II.

Quick Last Lecture Revision - 01

Basic Introduction

Concepts covered: Photosynthesis and Early experiments.

Historical Milestone: Joseph Priestly (1774) discovered O, (Oxygen).

[Link]: Early Experiments

Scientist (Year) Key Finding & Experiment Details

Julius von Sachs (1854) Photosynthesisproduces glucose, which is then stored as starch in the plant's

chloroplasts.

Proof: Testing leaves with an iodine solution showed a blue-black color (indicating

starch presence), appearing only in the green parts of the plant exposed to light.

Summary Points: Carbohydrates are stored in plants in the form of starch. Glucose

is formed in the chloroplast through the pigment called chlorophyll.

T.W. Engelmann (1843-1909) Determined the Action Spectrum of photosynthesis.

Method: Used a prism to split light into a spectrum (VIBGYOR). Shined the spectrum
on a filamentous alga (Cladophora)and added aerobic bacteria (which consume O

Results: Bacteria congregated most in the blue and red regions of the light

spectrum.

Conclusion: Blue and Red are the wavelengths most effective for photosynthesis.

Least O, was liberated in the range of Green light.

Cornelius van Niel (1897-1985) Proposed that oxygen (O)released during plant photosynthesiscomesfrom water

(H,0), not carbon dioxide (CO),as previously thought.

Verification: This hypothesis was later confirmed using radioisotopic techniques.

Reuben, Hassid, Kamen Confirmed Van Niel's hypothesis using the O radio isotope.

PhotosynthesisChemical Reactions

Type of Photosynthesis Chemical Equation

Oxygenic CO, + H,0 CGH2O6+ O2

 Reuben, Hassid, Kamen Confirmed Van Niel's hypothesis using the O radio isotope.

Photosynthesis Chemical Reactions

Type of Photosynthesis Chemical Equation

Oxygenic CO: +H0 CoH12O6 + O2

Anoxygenic (Example: Purple Sulphur bacteria)

CO; + H,S CoH12O6 +S

IV. Topic: Chloroplast

Q General Characteristics

Semi-autonomous Organelles

Double MBO (Double Membrane Bound Organelle)

Number of Chloroplasts

Chloroplast Number +
(Mesophyllcell 20 -40 in no.
Chlamydomonas l in no.

Structure & Anatomy

(Based on the visual representation of the double-membraned structure)

Membranes: Outer membrane, Inner membrane, Intermembranespace (Periplastid space).

Internal Components:

Thylakoid: Individual flattened sacs.

Regions: Appressed region and Non-appressed region.

Internal space: Thylakoid lumen.

Grana: Stacks of thylakoids.

Stroma: Fluid matrix filling the chloroplast.

Other inclusions: Starch granules, Stromal lamellae, Lipid droplets, Ribosomes (70S), dsDNA (circular).

Parts of Chloroplast involved in Photosynthesis

Membrane System (Thylakoid) Fluid Matrix (Stroma)

Main Site for Light Reaction Main Site for Dark Reaction (Synthesis of Sugar)

Key Processes: Key Contents:

of light enzyme
-
Absorption Contains for Sugar synthesis
DNA
-
Excitation of chlorophyll (chl.) ds single (circular)

Splitting of H,O Ribosome (70S)

Starch granules

Lipid droplets
 • Early experiment
• Chloroplast

1. Pigments Involved in Photosynthesis

The analysis of pigments uses Paper Chromatography

•This technique is used to analyze the pigments present in the green leaf.

PIGMENTS IDENTIFIED IN GREEN LEAVES

• Carotene (Carotenoids)

• Xanthophyll

• Chl. a (Chlorophyll a)

Chl. b (Chlorophyl b)

BASIS OF PIGMENT DISTINCTION

A pigment is different from another pigment on the basis of its "absorption peak'.

DAbsorption Peak: The wavelength (1) at which Maximum light is absorbed.

TABLE PGMENTS : AND COLORS (BASEDON CHROMATOGRAPHY)

Pigment Observed Color Band

Carotene Yellow-orange

Xanthophyll Yellow

Chl. a Bright-blue green

Chl. b Yellow-green

TYPES AND ROLES OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS

PigmentType Key Role Components Functions

Essential Pigment Forms the Reaction Chl. a Soluble in organic solvent.

Centre

Accessory Forms the antennae Chl. b, Xanthophyll, 1. Trap light energy & pass it to Chl. a.

Pigments Carotenoids 2. Widen the range of wavelength of light

absorption.

3. Prevent Chl. a from photo-oxidation

(Shield pigment).

