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Vector

The document provides an overview of vector algebra, defining key concepts such as vectors, scalars, position vectors, direction cosines, and direction ratios. It discusses operations involving vectors, including addition, dot product, cross product, and properties related to collinearity and coplanarity. Additionally, it includes formulas for section division, projections, and multiple-choice questions to test understanding of vector concepts.

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10 views32 pages

Vector

The document provides an overview of vector algebra, defining key concepts such as vectors, scalars, position vectors, direction cosines, and direction ratios. It discusses operations involving vectors, including addition, dot product, cross product, and properties related to collinearity and coplanarity. Additionally, it includes formulas for section division, projections, and multiple-choice questions to test understanding of vector concepts.

Uploaded by

shagunpathania42
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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0 Vector Algebra POINTS TO 4 Vector : Those physical quantities, which are defined by both magnitude and direction are called vector e.g., velocity, cee acceleration, force, et. Scalar: Those physical quantities which have only magnitude are called scalar, eg., area, volume, mass, etc. save Position vector : Let (x, y, 2) be a point in space with respect to oa) the origin © (0,0, 0). The vector OP having O as initial and P as terminal point is called position vector of P. yaxis Here, position vector of P= OP = xi +yj+2k zads Direction cosines : If 7= ai +bj +ck makes angle a, B, 7 with +ve direction of x-axis, y-axis and z-axis respectively, then cos ct, Cos PB and cos y are the direction cosines of 7 and are denoted by I, m and n where it VeaPee cosa se ST Te ‘y axis Direction ratios : If numbers a, b, care proportional to direction cosine I, m and n respectively of r’, then a, b, care called direction ratios of 7 tae “ aol Vector joining two points: If A (x,, yy, 21) and B (xy, yo, 2) are two points, then the vector joining A and B is the vector AB given by AB=(x,—x)i+,—w)it @—2pk Proof: AE=AO+0B. [By addition of vectors] eon oe ° BB- OB -TA= ei +yj+2,)-Gi tytn =, -2)i+,- mite -2pk pam Blea Yo 23) Aes yz) axle U 2 Pad 4 vy | (3) a m x m Ss w m =e 7 Components of a vector: If r=xi+yj+z2k then x, y, z are called scalar components of 7 and xf, yj, 2& are called vector components of 7” 8. If @ andb are the position vectors of two points A and B, then AB=b-a 9. asaitbjtek then |a|= farther. wo. a is any given vector thon unit vector in direction ie, a= 787 ja 11. (@ Collinearity of three points: Three points with position vectors a,b , ¢ are collinear, iff there exist scalars x, y,z not all zero such that xa+yb+zc=0, wherex+y+z=0. (Gi Coplanarity of three vectors: Let @ and be two given non-zero non-collinear, vectors. Then any vector F, coplanar with aandé can be uniquely expressed as F=xa+yb for some scalars x and y. 12. Section formula: () For internal division: The position vector of a point C, which divides Gai internally the line-segment joining two points A and B with position 7 3 ‘vectors @ and B in the ratio m:n (as figure given alongside) is given by mb+na mn (di) For external division: The position vector of a point C, which divides externally the line-segment joining two points A and B with position “8. [ee ee) [aa] Pes ea) 22 Ww [ud [e) pe VW) ke cs (e) a position vector of C= vectors @ and & in the ratio m : n (as figure given alongside) is given by - mb-na position vector of C= PINS, 13. Two vectors are said to be orthogonal if they are perpendicular to each other. 