Introduction to Methods Engineering

Professor Lorenzo Muñiz Pérez

47913

Open class
Objectives:

Introduction.

Analysis and description of jobs.

Organization and work.
Work organization concepts.
History of the organization of human work.
Workplace and organizational design.

Study of methods
Productivity, effectiveness, and efficiency.
Methods Engineering.
Measurement and control of the physical environment.
Study of micromovements
Job design

Conclusion.
Introduction:

Why is the study of the methods used important in the

design of the work areas and the way in which they will impact
to the productivity of the company?

How does Methods Engineering help to generate the

appropriate working conditions for people?
Introduction:

Methods Engineering:
Provides the necessary tools for design
systematic procedures, to study the
direct and indirect labor operations that are
are carried out with the aim of obtaining a product or service, and
with this, introduce improvements that facilitate the execution
of the work, which allow to reduce the time and the
investment per unit produced.

Industrial Engineering
It deals with the design, improvement, and installation of
integrated systems based on knowledge and
specialized skills in exact sciences and
social, along with the principles and methods of analysis and
engineering design, in order to specify,
to forecast and evaluate the results that are to be
obtain from such systems.
Introduction:

It is worth mentioning that industries are expanding methods engineering in the

aspect of ergonomic-human factors for their use in designs or projects, sites of
work, teams, and products. These efforts have improved productivity across all
organizations and have increased the health and safety of workers and
employees, promoting a more satisfied workforce.

Countless examples have shown that greater productivity can be achieved by

eliminate unnecessary effort and demands from the workplace. In the subject, it
they will address fundamental concepts such as: working conditions, study of
métodos, análisis de movimientos y diseño de puestos de trabajo, con la finalidad de
review their applications in organizations and, in this way, make development efficient
of direct and indirect work activities.
Analysis and description of job positions:

Analysis and description of job positions:

Set of methods and techniques whose fundamental objective is to define in a way

clear and simple the tasks that will be carried out in a specific position or role and the
factors that are necessary for carrying them out successfully, whose aim is to generate a
document that would describe the job profile.
Analysis and description of job positions:

Analysis and description of job positions:

Relevance of job analysis and description.

Fundamental reasons to justify its irrelevance.

Reasons to support the development of these methods and techniques.

The specialization and fragmentation of work lead to the development of methods and
techniques for job description to be more complicated, justifying the use
of scientific methods. Modern industrialization, automation, robotics,
telematics and office automation have been made possible thanks to the conception and realization of
complex organizations that have required the development of such techniques.
Job analysis and job description:

The new man and the theory of organization.

Scientific organization. Ergonomics.

Pendulum movement. New labor order.

Organization and work.

An organization is a system designed to achieve certain goals and objectives. These

systems can, in turn, be formed by other related subsystems that
they fulfill specific functions.

Organizations are a social group formed by people, tasks, and management, which
interact within a framework of a systematic structure to fulfill certain
objectives.
Job analysis and description:

The new man and the theory of organization.

Work is an activity or dedication that requires physical or mental effort.

carried out by a human being. When man acts, we speak of physical labor.
direct. Intellectual work involves conveying meanings to other people.
Analysis and description of job positions:

Concepts of work organization.

The organization of work is a fundamental administrative function, which is carried out

through the application of processes of analysis, synthesis, specialization, sequencing and
integrative coordination. Its objective is to help people work together, with
effectiveness and efficiency, and includes a series of procedures that can be summarized in
analyze the following three elements:

The work.
2. The workers.
3. The workplace.

To achieve a good organization of work, it is important to address the following

steps:
Know the objectives of the job and the company.
Divide the work into tasks.
Assign specialized personnel.
Delegate the necessary authority for supervision.
Analysis and job description:

History of the organization of human work.

Preindustrial period.

The history of humanity is associated with the evolution of work. As it evolved

acquiring superior capabilities, his capacity also increased
organizational to work.

With the emergence of pottery and textile and metallurgical activities, the
specialization began to be notable.

Crafts also emerge, and specialized manufacturing workshops appear.

Products made this way were useful but of low quality.

The concentration of knowledge and procedures led to the emergence of the

technology.
Analysis and description of job positions:

History of the organization of human work.

