wwww wwww

ww
[Link] ww
[Link]

eet t ee t t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
Lesson - 2. Classical N
.Genetics l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 1.
dd a a s aa
s a
dd s
a aa
s
Extra nuclear inheritance is a consequence of presence of genes in
aa aa
P
.. P
a) Mitrochondria and chloroplasts
w
w P
..P
b) Endoplasmic reticulum and mitrochondria
ww
wwww wwww
c) Ribosomes and chloroplast d) Lysososmes and ribosomes
2. In order to find out the different types of gametes produced by a pea plant having the genotype
AaBb, it should be crossed to a plant with the genotype
a) aaBB b) AaBB c) AABB d) aabb

et
e t t t
3. How many different kinds of gametes will be produced by a plant having the genotype
ee

et
[Link]
.N AABbCC?

l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
a) Three b) Four c) Nine d) Two

aass as
as
4. Which one of the following is an example of polygenic inheritance?

.N
P aadd
a) Flower colour in Mirabilis Jalapa
P P Padd
a b) Production of male honey bee

ww..
c) Pod shape in garden pea
w
w .. d) Skin Colour in humans

wwww wwww
5. In Mendel‟s experiments with garden pea, round seed shape (RR) was dominant over wrinkled

lai
seeds (rr), yellow cotyledon (YY) was dominant over green cotyledon (yy). What are the
expected phenotypes in the F2 generation of the cross RRYY x rryy?

eet sa eet
a) Only round seeds with green cotyledons
t t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l a .iN
.N
b) Only wrinkled seeds with yellow cotyledons
i
c) Only wrinkled seeds with green cotyledons
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa s aa
s s aa
s
d) Round seeds with yellow cotyledons an wrinkled seeds with yellow cotyledons

a
6. Test cross involves
a a
dd a aa a
dd a
da
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
a) Crossing between two genotypes with recessive trait
w
wwww wwww
b) Crossing between two F1 hybrids
c) Crossing the F1 hybrid with a double recessive genotype
d) Crossing between two genotypes with dominant trait
Pa

7. In pea plants, yellow seeds are dominant to green. If a heterozygous yellow seed pant is crossed
with a green seeded plant, what ratio of yellow and green seeded plants would you expect in F 1
eet t eet t
.iN .iN .iN
generation?

l a
l i
a .N a) 9:1
l a
l i
a
b) 1:3.N l a
l
b) 3:1i
a . d) 50:50

assaa aa aa
w.

dd ass a
dd s
a s
8. Select the correct statement from the ones given below with respect to dihydrid cross
a
a) Tightly linked genes on the same chromosomes show very few combinations
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
b) Tightly linked genes on the same chromosomes show higher combinations
w
w ww
c) Genes far apart on the same chromosomes show very few recombinations

wwww wwww
ww

d) Genes loosely linked on the same chromosomes show similar recombinations as the tightly
linked ones
9. Which Mendelian idea is depicted by a cross in which the F1 generation resembles both the
parents

eet t
a) Incomplete dominance
eet t b) Law of dominance

l a
l i
a .iN
.N c) Inheritance of one gene
[Link]
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
d) Co-dominance

assaa aa aa
10. Fruit colour in squash is an example of

a
ddas
a) Recessive epistatsiss a
dd s
a s b) Dominant epistasis

P
..Paa
c) Complementary genes
P
.. Paa
11. In his classic experiments on Pea plants, Mendel did not use
d) Inhibitory genes

ww w
w
wwww wwww
a) Flowering position b) Seed colour
c) Pod length d) Seed shape

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eet t eet t
.NN .NN
Kindly send me your study materials to [Link]@[Link]
.N
 wwww wwww
ww
[Link] ww
[Link]