4. Dissolve in lipids.

II. Spectrum Concepts

1. ABSORPTION SPECTRUM

• Definition: Shows how much light energy is absorbedby different pigments (e.g., chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b,
 absorption.

3. Prevent Chl. a from photo-oxidation

(Shield pigment).

4. Dissolve in lipids.

Il. Spectrum Concepts

1. ABSORPTION SPECTRUM

Definition: Shows how much light energy is absorbed by different pigments (e.g., chlorophyll a, chlorophyllb,
carotenoids) at various wavelengths.

• Measurement: Done by using a spectrophotometer to measure the absorption of light by a pigment solution at various

wavelengths.

• Plot: Graph is plotted showing the Absorption peak of pigments against the Wavelength of light (400nm - 700nm).
• Key Finding: Chlorophylls a and b show peak absorption in the blue-violet and red regions.

• Maximum Absorption: Maximum absorption of the pigment Chl. a occurs at the highest (Wavelength) Blue & red

light.

2. ACTION SPECTRUM

•
Definition:

Measurement:

Peak

thus peaking
Shows the rate

Activity: The
in
of

By measuring the
photosynthesis at

rate of photosynthesis
different

rate of photosynthesis is highest in the blue-violet

these areas.
(e.g., ,
wavelengths of light.

evolution/liberation)

and red regions of the

at various light wavelengths.

visible light spectrum,

3. COMPARING THE ACTION AND ABSORPTION SPECTRA

• The action spectrum and the absorption spectrum have a similar shape, with peaks in the blue-violet and red regions.

• Superimposition: The Absorption spectrum is superimposed by the Action Spectrum.

• Significance: This overlap establishes a strong relation between O, liberation (photosynthesis) and light absorbed by
Chl. a.

• Primary Pigment: Chlorophyll a is considered the primary pigment because its absorption spectrum closely matches

the action spectrum of photosynthesis.

III. Light Harvesting Complex (LHC)

DEFINITION

The Light Harvesting Complex (LHC) is constituted by hundreds of pigment molecules bound to proteins.

PHOTOSYSTEMS WITHIN LHC

The LHC contains two photosystems, which differ in the kinds of Chl. a they contain:

1. PS-1 (Photosystem I)

2. PS-Il (Photosystem I)
 the action spectrum oT photosynthesis.

III. Light Harvesting Complex (LHC)

DEFINITION

The Light Harvesting Complex (LHC) is constituted by hundreds of pigment molecules bound to proteins.

PHOTOSYSTEMS WITHIN LHC

The LHC contains two photosystems, which differ in the kinds of Chl. a they contain:

[Link]-1 (Photosystem
I)
2. PS-ll (Photosystem I)

TABLE: COMPARISON OF THE TWO PHOTOSYSTEMS

Feature PS-I PS-II

Reaction Centre Chl. a (700nm) Chl. a (68Onm)

Light Absorption () Absorbs light at 70Onm Absorbs light at 680nm

Photophosphorylation Involved in cyclic & non-cyclic Involved in non-cyclic photophosphorylation

photophosphorylation

Photolysis of Water No photolysis of water Photolysis of water occurs (0EC - Oxygen Evolving

Complex)

OEC Presence No OEC Yes (Oxygen Evolving Complex)

Products ATP only ATP, NADPH2, O2 (Productsof Non-cyclic

Photophosphorylation)

Primary e Acceptor FRS (Ferredoxin Reducing Substance) Pheophytin

Location Non-appressed region of grana & stromal Appressed region of thylakoid membrane
lamellae

Homework & Future Topics

HomeworkSection Details

DPP (Daily Practice Paper) DPP-1, DPP -2 (or DPP 1-3)

Module Exercise Name (QuestionNo. from Page No. 21 and Page No. 22)

Next Lecture's Goal (Chapter Name: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants):

 Du ever wondered why by
not
light
ny shades of greenin -Chlorophyll b
of same plant? We can
latter
called,
are

light
should

of question by trying to
of Carotenoids

pigments
The are
ts of any green plant
this
romatography. A
they
-Chlorophyll a
on of the leaf pigments

lamella
membrane
membrane
granule
they

a iat we see in leaves is

section
droplet
that
products
Absorbance
chloroplast
or nent but due to four
latter of
However,
Outer
i(bright or blue green (a)

Grana
Ribosomes
the

Stroma
Inner
reactions).
-Lipid
:hlorophyll b (yellow

-Starch
-Stromal
on the
llow)and carotenoids
Let us now seewhat

release)
darkness
lay in photosynthesis. O,
in ces that have an ability

micrograph
reactions).
by
wavelengths. Can you

photosynthesis
ost abundant plant
distinguish
of
dependent
to occur
et us study the graph
(photochemical
are
lorophyll a pigmentto
Rate
(carbon
G

electron
(measured
they twavelengths(Figure (b)
but Hence, an are familiar with the
of spectrum of light as
that Rate of photosynthesis
Absorption
reactions
reactions
an youdetermine the
driven
mean
)atwhich chlorophyll
NADPH).
light dark
to absorption?Does it

absorbed
light
and as
inpeak at any other
which one?