2. Period of industrialization.

The 18th century was characterized by an intense mechanization of many jobs, which
forced a rationalization of production processes.

Notable changes:

The owner of the technology becomes the master of the new industry.
The owner supervises the work of the workers.
Work appears as a discipline.
Production processes designed under a labor economy regime.
Excessive division of labor destroys capabilities but increases quality.
Difficulties arise in the new culture: attendance, punctuality, performance.
Hierarchies or classifications of work arise.
Work is degraded by exploitation.
Theories and social movements emerge to make work and compensation fairer.
Analysis and description of job positions:

Historia de la organización del trabajo humano.

2. Period of industrialization.

As a consequence of mechanization, the production of large quantities arises.

products, referred to as mass production achieved through continuous work lines.

Benefits:
Increase in productivity.
Reduction of the unit manufacturing cost.
Uniformity of the produced products.
Reduction of the workforce.
Minimum and quick labor specialization.
Adjustable production rhythm.

Negative effects:
Tension between workers and employers Repetitive and monotonous nature.
Rural immigration to the cities Worsening of social problems.
Analysis and description of jobs:

History of the organization of human work.

3. Scientific organization.

Henry Ford identified that a new productive revolution was emerging, which
consisted of a sophistication, thanks to mass production, governed by three
principles:

Planning and organization of the continuous process.

2. Rationalization of the entire process.
3. Analysis of each and every task in its constituent elements.

Under the three previous premises, the foundations of a new perspective were laid.
organizational, which was named by Frederic W. Taylor as industrial engineering or
scientific direction.
Job analysis and description:

History of the organization of human work.

3. Scientific organization.

Weber summarizes the basic characteristics of an organization as follows:

1. Its members are personally free and are subject to authority only to
the fulfillment of their official duties.
Its members are organized within a clear and well-defined job hierarchy.
defined.
Each job has a well-defined legal sphere of competence.
All employment is based on a contractual relationship.
5. Job candidates are selected based on their technical skills.
6. Members are compensated with a fine salary, according to the hierarchical scale.
Employment is the only professional occupation of its members.
Employment constitutes a career.
9. The employee is neither the owner of the organization's means nor of their position.
10. El empleado está sometido en su trabajo a una estricta disciplina.
Analysis and description of job positions:

History of the organization of human work.

3. Scientific organization.

Fayol establishes 14 principles:

Division of labor.
2. Authority and responsibility.
3. Discipline.
4. Unity of command.
5. Unit of direction.
6. Subordination of personal interest to general interest.
7. Compensation proportional to the efforts made.
Adequate decentralization.
9. Principle of hierarchy.
10. Material and moral order.
11. Equity, justice, and goodwill.
12. Personal stability
13. Initiative.
14. Personal union.
Job analysis and description:

History of the organization of human labor.

4. Postindustrial period.

The latest known advancement in mass production is automation and the

robotization replacing manual labor with machines and automatic controls.

They freed up many man-hours in the production, control, and distribution processes.

New problems arise within the relationship between worker, work, and organization.

The socio-technical systems appeared, the autonomous production groups, the

nuevos métodos de trabajo, las reuniones de traspaso de información, los grupos de
progress and the quality circles.

Administrative and office work has significant changes: work at

distance, with free and flexible schedules.
Analysis and description of job positions:

History of the organization of human labor.

4. Post-industrial period.

The new organizational paradigm entails a different system of values, others

principles of job design, another conception and meaning of work, a way
different from conceiving the organization both internally and externally.

At the level of primary work systems, we can highlight a comparison between a level
individual and a group level.
Job analysis and description:

Design of the workplace and the organization.

It is very difficult to experience a new organizational form due to the cost and the fear that
produce any innovation, particularly social. It has been concluded that the
positive results depended on the ability to reconcile the demands of
organization and technology on one side, and the needs and desires of individuals on the other
another side, so that both would be satisfied.

Mintzberg explains the meaning of job and organizational design by formulating

a whole series of questions.

These questions refer to nine basic design parameters that can be

grouped into four categories:
1. Job design.
2. Superstructure design.
3. Design of chains.
4. Decision-making system design.
Analysis and description of job positions:

Design of the workplace and the organization.

By properly using these parameters, it is feasible to design any type of

organization. There are many other studies like Davis and Valfer where they attempted to
highlight the conditions of the organizational structure and the content of the
position.

