Democratic and Popular Algerian Republic

Space Techniques Center

C..T.S1, Avenue de la Palestine BP 13 - Arzew 31200 - ALGERIA
Summary
Introduction
Cartographic systems
I-1 Definitions
I‐2 The ellipsoid of revolution
I-3 Transformations or representations
I-2 Conformal transformation plane
I-3 The conformal conic representation of LAMBERT
I-4 The conformal cylindrical representation direct MERCATOR
I-5 The transverse conformal cylindrical representation of GAUSS-KRUGGER
I-6 The transverse conformal cylindrical representation U.T.M.
INTRODUCTION
Cartographic systems.
Globe maps constitute the best representation
from the supposed spherical earth. However, their uses
are abandoned due to their congestion and the limit
from their scales.
I-1 Definitions:
• geodetic system: The set consisting of:
1. the astronomical coordinates of the point
fundamental.
To give a better image to a region, and out of concern
For practical purposes, we associate with the Earth (see ellipsoid:
mathematical model embracing the best form) a plan
where the coordinate system is Cartesian.
2. the astronomical azimuth of the starting base of the
triangulation.
3. the parameters of the ellipsoid (a, e) on which the
calculations are made.
The conformal plane representation as a definition of this
the system varies from one region to another and allows for translation
4. Other parameters related to the height of the
geoid,....
the
coordinates
geographical
in
coordinates
rectangular.
• representation system: wrongly called "system of
projection" is the system that translates the coordinates
geographical coordinates of the geodetic system in the language
the rectangular coordinates (x,y) of a plane.
Algeria, whose area extends over four (04) time zones
from six (06) degrees of amplitude uses two
(02) types of conformal plane representations:
• Cartographic system: A set of maps, to the
same scale, based on a geodetic system and in
an identical projection (representation).
• Conic conformal representation of LAMBERT.
• Transverse cylindrical representation
according to U.T.M
(Universal Transverse Mercator).
I-2 The ellipsoid of revolution:
Almost all the maps created are based on a
conventional mathematical model which is the ellipsoid of
revolution.
The revolution ellipsoid is the surface generated by a
ellipse with parameters (a,b) rotating around the axis of rotation
of the Earth (axis of the poles PP').
N= JN=r / cosϕ
a(1− e²)
ρ=
(1− esquaredsinsquaredϕ)3 / 2
a
N=
(1− esquaredsinesquaredϕ)1 / 2
a (1− e²)
(1− esquaredsinesquaredϕ)
R = Nρ =
b squared
esquared= 1−
a squared
where
N: large normal.
• Parallel: circle of radius r=JN cosϕ
• meridian: half ellipse (a, b) containing P and P’.
• Equator: large circle with radius a.
• Azimuth: angle that a direction makes with the meridian
passing through the point (direction of true north: pole
P).
• longitude: dihedral angle between the prime meridian of
GREENWICH and the meridian of the place.
ρ Radius of curvature of the meridian ellipse.
R: average radius of curvature at latitude pointϕ.
Γ1/R curvature.
e :
eccentricity of the ellipse defining the ellipsoid of
revolution.
a: semi-major axis.
b: half small axis.
• latitude: angle contained in the plane of the meridian counted
from the equator and which makes an angle with the normal JN.
• Curvature radius or small normal is the radius of
curvature of the meridional section.
• Normal radius or Large Normal is the radius of curvature
from the perpendicular section to the meridian section.
I-3 Transformations or representations:
The set of equations:
X = F ( u, v )
Y = G (u,v)
defines
in
general a
transformation
or
a
representation, which establishes a correspondence between the
points of the UV plane and the points of the XY plane. The
equations are called transformation equations.
SurfaceΣ (model)
surfaceσ (plan).
If each point in the uv plane corresponds to a point and a
Only in the XY plane, we will speak of a bijective transformation.