14. The dot product (scalar product) of two vectors @ and b is givenby @.b=|alé |cos8, where 0 is the angle between @ and b. 15. Properties of dot product of vectors: () @.0=0.a (commutativity) i) 7.8) = Qa).b=AG@.5), Aisa scalar (i) &.G+2)=4.6+9.6 (Distributive property) (iv) @.b=0 @ F=0,b=0 or a LE (0) ha sa,i taj tak and B =bi+b,j+byk, then a .b=0,b,+a,b,+ ashy gab os = = (a.0\> (vi) Projection of @ ond and projection vector of @ on b -(iRe z + [ad \~ (vii) Projection of & on and projection vector of ona (' ‘a vw. 18. 19. 7. and z-axis respectively. If is the angle between two vectors a= ab la cos The cross product or vector product of two vectors and b is given by @ 4xb=[a||é|sino4, where Gis the angle between @ and b and ft fis a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of @ and b and Wel oa thy tah Jabs atea? (e+ bPe be Ifa 1b, then @.b=0 +aa,+0,b, +c,c,=0, where #= 1 +e for a right handed rotation from @ to b . 1» la xB]=lal|é [sind and sind =) =-bxa ® Sa Sy .. Unit vector perpendicular to @ and 5 is Cosine formulae : Ifa, b, care lengths of the opposite sides respectively to the angles 4, Band C of a triangle ABC, then Bee-a be (i) cosA = a triangle ABC, then () a= bcosC+ceosB lab] lallél |. Properties of cross product of vectors: jax (ip cos 2 EF (ii) 6=ec0s A +acosC FSS i =f by .._ Area of a parallelogram, whose sides are represented by #5 is|a x3 | i =0, where i,j and & are unit vectors along x-axis, y-axis nitagj+ayb and B= 0146) +b, then +hjrqk and Faaiehj+oe where 0 is the angle between @ and b. . Area of parallelogram, whose diagonals are represented by i and bis 4a xB. .. Area of triangle, whose two sides are represented by @ and i is given by fexel. .. If F isa force applied at a point A, then moment of force about the point P is given by | AP x F |. i) wee Re . Projection formulae : Ifa, b, c are lengths of the sides opposite respectively to the angles A, B, C of Gi) c=acos B+ bcos A ag! = Pa | Vv) af oO a m cs ue < wo m a 29, Lagrange’s identity: [a x5['= SS syat a 5 Bat or @b)+ @ xb)? = [af BP 30. For any two vectors d@ and , we have olestPelatelefeatalel wo leet aflef—alaulél Gi lavé fala -@T az Pstef] @@ @+8).G -B=1af -16P Multiple Choice Questions Choose and write the correct option in the following questions. 1 4 & 6 a The value of the expression |a xB [ +(@.b) is @ as © [allel © lerer @ @.B) The area of a triangle formed by vertices O, A, B where OA = i +2) +3k and OB =-3i - 27+ is [CBSE 2020 (65/2/1)] (@) 3V5 [Link] (6) 55 sq. units (o) 65 [Link] — @) 45q. units If 0 is the angle between two vectors a and B then a .b >0 only when [CBSE 2023 (65/4/1)] @ 0<0<5 0s0s5 (0 Ot*z-7 25. Position vector of the mid-point of line segment AB is 3i +2j-3K.. If position vector of the point A is 2i +37 - 4k, then position vector of the point B is CBSE 2023 (65/2/1)] ()) 4+ j-2k © 5 @ 5-$*5 Projection of vector 21 +3) on the vector 31 -2j is {CBSE 2023 (65/2/1)) @o (e) 12 oF 27, The value of (i x j).j +(jxi).k is [CBSE 2023 (65/1/1)] (@2 (0 jl @-1 28. Ifa +b =i anda =2i -2j +26, then|i | equals [CBSE 2023 (65/1/1)] (a) Via 3 @ viz @ a7 Answers © 2@) 3. (b) 4e 5 6 @) 7.) 