12. The epistatic effect, in which the dihybrid cross 9:3:3:1 between AaBb X AaBb is modified as
eet t eet t
a) Dominance of one allele on another allele of both loci

lalai .iN
.N a i .iN
.N
b) Interaction between two alleles of different loci
l l a l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
c) Dominance of one allele to another alleles of same loci
a
dd s
a s
d) Interaction between two alleles of some loci
a
dd s
a s
P
.. aa P aa
13. In a test cross involving F1 dihybrid flies, more parental type offspring were produced than the
P ..P
w
w
recombination type offspring. This indicates
ww
wwww wwww
a) The two genes are located on two different chromosomes
b) Chromosomes failed to separate during meiosis
c) The two genes are linked and present on the some chromosome
d) Both of the characters are controlled by more than one gene
14. The genes controlling the seven pea characters studied by Mendel are known to be located on
et
e t eet t

et
.iN .iN .iN
how many different chromosomes?

lalai .N a) Seven
l a
l i
a .N
b) Six
l a
l i
a .
c) Five d) Four

assaa ssaa ssaa

15. Which of the following explains how progeny can posses the combinations of traits that none of
aa aa

.N
PP add
the parent possessed?
a P Padd
a
ww..
a) Law of segregation
w
w .. b) Chromosome theory

wwww wwww
c) Law of independent assortment d) Polygenic inheritance
16. “Gametes are never hybrid”. This is a statement of

lai
a) Law of dominance b) Law of independent assortment
c) Law of segregation d) Law of random fertilization
17. Gene which suppresses other genes activity but does not lie on the same locus is called as

eet t
a) Epistatic sa eet t
b) Supplement only c) Hypostatic d) Codominant

l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
18. Pure tall plants are crossed with pure dwarf plants. In the F1 generation, all plants were tall. These

assaa s aa s aa
tall plants of F1 generation were selfed and the ratio of tall to dwarf plants obtained was 3:1. This
is called a
dd a s a
dd a s
aa aa
da
a) Dominance
w
w
c) Codominance P
.. P ww P
.. P b) Inheritance
d) Heredity

wwww
19. The dominant epistatis ratio is
a) 9:3:3:1 b) 12:3:1 wwww c) 9:3:4 d) 9:6:1
Pa

20. Select the period for Mendel‟s hybridization experiments

a) 1856 - 1863 b) 1850 - 1870

eet t
c) 1857 - 1869
eet t d) 1870 - 1877

l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
[Link]
.
21. Among the following characters which one was not considered by Mendel in his experimentation

assaa aa aa
pea?
w.

ddaa
a) Stem – Tall or dwarfss a s
a s
b) Trichomal glandular or non-glandular
dd
P
.. Paa
c) Seed – Green or yellow
P
.. Paa
d) Pod – Inflated or constricted

w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N [Link]
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
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eet t eet t
.NN .NN
Kindly send me your study materials to [Link]@[Link]
.N
 wwww wwww
ww
[Link] ww
[Link]

eet t eet t
2, 3, 5 Marks Questions

lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a s
a aa
s
1. Name the seven contrasting traits of Mendel.
dd aa a
dd s
a aa
s
[Link]

w
w P
.. P
Character

ww P
..P
Dominant Recessive

wwww wwww
1. Plant height Tall Dwarf
2. Flower position Axial Terminal
3. Flower colour Purple White
4. Pod form Inflated Constricted
5. Pod colour Green Yellow

et
e t eet t

et
6. Seed shape Round Wrinkled

[Link]
.N 7.
l a
l i
Cotyledon colour
a .iN
.N Yellow
l a
l i
a .iN
. Green

assaa ssaa ssaa

2. What is meant by true breeding or pure breeding lines / strain?
aa aa

.N
PP add P P dd
 Plant has undergone continuous self- pollination having stable trait inheritance from parent to
a aa
ww..
offspring is called true breeding lines.
w
w ..
wwww wwww
3. Give the names of the scientists who rediscovered Mendelism.
 Hugo de Vries - Holland

lai
 Carl Correns - Germany
 Erich von Tschermak - Austria.