where
surfaceΣ.
du, dv: infinitesimal elements on the
dx, dy: infinitesimal elements on the
I-2 conformal transformation plane:
I-2-1 Generalities:
The correspondence above,
infinite ways and based on a hypothesis
any mathematics. The user is looking for a
convention that facilitates an easy transposition of
metric properties of a surfaceΣ (model) on the surface
σ (plan).
Several systems are used nowadays. They are used in
distinguish those that are conformal (preserve the angles)
surfaceσ.
AZ = arctan(du/dv) onΣ.
AZ1=arctan(dx/dy) overσ.
may be established from a
The condition of compliance is such that
autrement dit (du/dv)=(dx/dy)
AZ = AZ1
where from
m1
(dx/du) = m1
and (dy/dv) = m2
and m2 represent the modules respectively
those who
are equivalent (preserve the surfaces),
linear in the directions my and mx. By writing that
m1=m2, we will have imposed the condition of compliance.
equidistant, etc...
Conformal representations
present a great
interest in geodesy, cartography, navigation, etc... where almost
all calculations are carried out on the plane. Furthermore, the
conservation of angles measured in the field is a
primary necessity for certain users to the map
(navigators, gunners, engineers).
A representation is conforming if the linear module in
A point is an invariant regardless of the direction.
I-3 The conformal conic projection of LAMBERT:
I-3-1 Definition of representation:
I-2-2 Compliance condition (infinitesimal properties):
The 'projection' of LAMBERT is the representation
as you wish Earth model on a tangent cone
circumscribed along a parallel of latitude originϕothen the
development of this cone on the plane.
you
After developing ZA and separating the parts
real and imaginary, we obtain the general equations
of the transformation of geographic coordinates in the
Lambert system.
X = Xo+ [Link]γ
Y = Yo + (Ro-R).cosγ
With:
R : image ray of the parallel ofϕ .
Rorayon image of the parallel ofϕo
γ Convergence or meridian deposit.
Xoconstant in X.
Yoconstant in Y.
I-3-2 Use of the "LAMBERT" representation in Algeria:
For the case of the conforming representation of
LAMBERT, the national Algerian network located above the
parallel 34.5 North is expressed in two systems
presenting a coverage of approximately 200 km called
North Algeria and South Algeria.
LAMBERT North Algeria:
Méridien origine : λo3.0 grades at Greenwich.
Origin parallel:ϕo= 40.0 degrees north.
• The prime meridian becomes a line which is the axis of
ordinates (y).
Scale factor: ko = 0.999625544
• The original parallel transforms into a circle image of
rayon R (R: Rayon image radius of the earth).
• The x-axis forms a line with the y-axis.
direct point and also the tangent to the transformed
parallel origin of contact.
constant in x: Xo500135.000 meters.
constant in y : Yo 300090.000 meters. For VLU 1960
Constant in x: Xo500,000.000 meters.
constant in y : Yo = 300,000.000 meters. for VLNS
Employment limit: 37.5 North≤ϕ ≤42.5 North
A point M defined by its geographical coordinates (λ,ϕ) a
for image m on the cone (X, Y).
Let it be a cone tangent to the parallelϕoand let M be a point ( λ,ϕ )
on the ellipsoid. Its image on the plane corresponds to the affix
LAMBERT South Algeria:
Meridian origin:λo= 3.0 grades is Greenwich.
Origin parallel:ϕo= 37.0 degrees north.
Scale factor: ko = 0.999625544
ZA=(Ro-R)+ix = [Link]γ
constant in x : Xo 500135.000 meters.
constant in y: Yo300090.000 meters. for VLU 1960
constante en x : Xo500,000.000 meters.
constant in y : Yo = 300,000.000 meters. for VLNS
Employment limit: 34.5 North≤ϕ ≤39.5 North.
The automorphic line is the contact point of the ellipsoid.
with the cylinder along the equator (parallelϕ0=0 ).
In the case of the Lambert representation (North and South),
there is a recovery zone that is 200 wide
km around and with an amplitude of 2 degrees (limit of
parallels 39.5 degrees and 37.5 degrees.
The coordinates obtained by the transformation
Lambert's conformal conic, to which are added the
