Unit 4

1. Programming Languages for Web Applications

1. WEB Paradigm Basis
2. Scripting Languages – Client side and Server side Scripting
3. Mark Up Languages
4. Scripting vs. Mark Up languages vs. System Programming Languages
2. Advanced C Programming
1. Static library and Dynamic Link Library
2. Multi-threaded Programming
3. Low level Programming /Embedded Programming Requirements and Features
1. Inline Assembly
2. Pseudo code
3. Pseudo variables
4. Bit fields
5. Pointers
6. Register usages
3. Best Practices in Programming
1. Source Code Management using Git like tools
2. Use of Patterns and Frameworks
3. Domain Specific Langauages
 Simple Type of Applications
◻ Console Apps
◻ Windows Apps
◻ Web Apps
◻ Mobile Apps
Categories of Web Applications
 What is Web?
• Web is a Collection of Documents that are stored inter-connected by
Hyper links
• i.e. Weaved Documents
• Web is a collection Data / Information stored on the networked
Computers over the World.

The World Wide Web -- also known as the web, WWW or W3 -- refers to all the
public websites or pages that users can access on their local computers and
other devices through the internet.
These pages and documents are interconnected by means of hyperlinks that
users click on for information. This information can be in different formats,
including text, images, audio and video.
More complicated of the web application system usin
DB

DB
Web Server Server
2. Query
Data

1.
3. Retrieve
Request
Data

4.
Response
More and more complicated of the web application
system
Business
Web Server Rules

2. Query
Data

1.
5. Retrieve
Request
Data
4. Retrieve
Data DB Server
6. 3. Query
Response Data
MVC
Architecture
Controller

View Model

Model: Manage the data

Controller: Control Model and the view to present the
data. View: The Template of display data
 • A website is a collection of web pages.
• A web page may contain texts, graphics, sounds, animations, and
movies.

• Web pages are developed with the help of a language called

Hyper Text Markup Language(HTML).
• It is also a language of Internet.
 What is Script Language?
“A Programming Language that provides programs which are interpreted
or executed by another program(Script Engine) instead of computer”
i.e. "A scripting language is a type of programming language which does not require
explicit compilation step, and it is designed for a runtime system to automate the execution of
tasks.“

Scripting languages support "script," which is small program written for a

specific runtime environment with following attributes.

1. Interpreted, that needs a run-time

2. Control Specific application or system
3. Rapid processing user directives
4. More suitable for Routine tasks or batch Jobs
 Scripting Languages
• A new style of programming language different from system programming languages
• Designed as glue language or system integration language
• A single statement can execute huge number of machine instructions
• Are normally ‘typeless’
• Build complex algorithms and data structures..
• Can create dynamic web pages
• Change based on user input
• A scripting language is a type of programming language that supports scripts, which are
small programs mainly used to automate the execution of a specific function in a specific
runtime environment
Script Engine

S
SCRIPT COMPUTER
 What is system Programming Language?
"A programming language is a way by which programmers communicate with
computers through the set of instructions known as code/program.“

• Programming languages are compiled languages, which means the source code is compiled
to convert it to machine code.
• A programming language is a computer language which is used to communicate with
computers using a set of instructions.

Programs
COMPUTER
Compiler
What is Script Language?

● A Programming Language that provides programs

which are interpreted or executed by another
program(Script Engine) instead of computer
● Interpreted, that needs a run-time
● Control Specific application or system
● Rapid processing user directives
● More suitable for Routine taks or batch Jobs
What exactly is a scripting language?

● Scripting languages descend from two main types of ancestors.