eet t
4. What is back cross?
sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
 The back cross is of two types.
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
 It is a cross of F1 hybrid with any one of the parental genotype is called back cross.
.
assaa s aa
s s aa
s
Dominent back cross

a a
dd a aa a
dd a
 When the F1 offsprings are crossed with the dominant parents.
a
da
Recessive back cross
w
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
 When the F1 offsprings are crossed with the recessive parents.

wwww
5. Define : Genetics. wwww
 Genetics is the branch of biological science which deals with the mechanism of transmission of
Pa

characters from parents to off springs.

t t
6. What are multiple alleles ?
ee eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l a .iN
.N
chromosomes; these are known as multiple alleles..
l a
l [Link]
 Three or more allelic forms of a gene occupy the same locus in a given pair of homologous
i i .
assaa aa aa
w.

aass a s
a s
7. What are the reasons for Mendel‟s successes in his breeding experiment?
dd dd
.. Paa P
.. Paa
 He applied mathematics and statistical methods to biology.
P
 He followed scientific methods and kept accurate and detailed data records of the outcome of his
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

crosses.
 His experiments were carefully planned and he used large samples.
 The parents selected by Mendel were pure breed lines.
 The purity was tested by self crossing the progeny for many generations.

eet t eet t
8. Explain the law of dominance in monohybrid cross.
 The characters are controlled by discrete units called factors which occur in pairs.

l a
l i
a .iN
.N [Link]
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
 In a dissimilar pair of factors one member of the pair is dominant and the other is recessive.

assaa aa aa
 This law gives an explanation to the monohybrid cross.
a
ddass a
dd s
a s
 The expression of only one of the parental characters in F1 generation.

PPaa
 The expression of both in the F2 generation.
.. P
.. Paa
ww w
w
 It also explains the proportion of 3:1 obtained at the F2.
wwww wwww
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eet t eet t
.NN .NN
Kindly send me your study materials to [Link]@[Link]
.N
 wwww wwww
ww
[Link] ww
[Link]

eet t Parent Tall

eet t Dwarf

lalai .iN
.N TT
l a
l i
a .iN
.N tt
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa Gametes

aa a
dd s
a aa
s T

aa a
dd s
a aa
s t

F1 =
w
w P
.. P Tt (Tall)
ww P
..P
wwww
F1 ( Selfed ) Tt wwww
x Tt

et
e t eet t T t

et
F2 = Gametes

[Link]
.N l a
l i
a .iN
T
.N TT
l a
l i
a .iN
.
Tt

assaa aa aa
Tall Tall

aass t Tt
as
as tt

.N
PPaadd a
Tall
P P dd
a Dwarf

ww.. w
w ..
wwww
Genotypes : TT Tt
wwww tt

lai
Genotypic Ratio : 1 : 2 : 1
Phenotypes : Tall Dwarf

eet t Phenotypic Ratio

sa : 3 :
eet t 1

l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
9. Differentiate incomplete dominance and co dominance.
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
[Link] Incomplete dominance Co dominance
1.
a s
a s
Effect of one of the two alleles is more
dd a s
a s
Effects of both the alleles are equally
dd
aa aa
da
conspicuous. conspicuous.
2.
w
w P
.. P
The effect in hybrid is intermediate
ww P
.. P
Both the alleles are produces their effect

3.
4.
wwww
expression of the two alleles.
It produces new phenotype.
Qualitative approach of the gene
wwwwindependently
Does not produce new phenotype.
Pa

Quantitative approach of the gene expression.

expression.

eet t 5. Ex. Mirabilis jalapa.

eet t Ex : Red and white flowers of Camellia.

l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
10. What is meant by cytoplasmic inheritance?
l a
l i
[Link]
.
 DNA is the universal genetic material. Certain traits are governed either by the chloroplast or

assaa aa aa
w.

mitochondrial genes.
ddaass a
dd s
a s
 Cytoplasmic organelles such as chloroplast and mitochondrion that act as inheritance vectors, it is
P
.. Paa
also called Cytoplasmic inheritance.
P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