constants
(500 km and 300 km) are expressed in the
Voirol Lambert Nord-Sahara system (V.L.N.S). For
mapping needs (Lambert) and consequently the different
transformations of geodetic systems and coordinates
all points are expressed according to a new system
Who is the V.L.U 1960 (Voirol Lambert Unified 1960)?
The V.L.U system 1960 is derived from the system
V.L.N.S by two average translations such that:
X
Y
VLU1960=XVLNS+135,000 meters.
VLU1960=YVLNS+ 90,000 meters.
AA'' = r.dλ
AA' =ρdφ
AoA1=a.dλ
aa'' = dx
aa’=dy
aoa1= a.dλ=dx ( equator :
These two (02) constants are the average values.
issues of cartographic transformations between V.L.U and
V.L.N.S. The V.L.U 1960 coordinates cannot be in
no cases transformed into geographical coordinates,
Otherwise, we would commit a significant principled mistake.
contact
with
r = [Link]φ
By imposing the condition of conformity Az = Az1, it follows that:
The ellipsoid used is Clarke 1880 ellipsoid.
semi-major axis a=6378249.145
(AA'' / AA') = (aa'' / aa')
half small axis b = 6356514.870
Excentricité e=0.082483399
so
dx = a.dλ
dy=aρdφ/ [Link]φ = a.d£
I-4 The direct conformal cylindrical representation MERCATOR:
by integrating the differential equations dx, dy, we
let's obtain the general equations of transformations:
It is the
representation of the terrestrial model
(ellipsoid) on a cylinder tangent to the equator.
x = a.λ - λo)
The transverse Mercator projection (cylinder
tangent to the meridian) retains the same properties as the
Mercator projection (cylinder tangent to the equator).
y
=
a.£=
a
log[
tg(π/4
+φ/2)((1-
[Link]φ/(1+[Link]φ))e/2]
remarks:
• a straight line drawn on a MERCATOR map represents a
route in navigation called loxodrome. This route which is at
cap constant corresponds on the map to a constant azimuth
due to the fact that the convergence of the meridians is zeroγ=0).
• the representation of MERCATOR is not used by
ALGERIA because the linear module is such that 1 km
corresponds to 1240 meters on the representation plan
(for a latitude of 40 degrees) where m≈ 1/cosφ
I-5 The transverse conformal cylindrical representation of
GAUSS-KRUGGER
It is the representation of a sphere on a cylinder
transverse tangent to the poles, along a taken meridian
as origin.
By analogy with NEPER, we can write in trigonometry
spherical that:
L = arctan(tanϕ / cos∆λ )
H = arcsin ( sin∆λ.cosϕ )
pseudo longitude.
pseudo latitude.
These are the coordinates of CASSINI SOLDNER. We
let's deduce the increasing pseudo latitude using the relation:
£H= log[ tg(π/4 +H/2)]= ½ log((1+sinH)/(1-sinH))]
in MERCATOR direct, we have:
dx = a.dλ
dy = a.d£
in TRANSVERSE MERCATOR, we write by analogy:
dx = R.d£H
dy = [Link]
by integrating, we obtain:
x = [Link][ tg(π/4 +H/2)]
y = R.L
I-6 The transverse conformal cylindrical representation U.T.M:
The UTM representation is defined as being the
representation of the Earth model (ellipsoid) on a
cylinder tangent to the poles and to the meridianλ0.
At U.T.M, the automécoïque line is the contact point of the
Cylinder with the ellipsoid is the central meridian or isometric.
central.
The earth is "divided" into six (06) zones.
degrees of amplitude (60 in total). The formulas established for
a single time zone
are valid for others.
The
Representation is universal, hence the term 'Universal'
Transverse Mercator
Alterations become significant as soon as we move away from
this isometric.
Regarding the use of the U.T.M representation in Algeria,
we saw the paragraph 'conformal conic transformation'
de Lambert that the employment limit to the south is located at 34.5
latitude grades. We know that the southern limits of Algeria
extend up to the 20th or 19th parallel and that the rest
the territory located between its two (02) parallels cannot be
represented in the Lambert system
following the alterations
linear. That is why the use of a representation
Universal is imposed on Algeria.
ϕ0
for coordinate transformation, several methods