8.) 9. @) 10. (@) 1. @ 12.) 13. (d) 14.) 15. (©) 16. (a) 17. (©) 18. () 19. (d) 20. (a) 21. (@) 2. 0) 23. (c) 24. (d) 25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (b) Solutions of Selected Multiple Choice Questions a laxbl+@.8? =sin’0|a PBT +1 PBT coste Option (c) is correct. 2. Wehave, aT IEE (eine + cos*9) s. |OAx OB |= ¥(8)? + (10)? + (4)? = vE4+ 100 + 16 = 4/180 = 65 1, Area ofA OAB = 3|GA x08 |= 4 x 6/5 =3V5 sq. units 2. Option (a) is correct. 3s a.bz0 [|| Blcos8>0 = cos 020 Fela [=o] |>0) x =osast Option (b) is correct. icaitvageu,. AGE DI+G WE ‘Option (6) is correct. We have, BA= OA -OB =(i+2)-f)-(ai +4} +08) = =5F => [BAl=VQP+C2P+ ay = vaeaeT =3 direction cosines of BA are 2224 3° 3" 3 Option (b) is correct. . Here, a |=3,|b|=4anda .B=2y3 We know that, @.5=|2 [|B Jeos8 > => cos0= = Option (b) is correct. |. Given two vectors are 2i + pj + k and — 4i ~ 6} +266 are perpendicular to each other. 2x (-4)+px(6)+1%26=0 > -8-6p +26=0 > 18= 6p >p=3 Option (a) is correct. Let Tent tyjece = lafateyee eg Fae + Z 2 axiz|x y 2] =i@)-jC)+kCy = F-yk 1 0 0 Similarly, (7 xj) =22+2? and @xé) = +7? se Gxdts Gx pie Gxbtepe Pere 2e ve yartey +r) =2a[aa +. Option (@) is correct. . Wehave, Z+b+2= 0nd [7 (G+8+0).G+5+2)=0 = BPeRAR eA eee > Vereen, ethttitchnaditt = lets142@bebz+2a)=0 Option (¢) is correct. 2 28, Given projection of @ on & is zero. ie, a ia” = F.8=0 = abcos8=0 > cst00- Sais Angle between @ and b is > Option (a) is correct. Given, AB=i+j+2& and AC=3i-j+4k AD = }GB+72) (Since D is the mid point of BC) AD = Hitj+2kesi—j+a) = AD = Haisoi)= 21038 => AD = 21436 Option (4) is correct. G=aitajtak tb pth \d Bare collinear if =n > altajtagh= byl +O) +08) > + ay} +ayk = dbyi + b,j + Dbgk ‘Comparing, we get > Also > and > > Option (6) is correct. a= 61-3) +38 la |= 6? +(-2F +3? = 364449 = 49 = Option (0) is correct. We have, PQ =(4-2)7 + (4-14-74 DE PQ= 3j-6k * Unit wector along PQ Option (@) is correct. 25. Let ¢ be the position vector of mid point of AB and the position vector of A is 2/ +3) - 4& A(ai +3) —48) (ai +2) -38) (xi + yj + zk) _2tx 3ty zd =f Apts 2ana25*=- => 2+x263+y=dandz-4=-6 => x=6-2,y=4-3andz=-6+4 = 9 x=4,y=landz=-2 Position vector of B= 4i + j-2k +. Option (b) is correct. 26. Let a=243} and ». Projection of @ on =a. Ta lel=3 + Option (b) is correct. Assertion-Reason Questions The following questions consist of two statements—Assertion(A) and Reason(R). Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option given below: (@ Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A. (6) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation for A. © Ais true but Ris false. @ Ais false but Ris true. 14 2 4. Assertion (A): Direction cosines of vector @ =i +}-2K are OTe Te Reason (R): If vector 7 =ai+bj+ck then its direction ratios are wait where r Gi [Flava +e?+c. 2. Assertion(A): If (@ -6).(@+B)=0, then a and B are perpendicular. Reason (R): The projection of i +3) +hon 2i -3] +68 is -4. 3. Assertion(A): If @=3i-j+2K,b = 27 +3) +3k then ab Reason (R): If 7=a/-+a,j-+ajk then its magnitude [|= Va? +a2+ a. 4. Assertion (A) Reason (R): Cosine of the angle between two vectors @ and b is given by cos 5. Assertion(A): If |axb|=1and|a.5 f ee = 3 then the angle between @ and B is $ Reason (R): |@xB|=[a||6|sinOandla .6|=|2 [1B |cos0 Answers L@ 2@ 3. (b) 4@ 5. (a) Solutions of Assertion-Reason Questions 1. Wehave, a=i+j—2k . [RlevaP+aP+(2F = v6 Its direction cosines are 4. Ay ie v6" v6" v6 Clearly, both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). Hence, option (a) is correct. 