Computer system

Introduction
A computer system is a basic, complete, and functional computer.
which includes all the hardware and software necessary for it to be functional for a
user.

It is known as an information system that has the capacity to

store and process data, for the exchange of any information, for the
construction of new processes.

Computer systems go through different phases in their life cycle, from the
requirements capture to maintenance. Currently, numerous are used.
computer systems in public administration, for example, the operators of the
police, customer service, among others.

Development
It started as an arithmetic calculating machine known as the analytical machine.
However, we can place the origin of computers in a strict sense in
In 1936, when Konrad Zuse invented the Z1, the first programmable computer.
Here begins what is called the first generation, which extends up to the year 1946, having
essentially military purposes. It was in this decade that they would be implemented
new protocols in computing, one of them gave rise to the first steps of
The internet of that time (ARPANET).

We remember:

- The Hardware: physical part of the computer. Set of boards, integrated circuits,
chips, cables, printers, monitors, etc. (what we can touch)

The Software: they are the programs, that is, the instructions to communicate with it.
computer and what makes its use possible (we cannot touch it).
A computer system is specified as an information system based on
in the use of computing. In this sense, the hardware, software, and resources
humans interrelate with each other.
Computer systems are often structured into subsystems:
Subsystem: associated with hardware. Includes among other elements: CPU,
main memory, motherboard, input and output peripherals, etc.
 Logical subsystem: associated with software and architecture; includes, system
operating systems, firmware, applications, and databases.

What is a computer system used for?

The main function of a computer system is data processing.
almacenados. Gracias a que la utlidad de los sistemas informátcos, son adaptables a
almost any sector or economic activity can be used almost without
restrictions.

Objectives
the objective of information systems is to understand and analyze how it occurs
impact of the adoption of information technologies on decision-making processes
managerial and administrative of companies.

Automate operational processes

Provide the information that supports the decision-making process.
decisions.
Achieve competitive advantages

Evolution
1950 - 1960: electronic data processing, system of
transaction processing
During this period, the role of SI was mainly to carry out activities such as
transaction processing, record keeping, and accounting. YES
it was mainly used for electronic data processing.
EDP is described as the use of computers to record, classify, manipulate and
summarizing data. It is also called information processing or processing of
automatic data.

1960 to 1970: Management information systems

During this era, the role of IS evolved from TPS to Management Information.
Management Information Systems (MIS) processes data in
Informative reports useful and provides managers with the tools to
organize, evaluate, and manage the departments efficiently within a
organization. MSI provides information in the form of screens and pre-reports
specified to support business decision-making. Some examples of
MSI results are the cost trend reporting systems, analysis of
sales and production performance.

1970 to 1980: Decision support systems

In this era, an important advance was the introduction of personal computers.
(PC). With the introduction of PCs, power distribution occurred.
information technology or processing throughout the organization. The function of IS is
strongly associated with management rather than a technical approach in a
organization. The paper focused on the 'computer-based interactive system'
to help decision-makers solve problems.

1980 to 1990: Executive information systems

This period gave rise to departmental computing because many
organizations purchase their own hardware and software to meet their needs
departmental. Instead of waiting for indirect support from the service department
centralized corporate, employees could use their own resources to back up
their work requirements. This trend gave rise to new challenges of incompatibility.
of data, integrity and connectivity in different departments. In addition, the high
executives did not use DSS or MSI, so information systems were developed
executive information systems (EIS) or executive support systems (ESS).

1990 to 2000: Knowledge Management Systems

During this era, the rapid growth of intranets, extranets, the internet, and other networks
interconnected global systems drastically changed the capabilities of IS in the
business. It became possible to circulate knowledge to different parts of the world
regardless of time and space.
This period also saw the emergence of resource planning systems.
business (ERP). ERP is a specific way of organizing a system of
strategic information that incorporates all components of an organization,
including manufacturing, sales, resource management, resource planning
humans and marketing.

2000 - present: E-Business

The internet and related technologies and applications changed the way they operate.
companies and people work. The functions of information systems in
this period remains the same as it was 50 years ago: record keeping,
report management, transaction processing, support management and processes of
organization management. It is used to support the business process, decision making
decisions and competitive advantages.
History
Computer science as it is known today emerged as a result of World War II.
the 1940s. In those years, the concept of 'System' did not even exist.
"Operatvo" and the programmers interacted directly with the hardware of the
computers working in machine language (that is, in binary, programming
only with 0s and 1s.

The concept of Operating System emerged in the 1950s. The first System
The operating system of history was created in 1956 for an IBM 704 computer, and
basically, the only thing I did was start the execution of a program when the
previously ended.

In the 1960s, a revolution occurred in the field of Operating Systems.

Concepts such as multitasking system, multi-user system, system appear.
multiprocessors and real-time system.

It is in this decade that UNIX appears, the foundation of the vast majority of systems.
Operators that exist today.
In the 1970s, there was a boom in personal computers, bringing closer
this to the general public in an unimaginable way until then. This makes it
the development multiplied, creating the programming language C (designed
specifically to completely rewrite the UNIX code.

As a consequence of this exponential growth in users, the vast majority of

they, without any knowledge of low or high-level languages, made it so that in the years
80, the priority when designing an operating system was ease of use,
thus emerging the first user interfaces.

In the 80s, systems like MacOS, MS-DOS, Windows were born.