are used to pass geographic coordinates
in U.T.M coordinates:
β0= ρ.dϕ
∫
0
• passage through the formulas of the A.M.S (Army Map Service)
of the United States of America.
• passage through the mean curvature sphere.
• passage through the bitangent conformal sphere.
n
⎛
⎞
1δ Z
n!
⎜
⎟
⎟
βi =
n
⎜
δz
⎝
⎠
λo(N-30)*6°-3°
With ko=0.99960 for the UTM.
with
λolongitude of the central meridian.
*Note: the equations (AMS formulas) direct and
inverses are developed in the book by JJ LEVALOIS
Volume 2: 'Two-Dimensional Geodesy'.
N : numéro du fuseau.
The transformation equations (cf geodesy
two-dimensional volume 2 by JJ LEVALLOIS) are established at
starting from the condition of compliance and that as this
the latter is ensured by analytical functions of variables
complexes, we can say that:
Z=Y+iX affix of point m (image of M) on the UTM plane.
z = £ + iλ affix point M on the model (ellipsoid).
if the function Z=F(z) exists, and is continuously differentiable everywhere
point ,elle s’écrira sous forme d’un développement de TAYLOR
near zo.
The transformation equations are obtained by separating
real and imaginary in Z.
and give as general equations:
X= 500,000.000m+ ko (β1∆λ − β3∆λ3+ β5∆λ5+ ...)
Y= koβ0−β2∆λ2+β4∆λ4− β6∆λ6+ ...)
THE STANDARD PARALLELS (AUTOMECOIC LINES)
Conformal representation of LAMBERT
ALGERIA
Associated ellipsoid: Clarke 1880 English
½ grand axis a = 6378249.145 meters
½ small axle
b= 6356514.870 meters
1eraexcentricité e= 0.082483399
VLU 1960
VLU 1960
VLNS
VLNS
North Algeria
South Algeria
North Algeria
South Algeria
Constant X = false Easting
Constant Y = false Northing
Scale factor
500135.000 m
300090.000 m
0.999625544
40 degrees
500135.000 m
300090.000 m
0.999625769
37 degrees
500,000.000 m
300,000,000 m
0.999625544
40 degrees
500,000.000 m
300,000,000 m
0.999625769
37 degrees
Parallel origin
36°
33°3 dd
36°
33°3 dd
Meridian origin
3
grd
3
grd
3
grd
3
grd
2°.7 dd
2.7 dd
2°.7 dd
2°.7 dd
1erParallel standard
38.247989021 grd
34.423190119 dd
41.740202787 grd
37.566182509 dd
35.2488062598 degrees
31.723925634 dd
Course on:
The projection systems
cartographic
COURSE OUTLINE
Definitions
Representation of the point
Système de coordonnées cartésien
Geographic or geodetic reference system
The revolution ellipsoid
Relations between geographical and Cartesian coordinates
Altitude references
Cartographic systems
Definitions
Transformations ou représentations
Conformal transformation plane
The conformal conic representation of LAMBERT
The direct conformal cylindrical representation MERCATOR
The transverse conformal cylindrical projection of GAUSS-KRUGGER
The conformal transverse cylindrical representation U.T.M
Application
Configuration et traitement par Convers
Definitions >>>
Representation of the point
A point can be identified by a type of coordinates related to a
coordinate system
à the Cartesian system (X, Y, Z).
à the ellipsoidal or geographic systemλ,ϕ,he ).
à the spherical coordinate system (λ,φ,r ).
à the cylindrical coordinate system (λ,r,Z ).
à the local coordinate system related to the earth (x, y, z).
à the plane coordinate system (E,N,h) associated with a representation
plane of the type (LAMBERT, UTM, ...).
à etc.….
For convenience, and in almost all cases, we use: the Cartesian system (X, Y, Z), the system
ellipsoidal or geographic ( λ,ϕ, he ) and the Cartesian coordinate system ( E,N,h ).
Definitions >>>
Cartesian coordinate system
Origin - for a global coordinate system: center of mass of the Earth
for a local reference system: fundamental point
Mean equatorial X-Y plane surface
Axis Z average rotation axis of the Earth.
Definitions >>>
Geographic or geodetic reference system
the dihedral angle between the reference meridian plane and the meridian plane passing through
the point.
Longitudeλ
Latitudeϕ
the angle formed in the meridian plane between the normal in this plane and the equatorial plane.
Definitions >>>
The ellipsoid of revolution
L’ellipsoïde de révolution est la surface engendrée par une ellipse de
