YIELDS

OF PRODUCTION
Important considerations:
a) The required production of a wheel loader or of
chains must be slightly larger than the capacity of
production of the other basic machines of the system
existing to move earth or materials. For example, if
a hopper can receive 300 tons/hour, it must be used a
charger with a slightly higher capacity than 300
tons. Production should be estimated carefully.
required in order to choose the appropriate machine and bucket.

b) Charger cycle times. Since the type of

material, the height of the stack and other factors can
increase or decrease production, its effect must be added or
subtract from the basic cycle time. When there are transports,
obtain the portion of the cycle corresponding to the time of
displacement in the respective graph of estimates of
this section. To find the total cycle time, add the
haul times and return to basic cycle time.
Productivity
of the chargers
frontal depends
of the volume of
ladle and from the
duration of your
work cycle.

q = Production per cycle (Bucket volume)

T = Duración del ciclo
 Nominal bucket capacity:
It is the amount of material that the bucket moves in each cycle, affected by a
load or filling factor.

Decrease of
material Factor of
accumulated:
Loss due to
ladle or
spill in the of haulage
operation of k
lift and download
 Operating Conditions Factor 'k'

Loaded from a dirt stockpile, or from a pile of

rock excavated by another machine, the bucket can be filled
Easy without the need to use excavation power. it is used 1.0 - 1.1
for sand, sandy soil, clayey soil with good
water content.
The loading of loose soil from the stockpile is more difficult,
but it can fill the ladle. it is used for sand, soil
Average 0.85 - 0.95
sandy, clayey soil, unsieved gravel, gravel
compacted and in excavation and loaded with soft soil.
Difficult to carry a full ladle. It is used for small rock.
Moderately
gathered by another machine, ground rock, hard clay, sand 0.80 – 0.85
difficult
mixed with gravel, sandy soil, dry clay soil.
difficult to carry the ladle. it is used for large rocks of
irregular shapes that create large spaces of air, rock
Difficult 0.75 - 0.80
excavated with explosives, large stones, mixed sand
with stones, etc.
It varies according to the shape and size of the particles.
and the humidity conditions, according to the
operating conditions

The load factor can be determined empirically (by

measurement methods), or taken from the manuals of
manufacturers. Below we show the table to define
the fill factor for a front loader.
Click on the icon to add a
image

Factors of
loading or filling
for ladle of
front loader
table (a)
 CYCLE DURATION (T):
It depends on the type of load:

D D
Cm 2x 2x Z
F R
D D
Cm  Z
F R

Where:

D: Distancia de acarreo (m)

Forward travel speed (m/min) D

Cm 2x Z
Reverse speed (m/min) F
Time required to make the change
(min)
 Table to estimate the cycle duration for front loaders in minutes
Loading Form and Ladle Size
Conditions Loaded in 'V' Transverse Loaded
of Load
< 3 m3 3.1 to 5 m3 5 m3 < 3 m3 3.1 to 5 m3 5 m3

Easy 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.45 0.55 0.65

Average 0.60 0.70 0.75 0.55 0.65 0.70
Medium
0.75 0.75 0.80 0.70 0.70 0.75
Difficulties
Difficult 0.80 0.80 0.85 0.75 0.80 0.80
Average cycle duration for mechanical shovels in minutes
Loading Form and Ladle Size
Conditions Loaded in 'V' Cross Loaded
Loading
< 3 m3 3.1 to 5 m3 < 3 m33.1 to 5 m3

Easy 0.60 0.65 0.60 0.65

Average 0.65 0.75 0.65 0.75
Medium
0.80 0.85 0.80 0.85
difficulties
Difficult 0.85 0.90 0.85 0.90
Carrying speeds under average conditions
Table to estimate the carrying speed.
Operating conditions Speed with Speed
load (Km/hra) Return (Km/h)
Good: hauling on a well-compacted road, with
few protuberances 10 to 23 11 to 24

Average: smooth path with few protrusions, work

reduced loading assistant, small percentage of rocks. 10 to 18 11 to 19

Moderate: bumps on the surface of the road,

a lot of auxiliary work. 10 to 15 10 to 16

Defective: irregular with large bumps, work

difficult to carry out, intense auxiliary work. 9 to 12 9 to 12
FIXED TIME ( Z ):
To find the number of charges per hour of a charger, it is necessary to determine the time of
cycle. The total time of the cycle includes the following segments:

This time Therefore the time

Time of depends on the type
Oscillates between 0.2 to
fixed is expressed with
loaded "t1" 0.35 min.
of material
the following
formula:

Time of This time

Optimal of 0.15
depends on
t2 turn min
operator

It depends on
Time of size and Varies from 0.0 to
resistance of
download "t3" 0.10 min.
vehicle or hopper
in what it empties
Slope factor (p) :
It represents the greatest effort that the machine must exert to work against the slope, or the
less effort if done in the direction of the slope. Under average conditions, the following values are assigned.