11. Explain with an example how single gene affect multiple traits and alleles the phenotype of an
organism.
 A single gene affects multiple traits and alter the phenotype of the organism is called Pleiotropy.
 The Pleiotropic gene influences a number of characters simultaneously. Such genes are called

eet t pleiotropic gene.

eet t
 Mendel noticed pleiotropy while performing breeding experiment with peas (Pisum sativum).

l a
l i
a .iN
.N [Link]
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
 purple flowers, brown seeds and dark spot on the axils of the leaves crossed with white flowers,

assaa aa aa
light coloured seeds and no spot on the axils of the leaves,
aass a s
a s
 The three traits for flower colour, seed colour and a leaf axil spot all were inherited together as a
dd dd
single unit.
P
..Paa P
.. Paa
 This is due to the three traits were controlled by a single gene with dominant and recessive
ww w
w
wwww wwww
alleles.

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eet t eet t
.NN .NN
Kindly send me your study materials to [Link]@[Link]
.N
 wwww wwww
ww
[Link] ww
[Link]

12. Describe dominant epistasis with an example.

eet t eet t
 The gene that suppresses or masks the phenotypic expression of a gene at another locus is known

lalai .iN
.N as epistatic.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
 The inhibiting gene is called epistatic gene .The inhibited gene is called hypostatic gene.
a
dd s
a s a
dd s
a s
Parent
P
.. Paa
White fruit
P
..PaaYellow fruit

w
w
WWgg
ww
wwGG

Gametes
wwww Wg
wwww wG

F1 (Selfed) WwGg

et
e t WwGg
e
X
et t wwGg

et
[Link]
.N F2 =
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
WG Wg wG wg

aass as
as

.N
WG

PPaadd
WWGG
White
WWGg
White
P Padd
a
WwGG
White
WwGg
White

ww.. WWGg WWgg

w
w .. WwGg Wwgg

wwww wwww
Wg
White White White White

lai
wG WwGG WwGg wwGG wwGg
White White Yellow Yellow

Wg WwGg Wwgg wwGg wwgg

eet t White
sa eet t
White Yellow Green

l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N Yellow fruit
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
Phenotypes : White fruit Green fruit

a
dd s
a s 12 : 3
a
dd s
a s
: 1
 Ratio : 12 : 3 : 1
aa aa
da
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
 In the summer squash the fruit colour locus has a dominant allele „W‟ for white colour and a
w
wwww wwww
recessive allele „w‟ for coloured fruit.
 „W‟ allele is dominant that masks the expression of any colour.
 The white fruit (WWgg) is crossed with yellow fruit (wwGG).
Pa

 The F1 plants have white fruit and are heterozygous (WwGg).

 The F1 heterozygous plants are crossed.

eet t eet t
 They give rise to F2 with the phenotypic ratio of 12 white : 3 yellow : 1 green.

l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
 Dominent white (W) hides the effects of yellow or green.
l a
l i
[Link]
.
assaa aa aa
 Homozygous recessive ww genotypes only give the coloured fruits (4/16).
w.

aass
 Double recessive „wwgg‟ will give green fruit (1/16).
dd a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
 The Plants having only „G‟ in its genotype (wwGg or wwGG) will give the yellow fruit (3/16).

w
w ww
13. Differentiate continuous variation with discontinuous variation.

wwww wwww
ww

[Link] Continuous Variation Discontinuous Variation

1 This variation due to the combining This variations are genetically determined
effects of environmental and by inheritance factors.
genetic factors
eet t 2
eet t
The phenotype is determined by The phenotypic expression is unaffected

l a
l i
a .iN
.N [Link]
.N
many genes, and environmental factors.
l a
l i
a .iN
.
by environmental conditions.

assaa aa aa
3 Directions of continuous variations is Directions of discontinuous variations is
a
dda
[Link] a
dd s
a s unpredictable.
4
P
..Paa
This is also called as quantitative
P
.. Paa This is also called as qualitative inheritance.

ww
inheritance
w
w
wwww wwww
5 Ex : Human height and skin colour Ex : Style length in primula plant height of
garden pea.

