Lab Report no 9
Introduction to Arduino
Submitted by
GROUP NO.6
Maira Batool 240101015
Amna Imran 240101027
Rebekah Zeeshan Zia 240101093
23-A
Submitted to
Mr. Moiez Bhatti
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad
2025
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Copyright © 2025
This document is jointly copyrighted by the authors and the Institute of Space
Technology (IST). The author and IST can use, publish or reproduce this document
in any form. Under copyright law no part of this document can be reproduced by
anyone, except copyright holders, without the permission of the authors.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction................................................................................................................................6
2. Application .................................................................................................................................6
3. Types of Arduinos......................................................................................................................6
4. Arduino Hardware Components ................................................................................................7
4.1 USB Connector ......................................................................................................................7
4.2 Power Ports ............................................................................................................................7
4.3 Microcontroller.......................................................................................................................8
[Link] and digital. .................................................................................................................9
4.5 Reset Switch. ..........................................................................................................................9
4.6 Crystal Oscillator ...................................................................................................................9
4.7. USB Interface chip .............................................................................................................10
4.8. TX RX LEDS .....................................................................................................................10
5. Arduino IDE Software .............................................................................................................11
5.1 Sketchbook ..........................................................................................................................11
5.2 Board Manager ...................................................................................................................12
5.3 Library Manager ..................................................................................................................12
5.4 Serial Monitor ......................................................................................................................13
5.5 Serial Plotter .........................................................................................................................13
6. Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................14
7. References ................................................................................................................................15
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Table of Figures
Figure 1.1. Arduino UNO…………………………………………………………………………6
Figure 4.1. USB PORT……………………………………………………………………………7
Figure 4.3 Power Ports…………………………………………………………………………….7
Figure 4.3. Microcontroller………………………………………………………………………..8
Figure 4.4.1. Analog Inputs……………………………………………………………………….8
Figure 4.4.2. Digital Pins………………………………………………………………………….9
Figure 4.5. Reset Switch…………………………………………………………………………..9
Figure 4.6 Crystal Oscillator………………………………………………………………………9
Figure 4.7. USB Interface chip…………………………………………………………………..10
Figure 4.8. TX RX LEDS………………………………………………………………………..10
Figure 5.1. Arduino IDE 2……………………………………………………………………….11
Figure 5.1.1 Sketchbook…………………………………………………………………………11
Figure 5.2. Board Manager………………………………………………………………………12
Figure 5.3. Library Manager……………………………………………………………………..12
Figure 5.4. Serial Monitor………………………………………………………………………..13
Figure 5.5 Serial Plot…………………………………………………………………………….13
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Safety Rules
1. Always follow lab manual and instructor’s safety instructions at every step.
2. Handle delicate sensors carefully.
3. Keep cables and electronic instruments away from liquid and heat sources.
4. Avoid exceeding the rated voltage, temperature, pressure limits of any device in hand.
5. Don’t connect or disconnect sensors while power is ON.
6. Ensure all the equipment are properly grounded.
7. Keep the working space clutter free.
8. Save MATLAB data and experiment files frequently during testing.
9. Report any damaged equipment or unsafe condition immediately to supervise.
10. Use only calibrated and approved instruments for experiments.
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1. Introduction:
Arduino is an open-source platform for building interactive electronic projects that combines a
programmable microcontroller board with an Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
software. It works by reading inputs from a sensor, button, or message and turning that input
into an output, like activating a motor, turning on an LED, or publishing to the internet. This
combination of hardware and software is popular for beginners and professionals.
Figure 2.1. Arduino UNO
2. Application:
Arduino is used in multiple industries and domains, following is the list of common
applications
i. Home automation
ii. Robotics
iii. AI-edge processing
iv. Prototyping
v. Electronics appliances
3. Types of Arduinos:
i. Arduino Uno: A very popular and beginner-friendly board, often considered the
standard, featuring a simple design and extensive community support.
ii. Arduino Nano: A smaller, breadboard-friendly version of the Uno with the same
functionality.
iii. Arduino Leonardo: Features a different microcontroller (ATmega32U4) and can act as
a virtual keyboard or mouse.
iv. Arduino Micro: A small, breadboard-friendly version of the Leonardo.
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4. Arduino Hardware Components:
Following are the basic hardware components of Arduino;
4.1. USB Connector:
This is a printer USB port used to load program from Arduino IDE into the Arduino
board. The board can also be powered through the USB connector port.