parameters (a, b) rotating around the axis of rotation of the earth (axis of the
poles
PP').
Definitions >>>
The revolution ellipsoid
Parallèle :cercle de rayonr=JN Cos(ϕ)
N= JN= r/cosϕ
meridian: half ellipse (a, b) containing P and P ’.
Equator: great circle of radius a.
a(1− e²)
ρ=
(1− e squared sine squaredϕ)3/2
Azimuth: angle that a direction makes with the passing
meridian
by the point (direction of geographical North: pole P).
longitude: dihedral angle between the prime meridian of
GREENWICH and the meridian of the place.
a
N=
(1− e squared sine squaredϕ )1/2
latitude angle
: contenu dans le plan du méridien compté depuis
the equator and that makes an angle with the normal JN.
Curvature radius: or small normal is the radius of curvature of
the meridian section.
a(1−e²)
(1− e²sin ²ϕ )
R = Nρ =
Normal: or Large Normal is the radius of curvature of the
section perpendicular to the meridian section.
e squared=1−b2/a2
Definitions >>> Relationships between geographic and Cartesian coordinates
A point M can be expressed either
by its geographical coordinates:
M( λ , ϕ , he)
λ geodesic or geographic longitude.
ϕ geodetic or geographic latitude.
he: ellipsoidal altitude.
or by its Cartesian coordinates:
M( X , Y , Z)
X = (N+he).cosϕ.cosλ
Y = (N+he).cosϕ.sinλ
Z = (N(1-e²)+he).sinϕ
Definitions >>> Relationships between geographical and Cartesian coordinates
its Cartesian coordinates :
M( X , Y , Z)
Un point M qui est exprimé par
X = (N+he).cosϕ.cosλ
Y = (N+he).cosϕ.sinλ
Z = (N(1-e²)+he).sinϕ
ses coordonnées géographiques :
M( λ , ϕ , he)
λ geodetic or geographic longitude.
ϕ geodetic or geographic latitude.
he: ellipsoidal altitude.
can be expressed by
Definitions >>> Relationships between geographic and Cartesian coordinates
Cartesian geocentric coordinates X, Y, Z can be converted or
transformed in the following way:
1° - Determination of longitude:
Y
λ = arctan
X
2° - Determination of latitude:The latitude is obtained through approximations.
successively, the next step is as follows:
Z
P
a
Z+ N .e².sinφ
o
o
ϕ = arctangent
N=
P= X squared+ Y squared
o
o
φ = arctan g(
)
etc................
1
1− e²sin²φ
o
p
a
Z+N e².sin φ
N=
i
I
I
φ
= arctan g(
)
1− e squared sin squaredφ
i
i+1
p
jusqu'à ce que la condition soit vérifiée
φ
−φ ≤ stopping criterion
i
i+1
3°-Ellipsoidal height:after calculating the latitude by approximations
Successively, the ellipsoidal height is obtained using the following formula:
p
he=
−N
cosφ
Definitions >>>
Reference altimetry
?
Orthometric height:
H( height determined by leveling)Ht horizo=entalehit growsv-I'méNtrie
?
Ellipsoidal height:
height (determined by GPS relative to an ellipsoid of
reference)
?
Geoidal height:
N (can be determined from a global geoid and refined by
local observations of gravity
History >>>
Geodetic system
All geodesy, topography, mapping work, ... is based on a
geodetic system related to a country.
The geodetic system is defined by a certain set of known points in
coordinates.
The set of coordinates refers to a reference framework or reference system.
the reference system is generally determined from a starting point
that is called the fundamental point
History >>>
Geodetic system
A chain is a set of triangles positioned next to each other. These triangles are formed by
the geodetic points and marked on the ground. The points form the basis for
the establishment of maps
History >>>
Geodetic system
The major chains of North Africa
North Parallel
Southern Parallel
Historique >>>
Geodetic system
The major networks of North Africa
The Seven Chains
meridians
History >>>
Geodetic system
Fundamental point
PT ASTRO DE VOIROL 1875
*
It is the VOIROL 1875 geodetic system.
History >>>
Geodetic system
The current geodetic network is based on the North Saharan system.
THIS IS THE SYSTEM IN PLACE IN ALGERIA
History >>>
Geodetic system
Fundamental point
PT ASTRO DE VOIROL 1875
*
It is the VOIROL 1875 geodetic system.
Cartographic systems >>>
Definitions