● The first set of scripting languages are those designed to execute terminal commands in
batch mode.
● Examples of this are bash scripts and ``.bat’’ files for MS-DOS.
● The other type of scripting languages are those designed for text-processing and report
generation.
● Examples of these include the very useful sed and awk.
● From these two languages grew Perl.
● Some other general purpose scripting languages about include Tcl, Ruby, Python, and
VBScript.
Scripting Languages
● Scripting languages stress flexibility, rapid development and dynamic
checking.
● Their type systems embrace very high level concepts such as tables,
patterns, lists and files.
● There a number of distinct groups that fall under the scripting language
family.
● Languages such as Perl and Python are known as ``glue’’ languages
because they were designed to glue existing programs together.
● There are other extensible types of scripting languages used in the WWW
also.
 Scripting Means
1. Don’t have user visible compiler steps - i.e. Just Commands
2. Scripting languages have runtimes that are present a larger no. of systems
3. Cross- Platform and not Machine Specific
4. Easy to call OS and Other programs
5. Embedded code in a larger system
6. Easy to develop but costly to execute
7. Dynamically typed
8. Interpreted
9. Requires a lot ‘less boilerplate code’(repeated code)– Fast Prototyping
10. Smaller tasks
 Common Characteristics of Scripting languages
1. Both Batch and Interactive use.
2. Economy of Expression. in Perl
$a = "4";
3. Lack of declarations and simple scoping rules print $a.3. "\n"; # ’.’ is concatenation
print $a+3. "\n"; # ’+’ is addition
4. Flexible dynamic typing. will print
43
5. Easy access to other programs. 7
6. Sophisticated Pattern matching.
7. High-level data types – sets, Bags, Dictionaries, Tuples and Lists.

Where a trivial program looks like this in Java,

class Hello {
public static void main(String[] args) { Equivalent in Perl, Python, or Ruby it is simply
[Link]("Hello, world!");
}
print "Hello, world!\n"
}
Typing and Productivity
 Advantages of Script Languages
1. Executable Pseudo code
2. Multi-paradigm
3. Dynamic and relaxed typing
4. Aggregate expressions and statements
5. Rich set of built-in data structures
6. Portable and Multi-Platform
7. Embeddable in any apps as run-time
8. Suitable for Rapid Application Development
9. Quick modification: They're smaller pieces of code, meaning they take a shorter period to read and modify.
10. Enhancement of user interaction: Programmers use a scripting language to enhance an app's or website's visual
display by adding features and colors.
11. Easy to learn: Individuals can learn to code using scripting language without an extensive tech background.
 Disadvantages of Script Languages
1. Optimized for people not machines
2. Slower than Compiled Languages
3. Size of Run-time
4. Errors detected dynamically
5. Suitable for Write Once and Read Never
6. Weak IDE
7. Migration is difficult

“TIMTOWTDI”- There Is More Than One Way To Do It

 Why Scripting Languages are popular?
1. First, Mostly they are open-source. This allows users from around the world to join in the
improvement process.
2. No requirement to compile, although occasionally it is necessary.
3. Easy to transfer between operating systems.
4. Scripting languages make web pages look awesome.
5. Easier to learn and write.
6. Scripts can be used as a prototype for programs, saving time on test projects.
Who uses scripting languages?
Here are a few professionals who use scripting languages in the workplace.

1. Web developer - National average salary: $67,488 per year

Primary duties: A web developer creates and maintains websites by establishing server functionality, storing files and content, improving
loading speeds, and addressing bugs. These professionals use scripting languages like CSS and JavaScript to create functional webpages
through server- and client-side scripts.
2. Systems administrator - National average salary: $76,367 per year
Primary duties: A systems administrator assesses servers and overall systems to identify and address errors, update security measures and
functionality and install and maintain networks. These professionals may use scripting languages to generate data from servers, run
commands and automate processes for the client-side program.
3. Programmer analyst - National average salary: $83,411 per year
Primary duties: A programmer analyst designs, maintains and tests software or computer systems to ensure they're highly functional and
operate correctly. These programmers use scripting languages to create concise commands, make sure systems display content and
automate specific tasks that allow content to display.
4. Application developer - National average salary: $87,633 per year
Primary duties: An app developer designs, codes, updates and maintains a software application, such as for a mobile device. They use
scripting languages to ensure content and interactive elements are accessible on the client side via the server-side program.
5. Software engineer- National average salary: $93,965 per year
Primary duties: A software engineer develops and maintains systems and software, including computer systems, networks and operational
software for specialized technology like medical devices. They may use scripting languages to automate processes, create functioning
interfaces and run tests of software requirements.
Application domains