Figure 4.1. USB PORT
4.2. Power Port:
The Arduino board can be powered through AC to DC adapter or battery. The power
source can be connected by plugging in 2.1 mm center positive plug into the power jack
of the board. A basic Arduino UNO board operates at voltage of 5 V but it can
withstand a maximum voltage of 20V.
Figure 4.2 Power Port
4.3. Microcontroller:
A microcontroller chip is a bundle of multi function board.
It contains a flash memory (for Arduini UNO is 34KB) the program loaded from IDE is
stored in it.
RAM for UNO Arduino is around 2KB this a runtime memory of the board.
CPU: It controls everything that goes on within the device. It fetches the programs
instructions from flash memory and runs them with help of RAM.
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EEROM: Electrically erasable read only memory is nonvolatile memory usually
around 1KB for Arduino UNO.
Figure 4.3. Microcontroller
4.4. Analog and Digital pins:
These pins read analog signals (continuous values) from sensors like temperature, light,
or potentiometers.
They use the ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter) to convert a voltage (0–5V) into a
digital value (0–1023).
Figure 4.4.1. Analog Inputs
These pins read or output digital signals only HIGH (1) or LOW (0). Used for buttons,
LEDs, motors (with driver), relays, etc. Some digital pins also support PWM (marked
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with ~), allowing analog-like output by fast switching.
Figure 4.4.2. Digital Pins
4.5. Reset Switch:
A reset switch restarts the microcontroller by momentarily pulling the reset pin low.
This clears the current program execution and reinitializes the system without turning
the entire board off.
Figure 4.5. Reset Switch
4.6. Crystal Oscillator:
A crystal oscillator provides a stable clock signal that determines the speed at which the
microcontroller executes instructions. It ensures accurate timing for all operations.
Figure
Figure4.6
3.6Crystal
CrystalOscillator
Oscillator
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4.7. USB interface chip:
The USB interface chip manages communication between the microcontroller and a
computer through the USB port. It handles data conversion, protocol control, and device
recognition.
Figure 4.7. USB Interface chip
4.8. TX RX LEDs:
TX (Transmit) and RX (Receive) LEDs indicate data communication activity.
TX LED blinks when the board sends data.
RX LED blinks when the board receives data.
Figure 4.8. TX RX LEDS
5. Arduino IDE Software:
Arduino is a microcontroller based open-source prototyping board which can be programmed
with an easy-to-use Arduino IDE.
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Figure 5.1. Arduino IDE 2
5.1. Sketchbook:
Your sketchbook is where your code files are stored. Arduino sketches are saved
as ino. Files and must be stored of exact name example “my_work.ino” must
be in the same folder named. To access you work have to click on folder icon.
Figure 5.1.1 Sketchbook
5.2. Board Manager:
With the Boards Manager, you can browse and install board packages. A board package
contains the "instructions" for compiling your code to the boards that are included in the
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board package. There are several Arduino board packages available, such as avr, samd,
megaavr and more.
Figure 5.2. Board Manager
5.3. Library Manager:
With the library manager you can browse and install thousands of libraries. Libraries are
extensions of the Arduino API, and makes it easier to for example control a servo
motor, read specific sensors, or use a Wi-Fi module.
Figure 5.3. Library Manager
5.4. Serial Monitor:
The Serial Monitor is a tool that allows you to view data streaming from your board, via
for example the [Link]() command. Historically, this tool has been located in a
separate window, but is now integrated with the editor. This makes it easy to have
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multiple instances running at the same time on your computer.
Figure 5.4. Serial Monitor
5.5. Serial plotter:
The Serial Plotter tool is great for visualizing data using graphs, and to monitor for
example peaks in voltage. You can monitor several variables simultaneously, with
options to enable only certain types.
Figure 5.5 Serial Plot
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6. Conclusion:
This lab provided a basic introduction to the Arduino platform, covering its key components
and the use of digital and analog pins. Through simple coding and hardware interaction, we
gained initial hands-on experience with microcontroller operation and communication. The
activity built a strong foundation for future experiments involving sensors, actuators, and
embedded systems.
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7. References:
i. [Link]
ii. [Link]
ide-and-programming/216457124
iii. [Link]
iv. ChatGPT AI used for text generation.
v. [Link]
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