2. @+6).G@-6)=0 = laf lef =0 = Ial=11 i then |@ 18 but a is not perpendicular to B So A is false statement. al ot ak 1 +3] +h).(2 ~ 3) + 6f The projection of +3} +Fon2f 9} +6f = +3 +8.2l 3 rat) VQr+3¥+(6F +6 7 Ris true statement Hence, option (d) is correct. 3 Wehave, d=3f-j+2fandi=2i +3) +38 7.8 =Gi-j+[Link]+3}+30 =3x2-1x342x3=9 Clearly, both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A). Hence, option () is correct. (2 +9} -8).(6i-3] +28) VOP+ QF +A. VO? +37 +Q)" _2e642%(-3)-1x2_ 4 3x7 21 Clearly, Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is true. Hence, option (d) is correct. 5. Wehave, la xb l=la lo |sin8 Ai) and [a8 |=[2 [lB |cos@ Ati) From “a we have lixBl _ sind lab] cos@ > V5 4. Wehave, cos! tan6 = tan@=tang = 0-7 Clearly, both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A) Hence, option (a) is correct. Case-based/Data-based Questions Each of the following questions are of 4 marks. 1. Read the following passage and answer the following questions. Solar panels have to be installed carefully so that the tilt of the roof, and the direction to the sun, ptoduice the largest possible electrical power in the solar panels. A surveyor uses his instrument to determine the coordinates of the four comers of a roof where solar panels are to be mounted. In the picture, suppose the points are labelled counter clockwise from the roof corner nearest to the camera in units of meters P; (6, 8,4), P) (21,8, 4), P3 (21, 16, 10) and P, (6,16,10), (0 Find the components to the two edge vectors defined by A'= PV of P, - PV of P, and B = PV of P,- PV of P, where PV stands for position vector. (ii) (a) Find the magnitudes of the vectors A and B . (b) Find the components to the vector N’, perpendicular to A and B and the surface of the roof. Sol. Given points are P, (6,8, 4), P, (21,8, 4), Ps (21, 16, 10) and P, (6, 16, 10). (i) Wehave, A = PV of P, - PV of P, = (211 +8) + 4k) (67 +8) + 48) A= 15i +0) +08 Components of A are 15,0, 0. and = PV of P, - PV of P, =(6i + 16j + 108) - (67 + 8) + 4k) = of +8) + 68 Components of 5 are 0, 8, 6. (i) @ We have, [a |= Va5F+ OF +0F [B]= voy + 8F + OF 100 = 10 units (b) We have, ~ i fiak N-AxB=|15 00 086 = i(0 - 0) — j (90-0) + (120-0) = 0] 907 + 120k Its components are 0, -90, 120. 2. Read the following passage and answer the following questions. Raghav purchased an air plant plant holder which is in shape of tetrahedron. Let A, B, C, Dbe the co-ordinates of the air plant holder where A = (1,2,,3), B= @, 2, 1), C= (2,1, 2),D=@,4, 3). > Prant i) Find the vector CD. (éii) (a) Find the unit vector along BC vector. OR (fi) (b) Find the area (ABCD). Sol. vA=(1,2,3),B=(,2,1,C=(,1,2,D=G,4,3) @ AB=08 -OA =@-1)i+@-2j+(-3)k=2i - 2k (i) @=OB -O€ =@-2)/+4-j+@-nh=t+g+e (ii) (@ » BC =OC - OB = 2-3) +-2j+Q-DF ax BC -i- jek ae = Ss lac] Yar+ar+? Git) () 2 BC =-7-j+k BD =OD -0B =(3-3)i+(4-2)j+@-k apr 2k +: BD and BD are adjacent sides of ABCD. _ ijk = BC xBD =|-1-1 1]=i(-2-2)- j(-2-0)+k(-2+0) = - 022 +. Atea of ABCD = FBC «BD | Rie is xvi6+4e4 Vcar+2?