● System Administration
● System and Apps Extension
● Embedded system
● Experimental Programming
● Text Processing
● Web Programming
 Scripting based applications
1. Task automation locally or remotely
As with any other kind of programming language, scripting helps you automate repetitive tasks based on patterns.
You can use languages like Python to optimize long processes within the applications or platforms you or your business already
use.
2. Beginner-friendly short scripts
The use of scripting languages does not require the same time commitment of more complex programming languages.
As such, they are beginner-friendly, especially when dealing with one such as Python. Despite this, it is able to power
collaboration platforms such as Instagram, Pinterest and even Google.
3. Create and manage dynamic content
Scripting languages help make the web more dynamic than its traditional static pages.
This is the case of displaying different data depending on the decisions made by the visitor, thus customizing the experience. An
example of this is WordPress, which uses PHP embedded with HTML code to serve content hosted in its databases.
4. Back-end programming for complex systems
Most modern web applications such as YouTube, Gmail, and social network sites run on a series of scripting languages in the
back-end. Among those is JavaScript, which is the most popular language across websites according to W3Techs.
Uses for scripting languages
The functions and applications of scripting languages vary based on the type of scripting language you're using.

1. Task automation: Programmers often use scripting languages to automate task execution within a runtime
environment. This involves writing code that allows individuals to use software to complete repetitive, predictable and
straightforward tasks, such as paying bills from an account and sending notifications via email.
2. Content display for web applications: Programmers use scripting to ensure programs run correctly on the server and
display the functional and interactive content on a webpage, such as images and links.
3. Command sequences: Many programmers apply scripting languages to condense command sequences, allowing the
program to run faster and improving the functionality of parent applications.
4. Data extraction: Programmers use scripting languages to pull data from data sets, such as in data analysis, research and
statistics.
5. Dynamic web apps: Programmers use a variety of scripting languages to power webpages and applications on the server
side with efficient code and clear instructions for displaying dynamic content, which is data that changes based on the
user's behavior or preferences.
6. System administration: When administrators want to generate and pull data, guide user queries and improve systems,
they use scripting languages.
7. Game modding: Game modification creators use scripting languages to make custom content for games with unique
functionality and designs that improve regular gameplay.
Types of scripting languages in
Web Programming
1. Client Side scripting
2. Server Side scripting
 Server-side scripting
1. Server-side scripting is a technique of programming for producing the code which can run software on the server side, in simple words any
scripting or programming that can run on the web server is known as server-side scripting.
2. The operations like customization of a website, dynamic change in the website content, response generation to the user queries,
accessing the database, and so on are performed at the server end.
3. The server-side scripting constructs a communication link between a server and a client (user).
4. Earlier the server side scripting is implemented by the CGI (Common Gateway Interface) scripts. The CGI was devised to execute the
scripts from programming languages such as C++ or Perl on the websites.
5. The server-side involves three parts: server, database, and backend web software developed by the server-side scripting language.
• When a browser sends a request to the server for a webpage consisting of server-side scripting, the web server processes the script
prior to serving the page to the browser.
• Here the processing of a script could include extracting information from a database, making simple calculations, or choosing the
appropriate content that is to be displayed in the client end.
• The script is being processed and the output is sent to the browser. The web server abstracts the scripts from the end user until
serving the content, which makes the data and source code more secure.

Server-side scripting languages:

After the advent of CGI, multiple programming languages were evolved such as PHP, Python, Ruby, ColdFusion, C#, Java, C++ and so on for
server-side scripting among which some of them are described below:
1. PHP: It is the most prevalent server-side language used on the web which was designed to extract and manipulate information in the
database. The language is used in association with SQL language for the Database. It is used in Facebook, WordPress and Wikipedia.
2. Python: The language is fast and contains shorter code. It is good for beginners as it concentrates on the readability and simplicity of the
code. Python functions well in the object-oriented environment and used in famous sites like Youtube, Google, etc.
3. Ruby: It contains complex logic which packages the back-end with database utility which can also be provided by PHP and SQL.
Server Side scripting
Working of server side scripts
1
Web Server
software
4
2 3
PHP

CLIENT
MySQL • It is used to create dynamic web pages and are executed in
Databas the server.
e • Since the scripts are executed at the sever, the type and
version of the browser or OS on the client’s computer does
not affect its execution.
SERVER • Eg. Perl, PHP, ASP, JSP etc.,
Working of server side scripts
1 The web page containing server side scripts requested
by the user
2 Server side scripts which executes and access the result
from the database