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eet t eet t
.NN .NN
Kindly send me your study materials to [Link]@[Link]
.N
 wwww wwww
ww
[Link] ww
[Link]

14. Explain polygenic inheritance with an example.

eet t eet t
 A group of genes that together determine a characteristic of an organism is called polygenic

lalai .iN
.N inheritance.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
 It was first demonstrated by Swedish Geneticist H. Nilsson - Ehle in wheat kernels.
a s
a s a s
a s
 Kernel colour is controlled by two genes each with two alleles, one with red kernel colour was
dd dd
dominant to white.
P
.. Paa P
..Paa
 He crossed the two pure breeding wheat varieties dark red and a white.
w
w ww
wwww wwww
 Dark red genotypes R1R1R2R2 and white genotypes are r1r1r2r2.
 In the F1 generation medium red were obtained with the genotype R1r1R2r2.
 F1 selfing produces four types of gametes R1R2, R1r2, r1R2, r1r2.
 The intensity of the red colour is determined by the number of R genes in the F2 generation.
 Four R genes - A dark red kernel colour.
et
e t
 Three R genes - Medium dark red.
eet t

et
[Link]
.N  Two R genes - Medium red.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
 One R gene - Light red.

aass
 Absence of R gene - White kernel colour.
as
as

.N
PPaadd P Padd
a
Parent
ww.. Dark Red
w
w .. white

wwww wwww
R1R1R2R2 r1r1r2r2

lai
Gametes R1R2 r1r2

F1 = R1r1R2r2 (Medium red)

eet t sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N F1 ( selfed ) =

l a
l i
a .iN
.N
R1r1R2r2 x R1r1R2r2

l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa F2 =
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
da
G
w
w P
.. P R1R2
P
..
R1r2
ww P r1R2 r1r2

wwww wwww
R1R2 R1R1R2R2 R1R1R2r2 R1r1R2R2 R1r1R2r2
Dark red Medium dark red Medium dark red Medium red
R1R1R2r2 R1R1r2r2 R1r1R2r2 R1r1r2r2
Pa

R1r2
Medium dark red Medium red Medium red Light red
R1r1R2R2 R1r1R2r2 r1r1R2R2 r1r1R2r2

eet t r1R2
Medium dark red
eet t Medium red Medium red Light red

l a
l i
a .iN
.N r1r2 R1r1R2r2
l a
l i
a .iN
.N R1r1r2r2
l a
l i
[Link]
.
r 1r1R2r2 r1r1r2r2

assaa aa aa
w.

Medium red Light red Light red White

ddaass a
dd s
a s
Conclusion
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
 Finally the loci that was studied by Nilsson – Ehle were not linked and the genes assorted

wwww wwww
ww

independently.
 Later, researchers discovered the third gene that also affects the kernel colour of wheat.
 The three independent pairs of alleles were involved in wheat kernel colour.
 Nilsson – Ehle found the ratio of 63 red : 1 white in F2 generation.
eet t eet t
 1 : 6 : 15 : 20 : 15 : 6 : 1 in F2 generation.

l a
l i
a .iN
.N [Link]
.N
15. Bring out the inheritance of chloroplast gene with an example.
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa ssaa s aa
s
 DNA is the universal genetic material. Certain traits are governed either by the chloroplast or

a
mitochondrial genes.
a a
dda aa a
dd a
P
..P P
.. P
 Cytoplasmic organelles such as chloroplast and mitochondrion that act as inheritance vectors, it is
ww
also called Cytoplasmic inheritance.
w
w
wwww wwww
 It is found in 4 O‟ Clock plant (Mirabilis jalapa).
 There are two types of variegated leaves
[Link] [Link]., [Link].,Ph.D., P.G Assistant in Botany, Melsevalambadi -Villupuram Dist. - 9943437766 Page 23

eet t eet t
.NN .NN
Kindly send me your study materials to [Link]@[Link]
.N
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ww
[Link] ww
[Link]

