UNIT CONVERSION: GASES AND

Particulate Material in Quality of

AIR AND EMISSION
 Concentration
Number of molecules of the contaminant per
air volume (micrograms per meter)
cubic
HIGH CONCENTRATION LOW CONCENTRATION
CONCENTRATION EXPRESSIONS
OF POLLUTANTS

1ppb = 103ppm

1ppm = 10-3Lt / m3
CONCENTRATION EXPRESSIONS
OF CONTAMINANTS
1ppm = 10-3Lt / m3

1ppm = 10-6u molecules/mol

1ppb = 10-9in molecules/mol

1ppt = 10-12p molecules/mol

AVOGADRO'S NUMBER
Na = 6.022 x 1023molecules/mol
CONCENTRATION OF POLLUTANTS
 Unit Conversion

micrograms per meter3= ppb x 12.18 x Mi/T

micrograms per meter3= ppm x 12180 x Mi/T
Mimolecular weight
T: temperature in kelvin degrees

Calculate: how much is 20 ppb of sulfur dioxide SO2in ug/m3

ug/m3= 20 * 12.18 * 64 = 53.18

293.15
CONVERSION TO OTHER CONDITIONS

Standard Conditions
25°C and 1 atmosphere

Normal Conditions
0°C and 1 Atmosphere
CONCENTRATION OF CONTAMINANTS

Standard Conditions Normal Conditions

25°C and 1 atmosphere 0°C y 1 Atmosfera

m
 Concentration of pollutants
At CN (0°C and 101.3 Kpa), 1 mole of ideal gas occupies 22.4 liters.

1 mol = 22.4 x Tx 101 kPa

273 K P

Where T is the temperature of the gas in Kelvin and P is the pressure of the gas in kPa.

If the gas temperature is 25°C, then

1 mol = 22.4 x 298 = 24.5 liters

273

If the gas temperature is 1,000°C, then

1 mol = 22.4 x 1.273 = 104.5 liters

273

CN= Normal conditions of pressure and temperature

CNN = Non-normal or non-standard conditions
 IDEAL GAS LAW
P x V = m x R* x T
P x V = n x R* x T M
where:
P = gas pressure (atmosphere)
V = volume of the container that holds it (liters)
n = number of moles of the contained gas (mass/molecular weight) = m/M
R * = universal gas constant, for example: 0.082 L x atm / (gmol x K)
T = absolute temperature of the gas (measured in degrees Kelvin)
m = mass of the gas (grams)
M=molecular weight

* * *
Unidades de presión y sus factores de conversión
PROBLEM 01
PROBLEM 01
PROBLEM 01
PROBLEM 01
Molecular weights (M)
O = 16
S = 32
C = 12
SO2= 64
CO = 28
CO2= 44
Molecular weights (M)
O = 16
S = 32
C = 12
SO2= 64
CO = 28
CO2= 44
 Molecular weights (M)
O = 16
S = 32
C = 12
SO264
CO = 28
micrograms per milliliter3= ppm x12180 x Mi/T CO2= 44

415 Ug/m3= ppm x12180 x 64/298

C= 0.159 ppm
 m m
(Liters)