Pending
of the Ground Factor (p)
(%)

15 1.20
10 1.14
5 1.07
0 1.00
-5 0.93
-10 0.86
-15 0.77
Height factor (h):
The decrease of
productivity that causes the
loss of a percentage of
engine power, due to
the height above sea level
sea, it is evaluated by increasing
the duration of the cycle in the
same percentage of the
decrease in power.
 REAL PRODUCTIVITY
According to the previous considerations, the actual productivity of the loaders
The front and mechanical shovel values can be calculated using the following expression:

where:
Q = Productividad real
q = Volume of the scoop
Tcorrected = T * ( 1 + h )
h = Increment of the cycle by height
T = Duración del ciclo
k = Ladle factor
p = Slope factor
E = Factor de eficiencia de trabajo
EXAMPLE OF THE YIELD CALCULATION OF A
FRONT LOADER:
DATA:
CALCULATION OF THE
PRODUCTIVITY ACCORDING TO
THE PERFORMANCE MANUAL
FROM THE MANUFACTURER (CATERPILLAR)

MACHINE SELECTION
REQUIRED PRODUCTION
SPOON SIZE
WORK EFFICIENCY
 Charger cycle times
Basic cycle:
When loose granular material is transported in
a hard and smooth floor is considered reasonable a
basic time of 0.45-0.55 minutes per cycle in
Cat articulated loaders with operator
competent.
This includes loading, unloading, four
reversals of direction, a cycle
complete hydraulic system and a route
minimum. Since the type of material, the height
from the stack and other factors can raise or
reduce production, its effect must be added
the remainder of the basic cycle time. and it
will add or subtract fractions of a minute according to
the following conditions:
Using the actual working conditions and the indicated factors, it is possible to estimate the
total cycle time. Convert total cycle time to cycles per hour.

Efficiency at work is an important factor when selecting the machine.

Efficiency is the total number of minutes worked in 1 hour. This takes into account all the
interruptions of work such as breaks to smoke and trips to the operator's restroom,
as well as other interruptions.
Required payload per cycle

Selection of the ladle

Once the required payload per cycle has been calculated, it is divided by the weight of a
m3 of loose material, in order to find the number of m3 of loose material per
cycle. Since the density of almost all the material that is going to move does not
it reaches 1800 kg/m3, the accuracy in production estimation requires a
reasonable knowledge of the densities of the materials with which it will
to work.
Click on the icon to add a
Factors of
image
loading or filling
for ladle of
front loader
table (a)
NOTE: The factors of
filling for chargers of
wheels depend on the
the penetration of the ladle
shear force
the angle of inclination
backwards, the profile of
ladle and the type of
cutting tools such as
ladle teeth or
replaceable blades
screwable.
EXAMPLE OF THE CALCULATION OF
CHARGER PERFORMANCE
FRONTAL
We need to know what the performance of a charger will be.
frontal with the following conditions:
Bucket capacity 2.5 m3
Loading of moderately fragmented blasting rock
Independent owner of hauling equipment, with efficiency of
75%.

SOLUTION:
Let's find the time of
cycle, being a ladle
small, we will take the
basic cycle of 0.4 min,
according to the conditions he
we add 0.04 min for
bank and 0.04 per
owner and we subtract 0.04
per operation
constant
Cycles per hour with an efficiency of 75%

Now we will calculate the volume of material that will be moved in

each cycle, according to what was referred to earlier:

We know the nominal capacity which is 2.5m3, the factor of

the load will be according to the material being moved, for our
if we have moderately fragmented blasting rock by
what we see in table (a) is that the factor ranges from 0.75 to 0.9,
we choose the smallest, and we calculate:
Click on the icon to add a
image

Factors of
loading or filling
for ladle of
front loader
table (a)
Finally, the performance will be:
Another way to obtain the performance is to do
use of the performance tables provided by the
manufacturer, always taking into account the conditions
what the table is made of.