 Dark green leaved plants

eet t  Pale green leaved plants.
eet t
lalai .iN
.N 
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
When the pollen of dark green leaved plant (male) is transferred to the stigma of pale green

assaa aa aa
leaved plant (female) and pollen of pale green leaved plant is transferred to the stigma of dark
green leaved plant.
a
dd s
a s a
dd s
a s

 P
.. Paa P
..Paa
The F1 generation of both the crosses must be identical as per mendelian inheritance.

w w
But in the reciprocal cross the F1 plant differs from each other.
w w



wwww wwww
In each cross, the F1 plant reveals the character of the plant which is used as female plant.
This inheritance is not through nuclear gene.
It is due to the chloroplast gene found in the ovum of the female plant
 It contributes the cytoplasm during fertilization. Since the male gamete contribute only the

et
e t nucleus but not cytoplasm.
eet t

et
[Link]
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aassaa as
asaa

.N
PPaadd P Padd
a
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww

lai
Additional Questions

eet t sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
16. What is lethal allele ?
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
 An allele which has the potential to cause the death of an organism is called lethal allele.

assaa  Ex : Snapdragon.

aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
da
17. What are alleles ?

w P
.. P ww P
.. P
 Alternate forms for the same trait is called alleles.
w
wwww
18. What is Co dominance?
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 The phenomenon in which two alleles are both expressed in the heterozygous individual
Pa

is known as co dominance.
19. What is test cross?
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 Crossing an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive is called Test cross.

l a
l i
a .iN
.N
20. What is a Atavism ?
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
[Link]
.
assaa aa aa
w.

dd ass
 Atavism is a modification of a biological structure.
a a
dd s
a s
 An ancestral that reappears after having been lost through evolutionary changes in the previous
generation.
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

21. What is incomplete dominance ?

 When one allele is not completely dominant to another allele it shows incomplete dominance.
22. Name the three types of phenotype observed in plants in snapdragon.
 Green plants with chlorophyll (cc)

eet t
 Yellowish green plants (Cc)
eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N [Link]
 White plants without any chlorophyll (cc)
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
23. What is reciprocal cross

a
dd ss a s s
 The tall pea plants were pollinated with the pollens from a dwarf plants, the result was all tall
a dd a
plants.
P
..Paa P
.. Paa
 When the parental types were reversed, the pollen from a tall plant was used to pollinate a dwarf
ww w
w
wwww wwww
pea plant which gave only tall plants. The result was the same.
 So it was concluded that the trait is not sex dependent.

[Link] [Link]., [Link].,Ph.D., P.G Assistant in Botany, Melsevalambadi -Villupuram Dist. - 9943437766 Page 24

eet t eet t
.NN .NN
Kindly send me your study materials to [Link]@[Link]
.N
 wwww wwww
ww
[Link] ww
[Link]

24. Explain about dihybrid cross.

eet t eet t
 The crossing of two plants differing in two pairs of contrasting traits is called dihybrid cross.

lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
Parent Round Yellow Wrinkled Green
a
RRYY
dd s
a s a
rryy
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
..Paa
Gametes
w
w RY
ww ry

wwww
F1 ( selfed ) wwww
RrYy

RrYy x RrYy

et
e t eet t

et
[Link]
.N Gametes : Ry Ry rY
l a
l i
a .iN
ry
.N RY
l
Ry
a
l i
a .iN
.
rY ry

assaa aassaa as
asaa

.N
F2 =

PPaadd P Padd
a
ww.. RY Ry

w
w .. rY ry

wwww wwww
RY RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy
R.Y R.Y R.Y R.Y

lai
Ry RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy
R.Y R.G R.Y R.G
RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy
rY

eet t R.Y
sa eet
R.Y
t W.Y W.Y

l a
l i
a .iN
.N ry RrYy
R.Y
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
Rryy
R.G
rrYy
W.Y
l a
l i
a .iN
.rryy
G.W

assaa  a
dd s
a aa
s
Phenotypic ratio : 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
aa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
da

w
w P
.. P
Yeelow Round (YR) – 9 / 16
ww P
.. P



wwww
Yellow Wrinkled (Yr) – 3 / 16
Green Round (yR) – 3 / 16
Green Wrinkled (yr) – 1 / 16
wwww
Pa