415ugX 298 K

0.159
= 0.159 ppm
micrograms per milliliter3= ppm x12180 x Mi/T

micrograms per milliliter3= 0.06ppm x12180 x 64/298

C= 156.9 Ug/m3
 0.06 m3SO2 SO2 0.00006L SO2
0.06 ppm
SO2
m m
m

m 1 atm 64 2.62 SO2

298 L SO2

0.00006L SO2 2.62g SO2 SO2

SO2 0.156mgSO2
L SO2 SO2
 100 ppb = 0.1 ppm
1 ppm = 1 cm3/ m3

0.1 ppm = 0.1 cm3/ m3

0.1 ppm = 0.0001 L/m3

 100 ppb = 0.1 ppm
1 ppm = 1 cm3/ m3

0.1 ppm = 0.1 cm3/ m3

0.1 ppm = 0.0001 L/ m3

micrograms per milliliter3= ppb x12.18 x Mi/T

Ug/m3= 100ppb x 12.18 x 64/298

C= 261.58 Ug/m3
 100 ppb = 0.1 ppm
1 ppm = 1 cm3/ m3

0.1 ppm = 0.1 cm3/ m3

0.1 ppm = 0.0001 L/m3

m m
m

m 1 atm 64 2.62 SO2

298 L SO2

0.0001L SO2 2.62g SO2 SO2

SO2 0.2612mg SO2
L SO2 SO2
Ug/m3= ppm x12180 x Mi/T

Ug/m3= 1ppm x12180 x 28/273

C= 1249.23 Ug/m3
 Example 5
A sample of air is taken in the city of Lima, the aforementioned
The sample has a volume of 1 cubic meter. What will be the
concentration of Sulfur Dioxide (in PPM) if the analysis
it releases a volume of this contaminant of 0.06 cc.
 Example 5
A sample of air is taken in the city of Lima, said
The sample has a volume of 1 cubic meter. What will be the
concentration of Sulfur Dioxide (in PPM) if the analysis
it releases a volume of this contaminant of 0.06 cc.

V = 1 m3
V = 106cm3

C= 0.06 cm3
106cm3

C= 0.06 ppm
 Example 6
The exhaust gas of a car contains 1.5% by volume.
of CO What will be the concentration of CO in mg/m3a 25ºC
and 1 atm?
 Example 6
The exhaust gas of a car contains 1.5% by volume.
of CO What will be the concentration of CO in mg/m325ºC
and 1 atm.?
 Example 7
The monitor of a quality monitoring station of the
air records an average daily concentration of SO2of
480 ug/m3at 30°C and 1 atmosphere what will be the
concentration of SO2in ppm?
 Example 7
The monitor of a quality monitoring station of the
air records an average daily concentration of SO2of
480 micrograms per meter3At 30°C and 1 atmosphere, what will be the
concentration of SO2in ppm?
Solution

Ug/m3= ppm x12180 x Mi/T

480xug/m3= ppm x12180 x 64/303

C = 0.186 ppm of SO2

 Example 7
The monitor of a quality monitoring station of the
air records an average daily concentration of SO2of
480 micrograms per meter3at 30°C and 1 atmosphere, what will it be?
SO concentration2in ppm?
Solution
m m

Response. 0.186 ppm of SO2

In the city of Lima, there are about 1,200,000 cars.
registered. The average emission rate of NOx from cars
it is 3.1 g per vehicle mile (VM) and the HC emission rate is
1.6 g per vehicle mile (VM). Each car travels about 30
miles (48 km) in travel per working day. Calculate the amount.
(volume) of NOx (NO and NO2)2) and the amount of Hc that is emitted
in the atmosphere of the city every weekday.
Estimate the horizontal distance traveled by a particle of
diámetro 70 um con una densidad de 1,600 kg/m3expelled to
3,000 m of altitude from Mount St. Helena to a
final height of 10,000 m. (that is, the ascent of the column
for particles of 70 um is 7,000 m) in the atmosphere when
the average wind speed in the atmosphere layer is 15
m/s.
Assume that the average annual urban consumption of paint and
Oil-based coating (Hc) is about 0.5 gallon
for all purposes (domestic, commercial, and industrial consumption).
Each gallon of paint contains 6 pounds of medium
hydrocarbonated for the pigment. In the USA, the average consumption
national annual solvent usage for dry cleaning (suppose that
they are all hydrocarbons) is approximately 2 pounds per
per capita. The urban population of 2.3 million inhabitants.
 Example 8
The gas emitted by the chimney of a thermal power plant contains at 460°C a
different concentrations of SO2, according to the coal used: a) 2000 ppm and b)
1200 ppm. If the emission speed is 25000 m3What will the emission be?
of SO2expressed in g/s? The pressure of the gases at the chimney outlet
It is 1.05 atmospheres.