3 Creates simple web pages dynamically

4 This web page is then sent to the client browser and the
browser displays it
Definition of Client-side Scripting
• Client-side scripting is performed to generate a code that can run on the client end (browser) without needing
the server side processing.
• Basically, these types of scripts are placed inside an HTML document.
• The client-side scripting can be used to examine the user for the errors before submitting it and for changing
the content according to the user input.
• As mentioned before, the web requires three elements for its functioning which are, client, database and
server.
• The effective client-side scripting can significantly reduce the server load.
• It is designed to run as a scripting language utilizing a web browser as a host program.
• For example, when a user makes a request via browser for a webpage to the server, it just sent the HTML and
CSS as plain text, and the browser interprets and renders the web content in the= client end.

Client-side scripting languages:

• CSS: CSS provides the way to design the graphic element= s which help in making the appearance of the web
application more attractive.
• JavaScript: It is also a client-side scripting language= which essentially devised for the specific purpose, but
currently there are various JavaScript frameworks used as server-side scripting technology.

• HTML: It is the fundamental building blocks of web programming which provides the frame to the website. It
describes the arrangement of the content.
 Client Side scripting
• It is used to perform any task at the client side and is executed in the browser.
• Since the script code is executed on the client browser, it provides a quick response to the
users.
• Disadvantage: there are browsers that do not support scripts. In some cases users may turn
off the execution of scripts in the browser.
• Eg. JavaScript, VB script
• It is mostly used for validations and also for performing simple calculations
Difference Between Server-side Scripting and Client-side Scripting

Server-side Scripting Language

1. Can use huge resources of the server
2. Complete all processing in the server and send plain pages to the client
3. Reduces client-side computation overhead

Client-side Scripting Language

1. Does not involve server processing
2. Complete application is downloaded to the client browser
3. Client browser executes it locally
4. Are normally used to add functionality to web pages e.g. different menu styles, graphic displays or dynamic
advertisements
Key Differences Between Server-side Scripting and Client-side Scripting
• Server-side scripting is used at the backend, where the source code is not viewable or
hidden at the client side (browser). On the other hand, client-side scripting is used at the
front end which users can see from the browser.
• When a server-side script is processed it communicates to the server. As against, client-side
scripting does not need any server interaction.
• The client-side scripting language involves languages such as HTML, CSS and JavaScript. In
contrast, programming languages such as PHP, [Link], Ruby, ColdFusion, Python, C#, Java,
C++, etc.
• Server-side scripting is useful in customizing the web pages and implement the dynamic
changes in the websites. Conversely, the client-side script can effectively minimize the load
to the server.
• Server-side scripting is more secure than client-side scripting as the server side scripts are
usually hidden from the client end, while a client-side script is visible to the users.
Comparison of the classifications of scripting languages

Server side scripting

Client side scripting
• Script remains in the web server and is
• Script is copied to the client browser and executed in the web server and the web page
executed in the client browser produced is returned to the client browser
• Server side scripts are usually used to connect
• Client side scripts are mainly used for to database and return data from the web
validation of data at the client server
• Server side scripting cannot be blocked by the
user
• Users can block client side scripting
• The features of the web browser does not
• The type and version of the web browser
affects the working of a client side script affect the working of server side script
 BASIS FOR
SERVER-SIDE SCRIPTING CLIENT-SIDE SCRIPTING
COMPARISON
Basic Works in the back end which could Works at the front end and
not be visible at the client end. script are visible among the
users.
Processing Requires server interaction. Does not need interaction
with the server.

Languages involved PHP, [Link], Ruby on Rails, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, etc.
ColdFusion, Python, etcetera.

Affect Could effectively customize the Can reduce the load to the
web pages and provide dynamic server.
websites.