Representation system:
Wrongly called 'projection system', is the
system that translates geographic coordinates
of the geodetic system in the language of
rectangular coordinates (x,y) of a plane.
Cartographic systems
Definitions

Mapping system:
Un ensemble de cartes ,à la même échelle,

based on a geodetic system and in

an identical projection (representation).
Cartographic systems >>> Transformation or Plane Representations
The set of equations: X = F ( u,v )
Y = G (u,v)
définit en général a transformation or a representation,qui

establish a correspondence between the points of the uv

plane
points of the XY plan. The equations are called equations of
the transformation.
If to each point of the plan corresponds one and only one
point.
from the plan of the XY, we will talk about bijective transformation.
Mapping systems >>> Conformal plane transformation
Several systems are used nowadays. They can be
distinguished.
ceux qui sont conformes ( conservent les angles), ceux qui sont
equivalents (maintain the areas), equidistant, etc....
Conformal representations are of great interest in
geodesy, cartography, navigation, etc.... where almost all of
the
calculations are carried out on the plane. Moreover, the
conservation of
measured angles on the ground is of paramount necessity
for
certains usagers de la carte ( navigateurs , ingénieurs, …).
The cartographic systems >>> Main projection groups
Cylindrical projection:The projection surface is a cylinder tangent to or secant to the model of the
Earth.
(Example: UTM, Gauss,...)
representation
representation
representation
right cylindrical
oblique cylindrical
transverse cylindrical
Conical projection:The projection surface is a tangent or secant cone. (Example: Lambert,...)
representation
representation
direct tangent conic
direct secant cone
Azimuthal projection:the plane itself is tangent to the model of the earth. (Example: Polar Stereography)
(sky map, maps of polar regions,...)
Cartographic systems >>> Lambert Conic Conformal Projection
The Lambert projection is the
compliant representation of the terrestrial model
on a tangent cone inscribed along a
latitude origin parallelϕo then the
development of this cone on the plane.
Mapping systems Lambert Conformal Conic Projection
Let it be a cone tangent to the parallelϕoand be a
point A (λ,ϕ ) on the ellipsoid. Its image on the
plan corresponds to the affix:
ZA
=(Ro-R)+ix=[Link]γ
After the development of ZAand by separating the
real and imaginary parties, we obtain the
general equations of transformation of the
geographic coordinates in the system
Lambert.
X = Xo + [Link]γ
Y = Yo + (Ro-R).cosγ
R: image radius of the parallel ofϕ .
Roray image of the parallel ofϕo
γ Convergence or meridian resource.
Xo : constante en X.
Yo constant in Y.
The cartographic systems >>> Lambert's Conformal Conic Projection
LAMBERT North Algeria:
Meridian origin:λo = 3.0 grades at Greenwich.
parallel origin:ϕo40.0 degrees north.
scale factor: ko = 0.999625544
constant in x : Xo500135.000 meters.
constant in y : Yo= 300090.000 meters for VLU 1960
constant in x : Xo= 500,000.000 meters.
constante en y : Yo= 300000.000 mè[Link] VLNS

employment limit: 37.5 North< ϕ< 42.5 North

Cartographic systems >>> Lambert's Conformal Conic Projection
LAMBERT South Algeria:
Meridian origin:λo= 3.0 grades is Greenwich.
parallel origin:ϕo = 37.0 degrees north.
scale factor: ko = 0.999625769
constant in x : Xo500135.000 meters.
constant in y : Yo= 300090.000 meters. for VLU 1960
constant in x: Xo500,000.000 meters.
constante en y : Yo= 300000.000 mètres. pour VLNS
employment limit: 34.5 North< ϕ< 39.5 North.
Cartographic systems >>> Direct Cylindrical Conformal Representation
MERCATOR
It is the representation of the terrestrial model (ellipsoid) on a cylinder tangent to the
equator.
The automorphic line is the point of contact of the ellipsoid with the cylinder along
the equator.
(parallelϕ0=0 ).
Cartographic systems >>> Transverse Cylindrical Conformal Projection (sphere)
GAUSS - KRUGGER
(Mercator Transverse)
C’est la représentation d ‘une sphère sur un cylindre transverse
tangent at the poles, along a meridian taken as the origin.
Map systems >>>Transverse Cylindrical Conformal Representation (ellipsoid)
UTM
(Universal Transverse Mercator)

The U.T.M. representation is defined as being the

représentation du modèle terrestre ( ellipsoïde) sur un cylindre
tangent at the poles and to the meridianλ0.
Cartographic systems >>> Transverse conformal cylindrical representation (ellipsoid)
The earth is "cut" into zones.
of six (06) degrees of amplitude (60)
total). The formulas established for a
only time zone are valid for the
UTM
Universal Transverse Mercator
others.
The representation is
universal from the designation of
Universal Transverse Mercator
EnU.T.M, la ligne automécoïque qui est le lieu de contact du cylindre avec
The ellipsoid is the central meridian or central isometer.