Solution
Step 1 Carry concentration of SO2from ppm to
volume 1 ppm = 1 cm3/ 1 m3

Calculate the volume emission of SO2 C/V = ConcentrationSO2(Volume)[Link]

Step 2 per unit of time

Paso 3 Calculate the mass emission by m/V= PxM/R*xT

unit of volume
R : 0.082 L x atm / (gmol x K)

Step 4
Calculate the mass emission by m/t = (V/t) x (m/V)
Unit of Time

Respuesta : a) 932.5 gr deSO2/ seg Answer: b) 559.5 g of SO2/ seg

* m * m

m
 Example 9
The concentration of carbon monoxide in the smoke of a
cigarette reaches levels of 450 ppm. Determine: a) the
porcentaje en volumen yb)la concentración en mg/m3a 20°C
There is 1.1 atmosphere.

a) Carry CO concentration deppma% 450 ------------106

X ------------- 10 2

b.1) Carry concentration of CO by volume 1 ppm = 1 cm3/ 1 m3

Calculate the mass of CO by volume of CO m= PxM

b.2) V RxT
R : 0.082 L x atm / (gmol x K)

b.3) The concentration of CO: Concentration (ppm) in = 1.28128861* 450

volume) X mass of CO per volume of CO 576.58 mg of CO per m3of air

Respuesta : a) % en Volumen = 0.045% micrograms per meter3= ppm x 12180 x Mi/T

Answer: b) 523.51 mg of CO /m3of air

 Example 10
The gas from a truck's exhaust pipe contains 2.2 %
in volume of carbon monoxide. What will be the
concentration of CO in mg/m3at 30°C and 1.02 atmosphere?
 Example 10
The gas from a truck's exhaust pipe contains 2.2%
in volume of carbon monoxide. What will be the
concentration of CO in mg/m3at 30°C and 1.02 atmosphere?

m
m

Answer: 2.53 x 104mg of CO /m3of air (at 1.02 atm and 303°K)
 Example 11
What volume will 5 L of a gas occupy measured under conditions
Is it normal if we change the conditions to 20°C and 700 mm of Hg?
 Example 12
The measurement with a sampling train found that the concentration
of the SO2in a chimney it is 600 ppm. The pitot tube and the manometer
the equipment indicates that the flow rate is 40 ft/sec, being the
the diameter of the chimney is 5 ft. The temperature and pressure of the gas
The chimney is at 450 F and 1 atmosphere. What is the SO expenditure?2
in lb/sec?
 Example 13
The gas emitted by the chimney of a Thermal Power Plant contains at 460°C different
SO concentrations2according to the coal used: a) 2000 ppm and b) 1200 ppm. If the
emission speed is 25000 m3/min What will be the SO emission2expressed in
gr/seg?. The pressure of the gases at the exit of the chimney is 1.05 atmospheres.

Solution
Step 1 Carry concentration of SO2from ppm to volume
1 ppm = 1 cm31 m3

Calculate the volume emission of SO2by V/t=ConcentrationSO2(Volume)xVel. Emission

Step 2 unit of time

Step 3 Calculate the mass emission per unit m/V = PxM/RxT

of Volume
R: 0.082 L x atm / (gmol x K)

Step 4
Calculate the mass emission per unit of m/t= (V/t)x(m/V)
Time
Answer: b) 559.5 g of SO2/ seg
Answer: a) 932.5 g of SO2/ seg micrograms per meter3= ppm x 12180 x Mi/T
 CALCULATION OF PARTICULATE MATERIAL IN AIR QUALITY AND EMISSION
Results of the air sampling conducted in an automatic collector of the type
Hi-Vol. is expressed in micrograms of MPS per cubic meter of air suctioned.
(µg/m3) referred to a sampling period of 24 h (µg/m³day) = 24X60 min/day.

Calculation of air volume

Air flow, which has been measured using
a calibrated rotameter, whether external (manual) or
through a system integrated into the equipment (automatic)

Clean filter: 1.6 m3/min

Exposed filter: 1.4 m3/min Calculation of PM10
Average value: 1.5 m3/min
1.5 m3x 24 X 60min 508 x 10^3 µg
= 2160 m3 235.18 µg/m³
min
2160 m3
Sampling: 24 hours and 2160 m³
of air
Weight calculation for the MPS
Resultado: 235,18 µg/m³ día
According to a typical gravimetric analysis we have:
Filter tare before exposure: 3.417 g
Filter tare after exposure: 3.925 g
Total weight of the collected MPS: 0.508 g = 508x10³ µg
SOLUTION
SOLUTION