Security Relatively secure. Insecure

Server-side uses Client-side uses
1. It processes the user input 1. Makes interactive web pages
2. Displays the requested pages 2. Make stuff work dynamically
3. Structure of web applications 3. Interact with temporary storage
4. Interaction with servers/storages 4. Works as an interface between user and server
5. Interaction with databases 5. Sends requests to the server
6. Querying the database 6. Retrieval of data from Server
7. Encoding of data into HTML 7. Interact with local storage
8. Operations over databases like delete, update. 8. Provides remote access for client-server program

Examples of server-side scripting languages Examples of client-side scripting languages

1. PHP 1. JavaScript
2. [Link] (C# OR Visual Basic) 2. VBScript
3. C++ 3. HTML (Structure)
4. Java and JSP 4. CSS (Designing)
5. Python 5. AJAX
6. Ruby on Rails and so on. 6. jQuery etc.
BASIS OF
SERVER SIDE SCRIPTING LANGUAGES CLIENT SIDE SCRIPTING LANGUAGES
COMPARISON
It's utilised in backend applications when the source code It is utilized at the front end, which is visible to users through their
Use
isn't visible or concealed from the client (browser). browser.

A web server executes the server-side scripting script that The script for client-side scripting that is already on the user's
Script Running
generates the page that must be delivered to the browser. computer is run by the browser.
When a user's browser sends a server request, this occurs.
It occurs when the browser has all of the codes and then changes
Occurrence After that, dynamic pages are produced based on a number
the page based on the user's input.
of factors.
Because the server-side programming is done on a remote When opposed to server side scripting, the client server scripting
Execution computer, the response time is slower than the client-side procedure is performed on a local computer, resulting in a faster
response time. response.

A server can run a server-side script, but it cannot run After receiving the page supplied by the server, the browser can
Operation
client-side scripts. conduct client-side scripting.
Connection to the It facilitates the connection to databases already existing on
It doesn't connect to any of the web server's databases.
database the web server.
It's ideal for any application that necessitates the loading of
Suitability It's ideal for any situation that necessitates user engagement.
dynamic data.
Ruby on Rails, PHP, ColdFusion, Python, ASP, Perl, and Javascript, HTML, CSS, VB script, and other languages are
Languages
more languages are used in server programming. frequently used for client-side scripting.

Access To Files It has full access to all files on the web server. It does not have access to all of the files on the web server.

Because server side scripts are generally concealed from Because the scripts are generally not concealed from the client, it is
Security
the client end, it is more secure than client side scripting. less secure.
System Programming Languages
vs. Scripting Languages
Parameters Programming Languages Scripting Languages
A scripting or script language is a programming
A programming language is a formal language language that supports scripts: programs written
that specifies a set of instruction that can be for a special runtime environment that automate
Definition used to produce various kinds of output. the execution of tasks that could alternatively be
Programming languages generally consist of executed one-by-one by a human operator.
instructions for a computer. Scripting languages are often interpreted (rather
than compiled).
Type It’s a Compiler-based language It an Interpreter based language
Usage Developing anything needful from scratch To combine existing components.
Unlike Scripted languages, the Programmed
languages is compiled into a more compact Scripted languages are interpreted within another
Interpretation form that does not need to be interpreted by program (like JavaScript is put within HTML and
another application in the same way. The then interpreted by the browser).
compiled result is stand-alone.
They run independently of a parent program or
Running These run inside another program
exterior
Design Designed to give full usage of a language Designed to make coding fast and simple

Conversion One shot conversion Line by line conversion

Creation It creates a .exe file Does not create a .exe file

Compilation Program compilation is necessary No need to compile the program

Parameters Programming Languages Scripting Languages

Programming is making a full code of the

Coding Scripts are just a piece of code
program
Harder to code. It needs numerous lines Easier to code. Needs only a few short lines
Temperament
of code for each function of code for each function
Complexity Are complex They are easy to use and easy to write

Development It takes longer to develop as more code It takes less time to code as it needs less
Time needs to be written. coding.
Does not require a host. Is self –
Hosting Requires a host
executable
C, C++, C#, Java, VC++, VB, JavaScript, VB Script, Shell, Perl, Python,
Examples
Basic, COBOL, Pascal, etc. Ruby, Rexx, PHP, GameMonkey, Lua, etc
Programming Language Scripting Language
A programming language is a computer language that is used toA scripting language is a type of programming language designed
communicate with computers using a set of instructions. for a runtime system to automate the execution of tasks.

It is compiled language or compiler-based language. It is interpreted language or interpreter-based language

It is used to develop an application or software from scratch. It is used to combine existing components and automate a specific
task.
It runs or executes independently and does not depend on the parentIt runs or executes inside another program.
(exterior) program.
It uses a compiler to convert source code into machine code. It uses an interpreter to convert source code into machine code.

