION:

Infiltration is the leakage of water from the ground surrounding

the sewer.
Exfiltration is the leakage of sewage from the sewer into the
ground surrounding the sewer.

The quantity of water increased through infiltration depends on

the following factors:
• Length of sewer
• Size of sewer
• Sub soil water head
• Nature and type of soil.
Types of Sewarage system

1. SEPARATE SYSTEM OF SEWERAGE:

• In this system two sets of sewers are laid.
• The sanitary sewage is carried through sanitary sewers while the storm
sewage is carried
• through storm sewers.
• The sewage is carried to the treatment plant and storm water is
disposed of to the river.
Types of Sewarage system

ADVANTAGES:
• Size of the sewers are small
• Sewage load on treatment unit is less
• Rivers are not polluted
• Storm water can be discharged to rivers without treatment.

DISADVANTAGES:
• Sewerage being small, difficulty in cleaning them.
• Frequent choking problem.
• System proves costly as it involves two sets of sewers.
• The use of storm sewer is only partial because in dry season the will be
converted in to dumping places and may get clogged
Types of Sewarage system

1. COMBINED SYSTEM OF SEWERAGE:

• When only one set of sewers are used to carry both sanitary sewage
and surface water.
• This system is called combined system.
• Sewage and storm water both are carried to the treatment plant
through combined sewers.
Types of Sewarage system

ADVANTAGES:
• Size of the sewers being large, chocking problems are less and
easy to clean.
• It proves economical as 1 set of sewers are laid.
• Because of dilution of sanitary sewage with storm water
nuisance potential is reduced.

DISADVANTAGES:
• Size of the sewers being large, difficulty in handling and
transportation.
• Load on treatment plant is unnecessarily increased.
• It is uneconomical if pumping is needed because of large
amount of combined flow.
• Unnecessarily storm water is polluted.
Types of Sewarage system

1. PARTIALLY COMBINED OR PARTIALLY SEPARATE SYSTEM :

• A portion of storm water during rain is allowed to enter sanitary sewer
to treatment plants
• while the remaining storm water is carried through open drains to the
point of disposal.
Types of Sewarage system

ADVANTAGES:
• The sizes of sewers are not very large as some portion of storm
water is carried through open
• drains.
• Combines the advantages of both the previous systems.
• Silting problem is completely eliminated.
• The problem of disposing storm water from houses is simplified.

DISADVANTAGES:
• The quantity of storm water admitted in sewer may increase
the load on pumping and
• treatment units.
• The velocity of flow is low in dry weather
Material of construction of Sewarage system

FACTORS CONSIDERED WHILE SELECTING MATERIAL FOR SEWER

• Resistance to corrosion

• Resistance to abrasion

• Strength and durability

• Weight of the material

• Imperviousness

• Economy and cost

• Hydraulically efficient
Material of construction of Sewarage system

ASBESTOS CEMENT SEWER:

• They are made by combining cement and asbestos fibre.

• They are appropriate for transporting domestic sewage.
• Asbestos cement sewers work best as vertical pipes that take
waste from the upper floors of multi-story buildings (in a two-
pipe plumbing system).
Material of construction of Sewarage system

BRICK SEWER:

• Brick sewers are constructed on-site

and are used for large-scale sewer
construction.
• Additionally, brick Sewers are
extremely beneficial for the
construction of storm sewers and
combined sewers.
• These days, sewers are typically made
of concrete rather than brick. Brick
sewers are susceptible to deformation,
which can result in leaks.
Material of construction of Sewarage system

CEMENT SEWER:

• PCC – for diameter < 60 cm

• It is suitable for small storm drains and

is not durable.

• RCC – for diameters > 60 cm

• They can be precast or on-site cast,

and they can withstand high pressure,
corrosion, and significant loads. These
are heavy and hard to transport.
Material of construction of Sewarage system

CAST IRON SEWER:

These types of sewer are watertight and of

high strength and durability. Sewers made
of cast iron are capable of withstanding
high internal pressure and external loads.
The following conditions are suitable for
cast iron sewers.

• effluent is transported at high pressure

• the sewer line is subjected to

significant external loads, such as
beneath a railway, a foundation wall
or below a highway.

• There is a significant temperature

difference
Material of construction of Sewarage system

PLASTIC SEWER:

Sewage is now transported through PVC

sewers. Plastic pipelines are corrosion-
resistant.
These types of sewers are bendable,
lightweight, and smooth. However, these
forms of sewers (Plastic sewers) have a
high thermal expansion coefficient and
cannot be used in extremely hot climates.
VENTILATION of Sewarage system

• WHY IS VENTILATION REQUIRED???

• Sewage flowing in sewer has got lot of organic and inorganic

matters present in it.
• Some of the matters decompose and produce gases. These
gases are foul smelling, corrosive and explosive in nature.
• If these gases are not disposed of properly, they may create a
number of difficulties.
• They may cause air locks in sewers and affect the flow of
sewage.
• They may prove to be dangerous for the maintenance squad
working in sewers.
• They may also cause explosions and put the sewer line out of
commission.
• For the disposal of these gases, ventilation of sewer line is a
must.
VENTILATION of Sewarage system

• METHODS OF VENTILATION

• PROPER CONSTRUCTION OF SEWERS:

• The sewer should be laid at such a gradient that self-cleansing
velocity is developed and
• hence the sewage will have no chance of staying at one point
for longer period.

• PROPER DESIGN OF SEWERS:

• The sewers are designed to run two-third or even one-half full
and the remaining top space is reserved for the accumulation
of sewer gases.
• The proper design of sewers also ensures enough ventilation.
VENTILATION of Sewarage system

• METHODS OF VENTILATION

PROVIDING MANHOLES WITH GRATINGS:

• The manhole covers are sometimes provided with perforations,
through which the sewer gets exposed to the atmosphere.
• This will help in achieving some ventilation, but it will cause air
pollution, hence adopted in isolated places.
• The other disadvantage of this method is that it permits road
dust, storm water etc. to enter the sewer.

PROVIDING MANHOLES WITH CHEMICALS:

• In this method, chemicals are placed in the manhole covers.
• These chemicals react with the sewer gases and make them
harmless.
• As this method is costly, it is rarely adopted.
VENTILATION of Sewarage system
• METHODS OF VENTILATION

PROPER HOUSE DRAINAGE SYSTEM:

• The lateral sewers are ventilated independently by
suitable provision of ventilating shafts or columns.
• The sewer gases are carried in these columns and they are
relieved in the atmosphere above the height of the
building.

PROVIDING THE VENTILATING COLUMNS OR SHAFTS:

• The ventilating shaft is provided along the sewer line at an
interval of 150 m to 300 m.
• They are also provided at the upper end of every branch
sewer and at every point where sewer diameter changes.
• Ventilating shaft helps to remove the foul and explosive
gases produced in the sewer.
• They provide fresh air to the workers working in the
manholes.
• They also help to prevent the formation of air locks in the
sewage and thereby ensure the continuous flow of
sewage inside the sewer.