+ C2)? = 1 V24 = x2V6= V6 5q, units 1 Sol. 2 Sol. Sol. Sol. CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS Find a vector in the direction of vector 2j that has magnitude 7 units. [CBSE (AD) 2008] ‘The unit vector in the direction of the given vector @ is ie ip «te ox i= tG-%=ti ja Se Therefore, the vector having magnitude equal to 7 and in the direction of @ is 44; 75h Write the number of vectors of unit length perpendicular to both the vectors a= 2i+j+2k and b= jth [CBSE Central 2016) Number of vectors of unit length perpendicular to both vectors = 2, namely +(@ x5). Write the value of p for which @ = 3/+27+9% and b=i+pj+3k are parallel vector. [CBSE Delhi 2009) Since a || & , therefore a= Ab. => - ++ 9k NG pj+30. => A=3,2=2p,9=34 or 2=3, p= 3 [By comparing the coefficients} What is the cosine of the angle, which the vector /2i +) +f makes with y-axis? ICBSE Delhi 2010] We will consider a= V2? +j+k Sol. Sol. Sol. Sol. Sol. Unit vector in the direction of @ is ge—_Vaisiek Vea? + (y+ a? _v2bsp+k _v2isjek va 2 v2e ded fadjegl The cosine of the angle which the vector /2i+]+% makes with y-axisis (+). ula |=4,|b |=3anda.b= 6y3, then the valueofla x bl. [CBSE East 2016) We have, a.b=6/3 > > 4x3cos de Spe x 1 Now, |axb |=|a|-[0 [sind = 4x38in P= 4x35 Write the value of the area of the parallelogram determined by the vectors 2/ and 3}. (CBSE (F) 2012) 2x3 | =6lixf |=6|k Required area of parallelogram 6 sq units [Note: Area of parallelogram whose sides are represented by @ and b is| axb | ] Find the scalar components of the vector AB with initial point A, 1) and terminal point B(-5, 7). (CBSE (Al) 2012] Let AB = (5-2) + (7-1)j =-7i +6} Hence, scalar components are ~7, 6. [Note: If 7 = x?+ yj +2 then x, y, 2 are called scalar components and_xi, yj, 2 are called vector components.] For what value of a’ the vectors 2i ~3)+4& and ai + 6j— share collinear? [CBSE Deihi 2011] 2-3) + af and ai +6) -8€ are collinear. 2.73.4 2x6 28) 4 . pas 2S or a= > 3 4 INote:If @ andi are collinear vectors then the respective components of i andb are proportional.] Write the direction cosines of the vector-2i +] 3k. [CBSE Delhi 2011) Direction cosines of vector - 21+] -Sk are 2 1 5 year+ ees? Var + sca’ (Carer +csy? Note: If I, m,n are direction cosine of ai + bj +ck then. -then find |a. |. (CBSE South 2016) 10. If vectors @ and b are such that [a | Sol. Now, 5 | but ¢ 4b. [CBSE Sample Paper 2018] 11. Givean example of vectors @ and b such that | a Sol Leta=xi+uj; beyi+ap la |=yat+y?, [Bl =Vy?+2? Hence, @#i but |7]=[5 | 12. Find the unit vector in the direction of sum of vectors @ = 2i - j + kandb = 2) +k. . . INCERT Exemplar] Sol. Let € denotes the sum of @ andb. Wehave, C=a 4B =2i joke ajek=ai+j+2t “E_ tajeat _atajaok _oiejeat +. Unit vector in the direction of € =75>= ss ection fC Tg| Vas Ta v9 3 Very Short Answer Questions 2: Shaina ticny ewrotcmena Wel’ laid 8, [275 Ii [nT laid Sia pespeai cata vectors. [CBSE 2020 (65/3/1)} Sol. Wehave, la+él=la-é] = |aebfele-éf (Gquaring both sides) = [af +lef+21a Wi feose =lal +16 P 21a IB feos (Here 0 is the angle between vectors @ andb ) = lz [le leose=0 x = cos0= Fcosy 0-5 => @andB are perpendicular vectors. 