BEEE-UNIT 2
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ANOTHER METHOD IN NEXT PAGE
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MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
The various terms involved with magnetism are grouped as follows:
1. Magnetic Flux [Ф]
The magnetic lines of force produced by a magnet is called magnetic flux.
Its unit is Weber. 1 wb = 1 x 108 magnetic lines
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MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
Magnetic circuit is the path followed by magnetic flux. Magnetic flux follows a
complete loop or circuit coming back to its starting point. In any magnet, magnetic
flux leaves its north pole, passing through air, enters the magnet at its south pole and
finally reaches point where they start.
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Comparison between electric and magnetic circuit
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Problems
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Electrical Machines
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Classification of Electrical
Machines
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Single Phase Transformer
Principle of operation
The transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. In
this case, the conductors are stationary and the magnetic flux is varying
with respect to time. Thus, the induced emf comes under the
classification of statically induced emf.
The transformer is a static piece of apparatus used to transfer electrical
energy
from one circuit to another. The two circuits are magnetically coupled.
One of the circuits is energized by connecting it to a supply at specific
voltage magnitude, frequency and waveform. Then, we have a mutually
induced voltage available across the second circuit at the same
frequency and waveform but with a change in voltage magnitude if
desired. These aspects are indicated in Fig.
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Construction
The following are the essential requirements of a transformer:
(a) A good magnetic core
(b) Two windings
(c) A time varying magnetic flux
The transformer core is generally laminated and is made out of a
good magnetic material such as transformer steel or silicon steel. Such a
material has high relative permeability and low hysteresis loss. In order to
reduce the eddy current loss, the core is made up of laminations of iron. ie,
the core is made up of thin sheets of steel, each lamination being insulated
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1. Separately Excited DC Generator
• Armature Current
Ia = I L
• Emf Equation
Eg = VL + Ia Ra + Vb
Vb=brush drop for
pair of brush
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[Link] Excited DC Generator
(i) DC Shunt Generator
• Armature Current
Ia = IL + Ish
• Emf Equation
Eg = VL + Ia Ra + Vb
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[Link] Excited DC Generator
(ii) DC Series Generator
• Armature Current
Ia = IL = Ise
• Emf Equation
Eg = VL + Ia Ra + Ise Rse + Vb
Eg = VL + Ia (Ra +Rse )+ Vb
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[Link] Excited DC Generator
(iii)DC Compound Generator
(a)Long Shunt
• Series Field Current
Ise = Ia
• Armature Current
Ia = IL + Ish
• Emf Equation
Eg = VL + Ia Ra + Ise Rse + Vb
Eg = VL + Ia (Ra +Rse ) + Vb
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[Link] Excited DC Generator
(iii)DC Compound Generator
(b)Short Shunt
• Series Field Current
Ise = IL
• Armature Current
Ia = IL + Ish
• Emf Equation
Eg = VL + Ia Ra + Ise Rse + Vb
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Characteristics of Generators
• Open Circuit Characteristics (If, Eg0)
• Load Characteristics
– Internal (Ia, Eg)
– External (VL, IL)
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Separately Excited DC Generator and DC Shunt Generator- Characteristics
[Both generators have same characteristics]
1. Open circuit characteristics (OCC) or By removing the load connected , we
No-load characteristics or magnetization obtain the no-load condition. When the generator
is run at its rated speed with no-load, the
characteristics. (If, Eg0)
terminal voltage appearing across the armature
can be taken as the induced voltage. Thus, it is
possible to obtain this open circuit voltage as a
function of the field current. By varying the field
current, we can obtain the variation in the no-
load voltage. The curve thus obtained is known as
open circuit characteristics. We can observe that
the major portion of this characteristics (2-3) is
linear. There are two non-linear portions namely
1-2 and 3-4. Beyond the operating point 4, we say
that saturation has occurred and so there will
not be any appreciate increase in the generated
voltage even for large increase in field current.
Because of the residual flux in the magnetic
poles there is a small amount of induced voltage
even when the field current is zero.
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The generators should be made to run at its rated
[Link] (Ia, Eg) Characteristics
speed. The generator field current should be
[Link] (VL, IL) Characteristics adjusted so that rated voltage is built up at no-
load. Now by varying the load, the terminal
voltage V as a function of load current IL can be
obtained as shown in Fig
The terminal voltage of the generator decreases
on loading. This is because of (i) voltage drop due
to armature resistance, Ra (ii) voltage drop due to
armature reaction. So the generated emf and the
terminal voltage go on decreasing.
External characteristics Variation of load terminal
voltage with respect to the load current [i.e. V vs
IL]. These two quantities are external quantities
and they can be measured directly. Hence the
name external characteristics.
Internal characteristics Variation of induced
voltage in loaded condition as a function of the
armature current [i.e. E vs Ia]. These two
quantities are internal quantities for the
generation and E cannot be measured directly, but
it can be estimated. Hence the name internal
characteristics.
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DC Series Generator- Characteristics [All 3 Characteristics]
The OCC of series generator can
be obtained with the help of the no load
and shape of OCC is similar and same as
that for DC shunt generator.
The load characteristics is rising
characteristics. The difference between
curves I and II represents the voltage
drop due to internal resistance of the
generator, i.e. Ra (Ra + Rse) drop. The
difference between curves II and III
represents the drop due to armature
reaction. If the load goes on increasing,
then the terminal voltage may become
zero because of heavy armature reaction.
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Losses in DC Generator
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1. DC Shunt Motor
• Line Current
IL = Ia + Ish Where IL= Line or supply current
• Emf Equation
V = Eb + Ia Ra + Vb
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2. DC Series Motor
• Line Current
IL = Ia = Ise
• Emf Equation
V = Eb + Ia Ra + Ise Rse + Vb
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3. DC Compound Motor-Long Shunt
• Line Current
IL = Ia + Ish
• Series Field Current
Ia = Ise
• Emf Equation
V = Eb + Ia Ra + Ise Rse + Vb
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4. DC Compound Motor-Short Shunt
• Line Current
IL = Ia + Ish
• Series Field Current
IL = Ise
• Emf Equation
V = Eb + Ia Ra + Ise Rse + Vb
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1. Characteristics DC Shunt Motor
(i) Ta Vs Ia
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1. Characteristics DC Shunt Motor
(ii) N Vs Ia
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1. Characteristics DC Shunt Motor
(iii) N Vs Ta
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2. Characteristics DC Series Motor
(i) Ta Vs Ia
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2. Characteristics DC Series Motor
(ii) N Vs Ia
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2. Characteristics DC Series Motor
(iii) N Vs Ta
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STARTERS
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3-POINT STARTER
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