25. Why did mental choose pea plants for his experiments ?

eet t
 It is an annual plant.
eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
 Mendel used both self-fertilization and cross-fertilization.
l a
l i
[Link]
.
 It has clear contrasting characters that are controlled by a single gene separately.

assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
 The flowers are large hence emasculation and pollination are very easy for hybridization.

P Paa
26. Name the four major subdisciplines of genetics.
.. P
.. Paa
w
w
Transmission Genetics
ww
wwww wwww
ww

 Deals with the transmission of genes from parents to off springs.

 Th e foundation of classical genetics came from the study of hereditary behaviour of seven genes
by Gregor Mendel.
Molecular Genetics
 Deals with the structure and function of a gene at molecular level.
eet t eet t
.iN .iN .iN
Population Genetics

l a
l i
a .N l lai .N l a
l i
a .
 Deals with heredity in groups of individuals for traits which is determined by a few genes.
a
assaa s aa s aa
Quantitative Genetics
aa s a a s
 Deals with heredity of traits in groups of individuals where the traits are governed by many genes
dd dd
simultaneously.
P
..Paa P
.. Paa
ww w
w
wwww wwww
[Link] [Link]., [Link].,Ph.D., P.G Assistant in Botany, Melsevalambadi -Villupuram Dist. - 9943437766 Page 25

eet t eet t
.NN .NN
Kindly send me your study materials to [Link]@[Link]
.N
 wwww wwww
ww
[Link] ww
[Link]

27. State the laws of inheritance proposed by Mendel

eet t
Law of independent Assortment
eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
 When two pairs of traits are combined in a hybrid, segregation of one pair of characters is

assaa aa aa
independent to the other pair of characters.
Law of segregation
a
dd s
a s a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
..Paa
 Though the parents contain two alleles during the gamete formation, the factors or alleles of a

w w
pair segregate from each other, such that the gamete receives only one of the two factors.
w w
wwww
28. Why is mendel called as father of genetics ?
wwww
 Mendelian genetic concepts are basic to modern genetics. Therefore, Mendel is called as Father
of Genetics.
29. Gametes are never hybrid – Justify.

et
e t eet t
 A homozygous parent produces similar gametes and a heterozygous parent produces two kinds

et
[Link]
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
gametes each having one allele with equal proportion.
l a
l i
a .iN
.
 During the formation of gametes, the alleles of a pair separate and segregate from each other.

assaa a ssaa
 Each gamete receives only one of the two factors.
a as
asaa

.N
P aadd P add
a
30. What is incomplete dominance ? In 4 O‟ clock plant shows incomplete dominance for flower
P P
colour.
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
 When one allele is not completely dominant to another allele it shows incomplete dominance.

lai
 Carl correns‟s experimented in 4 o‟ clock plant Mirabilis jalapa.
1 1 2 2
 The homozygous red (R R ) parent is crossed with white (R R ).
 The F1 phenotype differs from both the parental phenotype.

eet t t t 1 2
 The F1 generation produces an intermediate colour pink (R R ).
sa ee
l a
l i
a .iN
.N incomplete dominance.
l a
l a .iN
.N l a
l a .iN
 Here one allele is not completely dominant to another allele. Such allelic interaction is known as
i i .
assaa s aa
s s aa
s
 The pink coloured plants of F1 generation were interbred.