Following the previous example, we have a ladle.

of 2.5 m3 and a cycle time of 0.44 min, with these
data we enter into the table (c) which in the columns we
show the capacity of the ladle and in the lines the
cycle time and number of cycles per hour.
Entering with the known data we find in the
closest crossing (2.5 m3 and 0.45 min) one
hourly production of 332 m3 and applying the
efficiency factors and load factor that in the
the same table is considered, the performance will be:

Note: interpolation can be carried out for the data

known and the result of the performance will be closer to the
performance obtained analytically.
EXAMPLE OF THE CALCULATION FOR THE
ELECTION OF THE MACHINERY
Type of operation Truck loading.
Required production 450 metric tons (496 tons) per hour.
9 mm (3/8 inch) gravel stacked in 6 m (20 feet) piles
high Density 1660 kg/m3
The capacity of the trucks is from 6 to 9 m3 and they belong to three
contractors; the loading work is constant and the ground is hard and
horizontal, facilitates maneuvering.
SOLUTION:
i) REQUIRED PRODUCTION: problem data
ii) CYCLE TIMES: for the calculation we assume a charger of model 914G
and the 962H this way estimate the basic duty cycle
iii) VOLUME REQUIRED PER CYCLE

(Density in tons) The density in this example is known. When it is not known,
There are tables to obtain an estimated density of the material being worked with.
Required production regime

Volume required per cycle

iv) DETERMINE THE SIZE OF THE SCOOP FILLING FACTOR OF THE SCOOP

A ladle of 2.9 m3 will provide the capacity

required.
v) SELECTION OF THE MACHINE
The necessary size of the ladle and the density of the material make the 950H, with a
general use ladle of 2.9 m3, the appropriate selection.
As a final requirement, the SAE payload standards must be met as follows
way
The required operating capacity must not exceed half of the limit load.
static equilibrium. The required operating capacity of the machine is determined by the
volume of material carried per trip, multiplied by the density of the material.

Half of the static equilibrium limit load at full swing of the 950H with a bucket
The general use of 2.9 m3 is 5410 kg. This meets the SAE standard.
Alternative machine selection method
This method is faster and easier than the previous method as it is not necessary
making so many calculations and the precision is almost the same, within normal limits of the
basic information.

Example problem:

A wheel loader must produce 230 m3 per hour in a loading application.

truck. The calculated cycle time is 0.6 minutes if working 45 min/h. The factor
The scoop fill level is 95%, and the density of the material is 1780 kg/m3.
Determine the size of the ladle and the model of the machine.
Solution:
At full efficiency, the wheel loader completes 100 cycles per hour. Since it only
consider an average of 45 minutes of work, the charger completes only 75 cycles.
Start at scale A at the point of 75 cycles per hour and draw a straight line that
cross the point of 230 m3/h on scale B and continue to the point of 3 m3/cycle of useful load
necessary in scale C. For better understanding, let's follow the steps:

Mark on scale B the point corresponding to the required hourly production of

230 m3/hour.
2. Mark on scale A the number of cycles per hour required (60÷0.6 = 100x0.75 = 75
cycles/hour.
3. From A, draw a line that passes through B and reaches C. We appreciate that the payload
required is 3 m3/cycle.
4. Mark on scale D the bucket filling factor (0.95).
5. From C, draw a line that crosses scale D and reaches E. We see that 3 m3 is the
required capacity of the bucket.
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3
5
6. Transfer the cycles per hour of the scale to the graph on the next page.
And the payload of scale C.
7. Mark the density of the material (1780 kg/m3) on the F scale.
8. From the C scale, draw a line that passes through F and reaches G to find the
payload per cycle (5300 kg).
9. Compare the amount of 5300 kg on the G scale with the operating load.
recommended for that machine. The operational capacity of the 950H
equipped with a bucket of 3.1 m3 depends on the density of the material and the
capacity of the ladle.
10. To find the tonnage per hour, draw a straight line from scale G.
that crosses scale A, and extends to scale I, to obtain the
point corresponding to 400 metric tons (450 US tons). That
it would be productivity.
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