The new forms of organization are characterized by:

Autonomy.
Adaptation.
Variety.
Participation.
Interdependence.
Study of methods:

We usually measure productivity in terms of production per hour/man;

however, this measure does not guarantee that the company will make money.

Productivities is the degree of performance with which available resources are utilized.
to achieve predetermined objectives.
Study of methods:

Effectiveness implies achieving the desired results and can be a reflection of

quantities or perceived quality or both. Efficiency is achieved when one obtains a
desired result with the minimum number of inputs; that is, the quantity is produced and
quality and productivity increases.

Therefore, we say that effectiveness is doing the right things and efficiency is doing things.
correctly with the minimum of resources.
Study of methods:

Variables Definition Indicators

Efficiency How the Dead times.
company resources; Waste.
humans, raw material Percentage of capacity utilization
technological, etc. installed.
EffectivenessDegree of compliance with the Degree of compliance with the programs
objectives, goals, or standards, of production or sales.
etc. Delays in delivery times.

The causes of downtime, both in man-hours and machine-hours, are the

["lack of materials","lack of personnel","lack of energy","manufacturing"]
maintenance, production, quality, error in programs and production orders, lack
of information.
Study of methods:

Method engineering can be defined as the set of procedures

systematic processes that serve to subject all direct labor operations and
indirectly to a thorough scrutiny, with a view to introducing improvements that facilitate the
execution of the work and that allow it to be done in the shortest possible time and
with a lower investment per unit produced.

The objective of methods engineering is to increase the company's profits.

Nowadays, Method Engineering involves analysis work in two stages:

He is in charge of designing and preparing the work centers where the production will take place.
product.

Continuously, he/she will study each workplace over and over again to find a
better way to produce the product.
Study of methods:

To develop a workplace, a systematic procedure is followed:

Obtaining the facts.

2. Presentation of the facts.
3. Carry out an analysis.
4. Development of the ideal method.
5. Presentation of the method.
6. Implementation of the method.
7. Development of a work analysis.
8. Establishment of time standards.
9. Follow-up of the method.
Study of methods:

Work sampling is a technique used to investigate proportions of the

total time dedicated to the various activities that make up a task.

Ventajas:

•Does not require continuous observation by an analyst for a period of

long time.
Office working time decreases.
The total hours of work to be developed by the analyst is generally much
minor.
The operator is not exposed to long periods of timed observations.
Use of a camera for analysis of random activities.
Study of methods:

Time Measurement and Methods (MTM).

The key to developing a work standard is to define what performance is.

normal. Understand it as the standard method applied and authorized to work on a
product.

The measurement of work is the process of creating work standards based on opinion.
of trained observers.

The formal methods of work measurement available to a manager

son

1. The time study method.

2. The approach based on standard elementary databases.
3. The default database-based approach.
4. The proof of work method.
Study of methods:

The MTM system is a procedure that analyzes the method or a manual operation in
the basic movements required for its execution.

The MTM-2 can be effectively used to study and improve methods, evaluate
methods in alternative, develop data and formulate standards and establish standards
of acting.

MTM-M is a system of objective methods and time standards data based on

in a regression analysis of empirical data, to evaluate the work of an operator
through a stereoscopic microscope. Its five directions of movement are:

From the inside to the inside

From the inside out
From the outside out
From the outside in
From the internal field to the final object
Study of methods:
Measurement and control of the physical environment.

The environmental factors that influence the productivity of the staff working and in
The accounting of the process includes the visual environment, the noises, the vibrations, the
humidity and ambient temperature and atmospheric pollution.

Study of movements:

It is used more frequently and as a great aid in training. It is possible

train new operators in a minimum time, following the ideal pattern of the method
of movements.

Work design:

It is the technique aimed at increasing labor productivity through the

elimination of all waste of materials, time, and effort.
Conclusions:

In this unit, relevant events in evolution are identified.

from methods engineering, based on a systemic observation
that points to improving a chosen feature in the activity of
a worker, as well as their working conditions, giving as
resulted in a decrease in production costs and an improvement in
customer service.
Introduction to Methods Engineering

Professor Lorenzo Muñiz Pérez

47913

Open class