As it uses a compiler, hence the complete program is converted into machineAs it uses an interpreter, hence the program is converted into
code in one shot. machine code line by line.
These languages are required to be compiled. There is no need for compilation.
It is comparatively difficult to write code in a programming language, and it It is comparatively easy to write code in the scripting language, and
requires numerous lines of code for each task. it requires few lines of code for each task.

The development time in programming languages is high as more lines areThe development time in a scripting language as a smaller number
required. of lines are required.
There is the high maintenance cost. There is less maintenance cost.
All programming languages are not scripting languages All scripting languages are programming languages
It generates a .exe file. It does not create a .exe file.
Usually, programming languages do not support or provide very littleScripting languages provide great support to user interface design,
support for user interface designing, data types, and graphic designing. data types, and graphic design.

Some popular examples are C, C++, Java, Scala, COBOL, etc. Some popular examples are Perl, Python, JavaScript, etc.
Scripting Language Programming Language
A Scripting Language is a Programming language that is A programming language consists of instructions for
mainly used to automate certain tasks within a software. the computer and is used for creating complete
software.
Execution and output is generated one line at a time. Output is generated for the complete program in one
go.
There is no need for compiling the script. The Program is compiled by the compiler at the time of
execution.
There is no executable file generated during execution of the An executable file is generated during code execution.
script.
The script is directly interpreted at runtime. The program is first compiled and then compiled code
is executed at runtime.
They are easy to learn and use. They are comparatively difficult to learn and use.

They are usually small pieces of code. The code is usually large and has a large number of
lines.
It is faster to write scripts as they are usually written to Coding in a Programming language is time taking as it
automate a specific task within the main program/software. involves designing a complete software.

Scripts are written within a parent Program. These Programs exist and run independently.
All Scripting languages are Programming languages. All Programming languages are not Scripting
languages.
Benefits Of Scripting Language

1. Ease of use: Scripting languages are generally easy to learn and use. Not much effort or time is needed to master a
scripting language and use the same.
2. Area of use: The areas of use of a scripting language are quite vast and could be used as a domain-specific language to
a general-purpose programming language.
3. No Compilation: These languages do not require the program to be compiled before run time.
4. Ease of Debugging: They are easy to debug as the scripts are small and the syntax is not complicated.
5. Portability: They can be used across various Operating Systems easily.

Benefits Of Programming Language

Some advantages of Programming language, when compared to a scripting language, are as below:

1. Faster Execution: Programming languages are faster when executed as they have already been compiled and a
machine code exists which directly runs to generate the output
2. No dependency: The programs can be run without the need for any external program.
3. Programming: Using a programming language, we can create complete software from scratch.
4. Code security: Before execution, an executable file is created, which is what the compiler does, therefore a
company/developer doesn’t have to share the original code. The executable file can be shared instead of the actual
code.
 Scripting Languages or System Programming Languages?
System Programming Languages are preferable
1. Apps implement Complex algorithm and Data structures
2. Apps process Large Volume of Data sets
3. Apps functionalities are well defined and Fixed
4. Ability to create stand-alone apps
System Programming
5. Speed at runtime Scripting languages
languages
6. Need for compilation
Platform-agnostic
Platform-specific
Scripting Languages are preferable (cross-platform)

1. Apps main task is Connect (GLUE)software Components (Mostly) interpreted Compiled

2. Apps manipulate variety of things
3. Apps have GUI
Slower at runtime Faster at runtime
4. Apps Functions evolving Rapidly
5. Apps must be extensible
Less code-intensive More code-intensive
6. Apps do a lot string Manipulation
7. Applications across platforms
8. Amount of coding required Creates apps as part of a
Creates standalone apps
stack
[Link]
 Bottom line of Unit 4(Web Paradigm portion)

1. Nature of Web Browser, Web Server and Web

Environment
2. Web Application Requirements – Languages used
3. Web Pages – Static Pages vs. Dynamic Pages
4. Scripting – Client-side vs. Server side
5. System Programming Languages vs. Scripting
Languages
6. Uses of Mark Up languages