a a
dd a aa a
dd a
 In F2 both phenotypic and genotypic ratios were found to be identical as 1 : 2 : 1.
a
da
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
 R1 allele codes for an enzyme responsible for the formation of red pigment.
w
wwww wwww
2
 R allele codes for an enzyme responsible for the formation of white pigment.
1
 R and R2 genotypes produce only enough red pigments to make the flower pink.
 In F2 both phenotypic and genotypic ratios are 1 : 2 : 1.
Pa

eet t Parent Red

eet t White

l a
l i
a .iN
.N R1R1
l
R1 a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
[Link]
. R2R2
R2

assaa aa aa
Gametes
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
F1 =
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
R1R2 (pink colour)

w
w ww
wwww wwww
F1 (Selfed ) = R 1R2 x R1R2
ww

F2 = Gametes R1 R2
R1R1 R 1R 2

eet t R1
eet t Red Pink

l a
l i
a .iN
.N [Link]
R.N 2 RR 1

l
2

a
l i
a .iN
. R2R2

assaa aa aa
Pink

s s
White

a
dda s a
dd a s
Phenotypes
P
..Paa : R1R1
P
R1R2
.. Paa R2R2

ww w
w
wwww
Phenotypic Ratio : 1
wwww
: 2 : 1

[Link] [Link]., [Link].,Ph.D., P.G Assistant in Botany, Melsevalambadi -Villupuram Dist. - 9943437766 Page 26

eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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.N
 wwww wwww
ww
[Link] ww
[Link]

31. Mitochondrial Inheritance - Explain.

eet t eet t
 DNA is the universal genetic material. Certain traits are governed either by the chloroplast or

lalai .iN
.N mitochondrial genes.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
 Cytoplasmic organelles such as chloroplast and mitochondrion that act as inheritance vectors, it is
a s
a s
also called Cytoplasmic inheritance.
dd a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
..Paa
 Male sterility found in pearl maize (Sorgum vulgare) is the best example for mitochondrial

w
cytoplasmic inheritance.
w ww
wwww wwww
 Male sterility found in this pearl maize so it is called cytoplasmic male sterility.
 The gene for cytoplasmic male sterility is found in the mitochondrial DNA.
 There are two types
 One with normal cytoplasm (N) - Male fertile.
 The other one with aberrant cytoplasm (S) - Male sterile.
et
e t eet t
 These types also exhibit reciprocal differences as found in Mirabilis jalapa.

et
[Link]
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
 Recently it has been discovered that cytoplasmic genetic male sterility is common in many plant

assaa aa aa
species.

aass as
as
 This sterility is maintained by the influence of both nuclear and cytoplasmic genes.

.N
aadd
 There are commonly two types of cytoplasm
PP P Padd
a
ww..
 N (normal)
w
w ..
wwww wwww
 S (sterile)
 The genes for these are found in [Link] are also restores of fertility (Rf) genes.

lai
 Even though these genes are nuclear genes, they are distinct from genetic male sterility genes of
other plants. Because the Rf genes do not have any expression of their own, unless the sterile
cytoplasm is present.

eet t eet t
 Rf genes are required to restore fertility in S cytoplasm which is responsible for sterility.
sa
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
 So the combination of N cytoplasm with rfrf and S cytoplasm with RfRf produces plants with

assaa aa aa
fertile pollens, while S cytoplasm with rfrf produces only male sterile plants.

a
dd s
a s a
dd s
a s
aa aa
da
w
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Pa

“Don’t take rest after your first victory because if you fail in second, more lips are waiting
to say that your first victory was just luck”

eet t eet t
.iN
.N .iN
.N .iN
- DR APJ ABDUL KALAM

l a
l i
a l a
l i
a l a
l i
a .
assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

Prepared by

eet t eet t [Link]

l a
l i
a .iN
.N [Link]
.N l a
l a .iN
[Link] in Botany
i .
GHSS, Melsevalambadi, Villupuram dist.

assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
Cell : 9943437766

ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
[Link] [Link]., [Link].,Ph.D., P.G Assistant in Botany, Melsevalambadi -Villupuram Dist. - 9943437766 Page 27

eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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