In the 1990s, Linux made its appearance, with the first version being released.
core in September 1991, which would later join the GNU project, a
completely free operating system, similar to UNIX, that was missing to function
a functional core. Nowadays, most people know Linux as the System
The operating system that is really called GNU/Linux.
Application of Information Systems

Applications are a type of computer program designed as

tool to allow users to perform one or multiple tasks.
the difference mainly from other types of programs like the systems
operating systems (that make the computer function), the utilities (that perform tasks of
maintenance or general use), and programming languages (with which to
they create computer programs or applications.

It usually results in a computer solution for the automation of certain tasks.

as complicated as accounting, document drafting, or the
warehouse management. Some examples of application programs are
word processors, spreadsheets, and databases.

Custom-developed applications often offer great power because

are exclusively designed to solve a specific problem. Others, called
integrated software packages offer less power, but in return include
various applications, such as a word processing program, a spreadsheet, and
database.

Other examples of application programs can be: communication programs

data, multimedia, presentations, graphic design, calculation, finance, email
electronic, file compression, project budgets, business management, etc.

Some companies group various programs of different nature so that

they form a package (called suites) that is satisfactory for the greatest needs
user's urgencies. Each and every one of them is meant to save you time and
money to the user, by allowing them to do useful things with the computer;
some with certain features, others with a specific design; some are more
more user-friendly or easier to use than others, but under the same principle.
Representation of Data in Information Systems

Data in informatics is a set of symbols necessary to express a number.

value, word or concept.
Data is generally a mix of types. A representation is used
Uniform for all data points. The input data to a computer is
they are transformed into the uniform representation when used and stored by the PC.
This uniform representation or universal format is called BIT PATTERN.
The computer is a machine designed to process information.
The computer represents information in zeros and ones (0 - 1).
This notation is called 'Binary Code'
Each digit is represented by a different voltage in its circuits.
off)
It is easier to build circuits that discriminate between 2 volts than between 10.
different.

Bits and Bytes

Bit is identified as the acronym for 'binary digit', which translates to Spanish as 'dígito'
binary.” According to this definition, a bit is a digit of the binary numbering system,
which is represented by two values, 0 and 1.
In computer science, a bit is the minimum unit of information. It is used to represent the
contraposition between two values (off and on, false and true, open and
closed).
In telecommunications and computing, bits are normally calculated in
conjunto. Así tenemos 8 bits, 16 bits, 32 bits, etc.
While the bit is the smallest unit of information, a byte is a fixed set of bits.
Although there are exceptions, in most cases (especially in relation to the sector of the
In computer science, a byte consists of 8 bits, hence its comparison with the concept of
octet
The standard partition of bytes as groups of 8 bits is based in turn on encoding.
of ASCII characters (American Standard Code for Information Interchange). For another
part, the gradual equivalence in computer science is based on bytes, for a more precise calculation
simple.
Therefore, if 1 byte equals 8 bits, 1 kilobyte (kB / Kbyte) equals 1024 bytes and so on.
successively (megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes, petabytes, etc.)

Numerical Systems

A numeric system aims to allow the counting of the elements of a

set. The system consists of opportunities in successive order that increase.
according to it defines the number of units that are needed to
to move from one order to another.

One of the conditions for using any numerical system is that it allows you to perform
basic operations on the set N in a simple way.

Another condition is that for each element there must be a written symbol corresponding to it.

It is worth mentioning that an element in the set N can always have two classes of
values:

The individual value, e.g., in 58, the 8 represents 8 units in the decimal system.

The value that corresponds to it according to its position, e.g. in 80, the 8 represents 8
tens.

A numbering system is a set of symbols and generation rules that

allow constructing all valid numbers. A numbering system can
obtain as: \mathcal{N} = where: \mathcal{N} is the numbering system
S is the set of symbols allowed in the system.
5G networks

In telecommunications, 5G is the acronym used to refer to the fifth generation.

of mobile phone technologies. It is the successor to 4G technology which provides it
connectivity to most current mobile phones. According to the Association
GSM predicts that by 2025, 5G networks will have more than 1.7 billion.
subscribers in the world. Like its predecessor, 5G networks are cell networks,
whose service area is divided into small geographical regions that are called
cell names. All wireless 5G devices in a cell are connected.
to the Internet and to the telephone network via radio waves through a cell antenna.

The most notable advantage of

this technology is that
will support a greater width of
band which will translate into
higher speeds of
download, that can

surpass 10 gigabits per

second (Gbit/s). Due to the aforementioned increase, it is expected that these networks do not
they should only be used by phones as happens with the current telephone networks, but rather
that can also be used for general use on desktop computers or
portables. For this same reason, new applications are expected in areas such as
the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine to machine. 4G cell phones will not support the
new networks, which will need support for 5G.

Conclusion
The low band of 5G uses the same frequency range as a 4G terminal, that is
600-850 MHZ, guaranteeing a speed superior to 4G: 30-250 megabits per
second (Mbit/s). As expected, a low-band cellular tower has a range
and coverage similar to that of a 4G tower. On the other hand, the mid-band of 5G, the level
the most widely used service uses radio waves between 2.5 and 3.7 GHz,
allowing speeds of 100-900 Mbits/s, where each cell tower provides
service several kilometers from its radius. Finally, the high band of 5G, which is the one that
It is expected to be used in the near future, it works with frequencies ranging between
from 25 to 39 GHz, in order to achieve download speeds in the gigabit range
per second (Gbit/s), which is an amount comparable to what the Internet reaches.
cable. The drawback of this band is its limited range that requires
many more cells to guarantee quality of service.

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