Light
11.3b showing the
representation
called
(ATP imum photosynthesis
directly
are n you see that the 400 500 600 700
(C)
construed
there is maximum Wavelength of light in nanometres (nm)
not be
la i.e., in the blue and
convention,
driven
are by not hows higher rate of
Figure 11.3a Graph showing the absorption
reactions
light-dependent.
we can conclude that spectrum of chlorophyll a, b and
f pigment associated the carotenoids
Diagrammatic
chloroplast
Figure 1l.3b Graph showing action
tby looking at Figure

11.2 1ere is a complete one

spectrum of photosynthesis
action
Figure 1l1.3c Graph showing
en the absorption spectrum of photosynthesis
ll a and the action superimposedon absorption
2sis? spectrum of chlorophyll a
Figure
 Whte body) TYelow body) Uvqlaon

Paimordial Gram Cells n (4h 4 XX)

Oogenesis
Oogono .2n(444 )
Before Birth Mitoss
0n)n() Stants Meioss I
butt avnests in
GRONTT
Rrophae-z
Yrtary ooyt)n ( +XX)+ pbtere Sty
Birthto Puberty Poriary oojte's Peoain anested

eios
)Pomasy
2n(44t x)(
oocrte Aresed in Dilotere)

After Puberty Sarts Meiosis-

T Polar Body Secondary oocyte
but antsts in
n (22t x)
I loyte rioos
Metaphetr

n (22+X)
Degaente
later
d blar Bod n(22+x) )

Spemotppia (an,Hty)
LMuttplicahve
Dhase Mitasis

Tipe-e- Spenatgonia (2n)

Phase Fpe-A
(2 Grouwth spermatgnia
Rroary Spesratocytes
(3 Matation hase
Secondary
Sge
MeiosisI
(2n,444+ Y)
enatocyle
MI Redvctonal
(o.22+) Secondary Spetnatuc yte

HI Fautonl (o.22+)
Spgrmatelisis Spenoatids
(n22+Y)
Spegtliogenesis
Tsansformationof Round Sperms

Specta tics into tlogellated speratuzoa

Spext0s under iofuence
sME & Androges.
 First Law of Thermodynamics

This law is basically theconservation of energy.

ingy to this aws, the amsunt oy Heal q

the
Yubonikle foe
por the chony in
the chon intnal anong
and okk dene

|dg-dU+d

)
(8) Isochokie ex
(3) Isothekmal
Thermodynamic Processes

Isobaxic
Iso mexic.

Procese
aocers.

(4 4 dliabatie Process

POcess

(6) Indicaon diagom

Presswe Con stont
1. Isobaric Process

VxTeuolhon tdl
V=KT

3);- Work done =PAV =nRAT

dP -0
4)- Q mC,dT +nRAT Slope-
dv

5)& specific Heab

NAT

is a slouo Proess

3.

)
Isothermal

(2)
Process

Temp
P ol
-= constont
(6> Indcato

1
aiogran
 Thermodynamics - 02 |ClassNotes |20-AN...

is a Slouo Pocess

Isothermal Process (6>Indicato Diogon

3.
() Temp = constont
(2) P o

PV= on stant

(3) Work Done =Pdv

()C= D9.

PV= contant

Slope- de
isslhems PdV+ VdP =O
Pdv : - VdP

AP
-sleiscthesn

=onstant
PKT

+Work done in Jsothetmal Pocess:t

PV=K
V.

P=t

PV= nRT
PnRT

is a Qick and Sudden Prce<s

4. Adiabatic Process

(1) Py=constont onstant

 is a ick and Sudden Ppeocess

4. Adiabatic Process

(4) PV constont constant

PV= nRT
P:mRT V- mRT

[Link]- corstant
V P
T onstont P TlK

(5M-{pav

(3) C A0 -nRT

Prvdv tvldP0
T-Ty
isath

Solve the DPP and

check Solution
Rate your today's
class in the Batch VIDYAPEETH