BOTANY PRACTICAL NOTE
1. A. DICOT STEM
Identification: The given material is Dicot Stem.
Reasons:
• Conjoint vascular bundle
• Endarch xylem (protoxylem towards inner side)
..…..Hence it is stem.
• Limited number of vascular bundles.
• Ring arrangement of vascular bundles.
• Open vascular bundles. (cambium present)
……Hence it is Dicot stem
MONOCOT STEM
Identification: The given material is Monocot Stem.
Reasons:
• Conjoint vascular bundle.
• Endarch xylem. (protoxylem towards inner side)
…...Hence it is stem.
• Numerous scattered vascular bundles.
• Closed vascular bundles. (cambium absent)
……Hence it is Monocot Stem.
MONOCOT ROOT
Identification: The given material is Monocot Root.
Reasons:
• Radial vascular bundle.
• Exarch xylem. (protoxylem towards outer side)
……Hence it is root.
• Numerous xylem and phloem groups
• Round shaped xylem.
.…..Hence it is Monocot Root.
2. B
OSCILLATORIA
Identification: The given specimen is Oscillatoria (Vegetative Filament)
Reasons:
• Filamentous blue green algae.
• Cells are broader than long.
• Filaments with necridium.
RHIZOPUS
Identification: The given specimen is Rhizopus (Mycelium with Sporangia)
Reasons:
• Spores are produced in sporangia.
• Sporangia are borne on sporangiophores.
SPIROGYRA
Identification: The given specimen is Spirogyra (Vegetative Filament)
Reasons:
• Filamentous green algae.
• Cells have ribbon shaped chloroplast.
2. B
SARGASSUM
Identification: The given specimen is Sargassum Thallus.
Reasons:
• Erect and branched thallus.
• Thallus is differentiated into holdfast, stipe and frond.
PINUS MALE CONE
Identification: The given specimen is Pinus male cone.
Reasons:
• Male reproductive organ, which consists of microsporophylls.
• Smaller than female cone.
PINUS FEMALE CONE
Identification: The given specimen is Pinus female cone.
Reasons:
• Female reproductive organ, which consists of megasporophylls.
• Larger than male cone.
2. C
Bt COTTON
Identification: The given picture is that of Bt cotton.
Reasons:
• Insect resistant transgenic plant.
• It has cry gene that codes for Bt toxin.
BIOREACTOR
Identification: The given figure is that of a Bioreactor.
Reasons:
• Large vessel in which raw materials are biologically converted to products.
• Used to produce proteins in large quantities.
CLONING VECTOR pBR322
Identification: The given figure is that of Cloning Vector pBR322.
Reasons:
• Vehicle which carry foreign gene into host.
• It has an ori site, selectable markers and cloning site.
3. D
METAPHASE
Identification: The given stage of mitosis is Metaphase.
Reasons:
• Chromosomes are arranged at equator.
• Spindle fibres attach to the centromere of each chromosome.
ANAPHASE
Identification: The given stage of mitosis is Anaphase.
Reasons:
• Centromere splits.
• Chromatids move to opposite poles.
4. E
HYDRILLA EXPERIMENT
Aim: To demonstrate the evolution of oxygen during photosynthesis.
STUDY OF STOMATA ON LEAVES
Aim: To study the distribution of stomata on both surfaces of the leaf.
5. F
FLOWER OF SOLANACEAE
CALYX :
• 5 Sepals
• Gamosepalous
• Valvate aestivation
COROLLA :
• 5 Petals
• Gamopetalous
• Valvate aestivation
GYNOECIUM:
• Bicarpellary, Bilocular
• Syncarpous
• Superior ovary
• Axile placentation
6. G
ECOLOGICAL INTERACTION
LICHEN
Name of Interaction: Mutualism
Description:
• Both organisms are benefitted (+ +)
• Lichens are symbiotic association between algae and fungi.
LORANTHUS
Name of Interaction: Parasitism
Description:
• One organism (parasite) is benefitted (+) , other (host) is harmed (-)
• Partial stem parasite.
VANDA (EPIPHYTE)
Name of Interaction: Commensalism
Description:
• One organism (epiphyte) is benefitted (+), other host (0) is neither harmed nor
benefitted.
• Epiphyte depend on other plant only for shelter.
7.H ANTHER CS