Chapter :1 Real Numbers

Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic : States that every composite number can be expressed as a
product of primes, and this factorization is unique, apart from the order in which the prime factors
occur. Eg: 12  2 x 2 x 3
For any two positive integers a and b , HCF (a,b) X LCM (a,b) = a X b
aXb
HCF (a,b) =
𝐿𝐶𝑀 (𝑎,𝑏)
aXb
LCM (a,b) =
𝐻𝐶𝐹 (𝑎,𝑏)
HCF (a,b) X LCM (a,b)
a=
𝑏
HCF (a,b) X LCM (a,b)
b =
𝑎

Chapter :2 Polynomials
General form of a quadratic polynomial : ax2 + bx + c , where a,b,c are real numbers and a ≠ 0
General form of constructing a quadratic polynomial k [ x2 - (α + ß ) x + α ß ] , where k is any real
number.
If α and ß are the zeros of a quadratic polynomial , p(x) = ax2 + bx + c ,
b
1) Sum of zeroes of polynomial = α + ß = − = − Coefficient of 𝒙
𝑎

Coefficient of x2
c
2) Product of zeroes of polynomial = α . ß = = Constant term
𝑎

Coefficient of x2
 The constant polynomial 0 is called the zero polynomial.
 The degree of a non-zero constant polynomial is zero.
 The degree of the zero polynomial is not defined.
 The degree of a linear polynomial is 1. General form : ax + b
 The degree of a quadratic polynomial is 2. General form : ax2 + bx + c
 The degree of a cubic polynomial is 3. General form : ax3 + bx2 + cx +d

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 Chapter :3 Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
General form of a pair of linear equations in two variables is : a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ; a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
 Consistent : A pair of linear equations in two variables , which has solution.
 InConsistent : A pair of linear equations in two variables , which has no solution.
 Dependent: A pair of linear equations in two variables , which are equivalent has infinitely
many distinct common solution.
 Dependent pair of linear equations is always consistent.
If a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ; a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 is a pair of linear equations in two variable x and y such that

 a1 b1
≠ Consistent with Unique solution
a2 b2
Graphical representation : Intersecting Lines

 a1 b1 c1
= = Consistent with infinitely many solution
a2 b2 c2
Graphical representation : Coincident Lines

 a1 b1 c1
= ≠ InConsistent with No solution
a2 b2 c2
Graphical representation : Parallel Lines

Chapter :4 Quadratic Equations

The standard form of quadratic equation : ax2 + bx + c =0 , where a,b,c are real numbers and a ≠ 0
The roots of the quadratic equation : ax2 + bx + c =0 are given by

 b2 – 4ac is called Discriminant (D) of the quadratic equation.

Criteria for the nature of roots
 b2 – 4ac = 0  Two equal roots
 b2 – 4ac > 0  Two distinct real roots
 b2 – 4ac < 0  No real roots

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 Chapter :5 Arithmetic Progressions
The general form of an AP : a, a+d , a+2d , a+3d , a+4d , …………………. Where ‘ a ’is the first
term and ‘d’ is the common difference
 Common difference d = 2nd term – 1st term OR 3rd term – 4th term
 nth term of an AP an = a + (n-1)d , Where ‘n’ is the number of term ,
‘ a ’is the first term and ‘d’ is the common difference
𝐧
 The sum of first ‘n’ terms of an AP Sn = [ 2a + (n-1)d] if AP is given
𝟐
𝐧
Sn = [ a + (an] if 1st term and nth term is given
𝟐
𝐧
Sn = [ a + (an] if 1st term and last term is given
𝟐
𝐧(𝐧+𝟏)
 The sum of first ‘n’ positive integers Sn =
𝟐

 Sn is the sum of first ‘n’ terms of an AP

 S1 is the sum of 1st term of an AP , therefore S1 = a1
 S2 is the sum of 1st and 2nd term of an AP , therefore S2 = a1 + a2
Chapter :6 Triangles
Two triangles are similar , if A P

 Their corresponding angles are equal and

 Their corresponding sides are in the same ratio
If ABC ~ PQR , then
B C Q R
 <A = <P , <B = <Q , <C = <R
AB BC AC
 = = A
𝑃𝑄 𝑄𝑅 𝑃𝑅

Basic Proportionality Theorem ( Thales Theorem ) : If a line is

parallel to a side of a triangle to intersects the other sides in distinct D E
D
points, the other two sides are divided in the same ratio.
B C
In ABC , if DE II BC , then ,
AD AE
=
𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐶
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Converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem ( Thales Theorem ) : If a line divides any two sides
of a triangle in the same ratio. Then the line is parallel to the third side.
A
AD AE
In ABC , if = then
𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐶
DE II BC D E
D D
B C

