ANALOG ELECTRONICS
Module - 2
Course Code : PBEET304 Credit : 4
BJT has two main disadvantages
• Low input impedance
• Considerable noise level
Operation of a JFET at Various Drain Source Voltages
JFET Characteristics (Drain Characteristics)
JFET Characteristics (Drain Characteristics)
JFET Characteristics (Transfer Characteristics)
Biasing JFET
• The common source JFET amplifier has one important
advantage compared to the common-emitter BJT
amplifier in that the FET has an extremely high input
impedance and along with a low noise output makes them
ideal for use in amplifier circuits that require very small
input voltage signals.
• The JFET gate voltage Vg is biased through the potential
divider network set up by resistors R1 and R2 and is
biased to operate within its saturation region which is
equivalent to the active region of the bipolar junction
transistor.
• Drain current is also equal to the Source current,“No Current”
enters the Gate terminal and this can be given as:
• The term CMOS stands for “Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor”.
• This is one of the most popular technology in the computer chip design industry and it is
broadly used today to form integrated circuits in numerous and varied applications.
• Today’s computer memories, CPUs, and cell phones make use of this technology due
to several key advantages.
• This technology makes use of both P channel and N channel semiconductor devices.
• One of the most popular MOSFET technologies available today is the
Complementary MOS or CMOS technology.
• This is the dominant semiconductor technology for microprocessors, microcontroller chips,
memories like RAM, ROM,EEPROM and application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs).
• The main advantage of CMOS over NMOS and
BIPOLAR technology is the much smaller power
dissipation.
• Unlike NMOS or BIPOLAR circuits, a Complementary
MOS circuit has almost no static power dissipation.
• Power is only dissipated in case the circuit actually switches -This allows integrating more
CMOS gates on an IC than in NMOS or bipolar technology, resulting in much better performance.
• Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor transistor consists of P-channel MOS (PMOS)
and N-channel MOS (NMOS).
• NMOS is built on a p-type substrate with n-type source
and drain diffused on it.
• In NMOS, the majority of carriers are electrons.
• When a high voltage is applied to the gate, the NMOS will conduct.
• When a low voltage is applied to the gate, NMOS will not conduct.
• NMOS is considered to be faster than PMOS, since the carriers in NMOS,
which are electrons, travel twice as fast as the holes.
• P- channel MOSFET consists of P-type Source and
Drain diffused on an N-type.
• The majority of carriers are holes.
• When a high voltage is applied to the gate, the PMOS will not conduct.
• When a low voltage is applied to the gate, the PMOS will conduct.
• The PMOS devices are more immune to noise than NMOS devices.
• In CMOS technology, both N-type and P-type transistors are used
to design logic functions.
• The same signal which turns ON a transistor of one type is used to
turn OFF a transistor of the other type.
• In CMOS logic gates a collection of n-type MOSFETs is arranged in
a pull-down network between the output and the low voltage power
supply rail (Vss or quite often ground).
• Instead of the load resistor of NMOS logic gates, CMOS logic gates have a collection of
p-type MOSFETs in a pull-up network between the output and the higher-voltage rail
(often named Vdd).
• If both a p-type and n-type transistor have their gates connected to the same input,
the p-type MOSFET will be ON when the n-type MOSFET is OFF, and vice-versa.
CMOS Features
• High speed
• Low power dissipation
• High noise margins in both states
• operation over a wide range of source and input voltages (provided the source
voltage is fixed).
The feedback is the process of injecting output voltage or current to the input of the amplifier
using a feedback network.
From the above equations it is evident that overall gain for positive feedback will be increasing
continuously because the denominator is less than unity. Thus, for amplifier applications positive
feedback cannot be used. It can be used effectively for Oscillator circuits.
PRACTICAL FEEDBACK CIRCUIT -
EXAMPLES
PRACTICAL FEEDBACK CIRCUIT - EXAMPLES
It consists of a conventional single transistor amplifier and a RC phase shift network.
The RC phase shift network consist of three RC network introducing 180 degrees phase shift.
Tuned oscillators, also known as LC oscillators or resonant circuit oscillators, are electronic
Circuits that generate sinusoidal waveforms using inductors (L) and capacitors (C)