Chapter :7 Coordinate Geometry

 The distance of a point from the y-axis is called its x –coordinate or abscissa.
 The distance of a point from the x-axis is called its y–coordinate or ordinate.
 The coordinates of origin is (0,0).
 The coordinates of a point on x-axis is (x , 0).
 The coordinates of a point on y-axis is (0 , y).
Distance formula : The distance between P(x1, y1 ) and Q(x2, y2 ) is given by
P Q

PQ = √(x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2 (x1, y1 ) (x2, y2 )

 The distance of a point P(x,y) from origin is √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

Section formula m1x2 +m2x1 , m1y2 +m2y1 If the line segments divides internally in
m1+m2 m1+m2 the ratio m1 : m2
If the line segments divides internally in the ratio k : 1 kx2 + x1 , ky2 + y1
k+1 k+1
The coordinates of the Midpoint of the line segment joining the points P(x1, y1 ) and Q(x2, y2 )
is x1 + x2 , y1 + y2
2 2
The coordinates of the Centroid of the triangle of vertices P(x1, y1 ) , Q(x2, y2) and R(x3, y3 ) is
x1 + x2+x3 , y1 + y2 +y3
3 3

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 Chapter :8 Introduction to Trigonometry
In ABC , <B=900 if <C = 𝜃 then the Trigonometric ratios , A

𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐴𝐵
 Sin 𝜃 = = These ratios can be remembered as
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝐶
B 𝜃 C
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐵𝐶
 Cos 𝜃 = = OSHACHOTA or
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝐶

𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐴𝐵
 Tan 𝜃 = = SOH CAH TOA
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐵𝐶
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝐶 1 1
 Cosec 𝜃 = = Sin 𝜃 = Cosec 𝜃 =
𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐴𝐵 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝐶 1 1
 Sec 𝜃 = = Cos 𝜃 = Sec 𝜃 =
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐵𝐶 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐵𝐶 1 1
 Cot 𝜃 = = Tan 𝜃 = Cot 𝜃 =
𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐴𝐵 𝐶𝑜𝑡𝜃 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
Tan 𝜃 = Cot 𝜃 =
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃

 Trigonometric ratios of 450

In ABC , <B=900 if <A = 450 and <C = 450 , then
A
AB= BC. Let AB=BC= 1unit then AC= √2 unit
1unit 450 𝐴𝐵 1 𝐴𝐶 √2
Sin 450 = = Cosec 450 = = = √2
𝐴𝐶 √2 𝐴𝐵 1

𝐵𝐶 1 𝐴𝐶 √2
450 Cos 450 = = Sec 450 = = = √2
B C 𝐴𝐶 √2 𝐵𝐶 1
1unit 𝐴𝐵 1 𝐵𝐶 1
Tan 450 = = =1 Cot 450 = = =1
𝐵𝐶 1 𝐴𝐵 1

 Trigonometric ratios of 300 and 600

A In ABC , <B=900 if <A = 300 and <C = 600 , Let AC= 2 unit ,
BC= 1unit then AB= √3 unit
300
𝐵𝐶 1 𝐴𝐶 2 𝐴𝐵 √3 𝐴𝐶 2
√3 unit Sin 300 = = Cosec 300 = = =2 Sin 600 = = Cosec 600 = =
600 𝐴𝐶 2 𝐵𝐶 1 𝐴𝐶 2 𝐴𝐵 √3
B 𝐴𝐵 √3 𝐴𝐶 2 𝐵𝐶 1 𝐴𝐶
1unit C
Cos 300 = = Sec 300 = = Cos 600 = = Sec 600 = =2
𝐴𝐶 2 𝐴𝐵 √3 𝐴𝐶 2 𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 1
0
Tan 30 =
𝐵𝐶
=
1 0
Cot 30 =
𝐴𝐵
=
√3
=√3
Tan 600 = = √3 Cot 600 = =
𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐵 √3
𝐴𝐵 √3 𝐵𝐶 1

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 Chapter :9 Some Applications of Trigonometry
 Angle of elevation : The angle of elevation is the angle
between the horizontal line and the line of sight.
 Angle of depression : The angle of elevation is the angle
between the horizontal line and the line of sight when an
observer looks downwards at an object is known as an angle of
depression.

Chapter :10 Circles

 Tangent : A tangent to a circle is a line that intersects the circle at only one point.
Line AB is a tangent to a circle with centre O through the point of contact P
 There is only one tangent at a point of the circle. O

 The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius B

A P

through the point of contact. OP AB Q

 The length of the tangents drawn from an external point of a P

O

circle are equal.

R
PQ and PR are tangents of a circle with centre o , PQ =PR

Chapter :11 Areas related to Circles

 Area of circle = 𝜋r2
1 minute = 60
 AreaCircumference of circle = 2𝜋r
 Area of ring = 𝜋(R2 - r2 ) Y

 Perimeter of protractor = Diameter + ½ of circumference => 2r + 𝜋r

O
 Minor arc length AXB = 𝜃 𝑋 2𝜋r
3600
𝜃
A X B
 Major arc length AYB = 3600 𝜃 𝑋 2𝜋r
3600

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 Y

𝜃 x 𝜋r2
 Area of Minor sector AOXB = O
3600
 Area of Major sector OAYB = 3600 𝜃 x 𝜋r2 OR
𝜃
0
360
A X B

 Perimeter of Minor sector AOXB = 2x radius + Arc length AXB = 2r + 𝜃 x 2𝜋r

3600

 Perimeter of Major sector OAYB = 2x radius + Arc length AYB = 2r + 3600 𝜃 x 2𝜋r
0
360
 If arc length is given then Area of sector = Arc length X radius
2
 Area of Quadrant = 900 x 𝜋r2 OR ¼ 𝜋r2 𝑦
3600
O

 Area of Major sector = 𝜋r2 Area of minor sector

𝜃
 Area of Minor segment AXB = Area of sector AOBX Area of AOB A X B

OR 𝜃 x 𝜋r2 ½ r2 Sin 𝜃
3600

√3
 Area of Equilateral triangle = side2
4

Chapter :12 Surface Areas and Volumes

General Formula

LSA OR CSA = Perimeter X height

TSA OR SA= LSA / CSA + Area of Top region + Area of bottom region
Volume = Base area X height

2. CUBE 1. CUBOID
LSA = 4 Side2 LSA = 2h(l+b)
TSA = 6 Side2 TSA = 2(lb + bh + hl)
Volume = Side3 Volume = lbh

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 4. CYLINDER 3. CONE
CSA = 2𝜋rh CSA = 𝜋rl l = √ℎ2 + 𝑟 2
TSA = 2𝜋r (r+h) TSA = 𝜋r (r+l) h = √𝑙2 − 𝑟 2
Volume = 𝜋r2h 1
Volume = 𝜋r2h r = √𝑙 2 − ℎ2
3

6. SPHERE 5. HEMISPHERE
TSA = 4𝜋r2 CSA = 2𝜋r2
4 TSA = 3𝜋r2
Volume = 𝜋r3
3
2
Volume = 𝜋r3
3

8. SPHERICAL SHELL 7. CYLINDRICAL PIPE

4
Volume = 𝜋 (R3- r3 ) Area of base = 𝜋 (R2- r2 )
3
TSA = 2𝜋Rh +2𝜋rh + 2 𝜋 (R2- r2 )
Volume = 𝜋 (R2- r2 ) h
9. TSA of combination of Solid
Sum of the CSA of each of the individual shape.

TSA of this shape = CSA of cylinder + CSA of 2 hemispheres

Chapter :13 Statistics

MEAN
 Direct method X = Σfi xi where fi = frequency of the class and xi = class mark

Σ fi 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 + 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡

class mark =
∑ƒi = total no. of observation 2

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 Assumed mean method X = a + Σfi di where a = assumed mean ,selecting the
middle term from the class mark
Σ fi
di = xi a ; xi = class mark
∑ƒi = total no. of observation

Step deviation method X = a + Σfi ui X h where a = assumed mean

Σ fi di xi− a
ui = 𝑜𝑟
ℎ ℎ
xi = class mark
∑ƒi = total no. of observation

h= class size / height/width

h= upper limit – lower limit
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Mean ( average ) =
𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

MEDIAN Where l = lower limit of the median class

Median = l +
n
cf X h n = no. of observation or ∑ƒi
2
cf = cumulative frequency of class preceding the
ƒ median class
f= frequency of median class
h = class size

n
Median class :Find the cumulative frequencies of all the classes then take value , locate the class whose
2
n
cumulative frequency is greater than or nearest . This is the median class.
2

MODE
f1 − f0
Mode = l + Xh Where l = lower limit of the modal class
2f1− f0− f2
f1 = frequency of the modal class
f0 = frequency of the preceding the modal class
f2 = frequency of the succeeding the modal class
h = class size

Modal class : Class interval have maximum value

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 Relationship between Mean , Mode and Median
3Median = Mode + 2 Mean
Chapter 14. Probability

𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

 PE =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

 For any event E , P(E) + P(E) = 1

P(E) = 1 - P(E)
P(E) = 1 – P(E)

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