2. The x-coordinate of a point on the line joining the point PQ, 2, 1) and Q(6, 1,-2) is 4. Find its z-coordinate. [CBSE (AD 20171 Sol. Let required point be R(4, 21) which divides PQ in ratio k: 1. By section formula 5k +2 fe ap > tae aK+2 P21) a. 1,-2) Sol. Sol. Sol. Sol. >k _2x(-2)+ixt “ 2ed -4+1 38 mia arene peopecenan on Zi 1 +4k on b = 2i+6j+3k is 4 units. [CBSE Delhi 2012] ‘We know that projection of @ on B= fi) Now, 4.6 =2A+6+12= 2A+18 also |B |=V22+62+3? = 443649 =7 Putting in (i), we get = 2hg8 aem-18 3 rats Find all the vectors of magnitude 3,3 which are collinear to vector + j +i. [CBSE 2023 (65/1/1)] Let @=1 +] + fie the given vectors a isjré la] Therefore, vectors of magnitude 3,3 which are collinear to vector i +} +& is given by Te 9 uit aE eg Lia jnk Tareareap tvs eti*) + Its unit vector a ava [e Fe (i+ j+h)]-a3(i+jed. If 7=3/~2) + 6%, find the value of (7 x j).(7 x &)-12. [CBSE 2023 (65/3/2)] Given 7=3i -2} +66 PMT = (Gi aj +68) Bix j-2xjrokxj = 3k-2x0+6x 61 + 3k and, (Fxj).(x@) -12=12-12=0 Kandi Yaru evo poiuis with position recioes 30+ ands ~ 8B respectively: Watkeihepotiiion vector of a point Z which divides the line segment XY in the ratio 2: 1 externally. (CBSE 2019 (65/4/1)) 7. Position vectors of the points A, B and Cas shown inthe figure beloware a,b and ¢ respectively. ee Aas ech —— * te 1¢ AG = 3 AB, express @ in terms of @ and B. [CBSE 2023 (65/1/1)] Sol. Given point A, B and C such that = —— AG) aah oi Let given position vectors of the points A, B and C are respectively Feayi+aj+ahbeb,i+b,j+bbandeecirejrok 3e 5 a4 *. Point C divides AB externally in the ratio 5:4 using section formula, we have Oyj + ok =(50,- 4a,) j + (5b, - 4a,’ )j + (5b — 405 )k 25(bi+b,j +,k)- 4(a,i +a,j +a,k) c=5b- 49 8. If |a| =a, then find the value of the following: ICBSE Bhubneshwar 2015] reverence Sol. Let @ makes angle a, 8, y with x, yand z axis. « [@xil=[@ [[Link]=asina similarly |@ xj |=asinB and |axé | =asiny c [aed P +] axj P +] ax (=a? sin’? a+ a? sin B +0? sin? y = a°[sin” a+ sin? B+ sin? 7] =a? [1 ~cos? a + 1- cos” B+ 1-cos?y] =a? [3-(cos? a + cos? + c0s"9)] ¥ P+ mtn =a(3-1 TOD | costa+ cost + costy= 1 = 20° 9, The vectors @ =3i +x) andb = 2i+j + yk are mutually perpendicular. If |a| = | 6], then find the value of y. [CBSE Bhubneshwar 2015] Sol. : @and® are mutually perpendicular. 7.Fa0 = Gits).Qi+j+y)=0 > 64x+0.y20 => 6+x=0 => x=-6 Again, |@|= |B] = yPee= Pet? => 9436 -6) = VB =V5+y => p=45-5 > y= 40 =£2y10 10. Sol. nL Sol. 2 Sol. 1B. Sol. ua. Sol. Find the value of @.b if| a|=10,|b|=2and| a xb|=16. [CBSE Guwahati 2015) : jaxbl=16 = |a| | Bisind=16 => 10x2sino=16 = sing= 1624 ~ “2075 = Find the vector of magnitude 6, which is perpendicular to both the vectors 2i-j+2k and 4i-j+3k. (NCERT Exemplar] Let 722i j+2kand Boa? j+ak So, any vector perpendicular to both the vectors @ and B is given by ijk 2 1. 2| 4-1 3] i(-3+2)- j(@-8)+k(-2+4) +2)+2k=F [say] A vector of magnitude 6 in the direction of 7 r i+2j+2k VP + P+? -2ieaj eat i +2] -3k and 6 = 3i—j +2k be two vectors. Show that the vectors (@ +5) and (@ -5) Let @ are perpendicular to each other. [CBSE 2019 (65/4/1)) Wehave a =i +2) Then, a@+b=4i : @ +b).@-b) =-8+34+5=0 > @+b)L@-B) and 5 j-kand a3 For any two vectors @ and b , prove that (a xb)? = [CBSE 2019 (65/5/3)] (@ sind ola 15. Find the area of a parallelogram whose adjacent sides are determined by the vectors j+3h and b= [CBSE 2023 (65/5/1)] Sol. Adjacent sides of parallelogram are = i(-1+21)—j0-6)4 7 +2) = 207 +5) 5k + Area of parallelogram = |a xb | = 207 +543 = 450 = 9252 = 15y/2 squunits 16. If 4,6,¢ arethree non-zero unequal vectors such that 4. = @.c, then find the angle between @andb -. [CBSE 2023 (65/2/1)1 Sol. Given a,b,c are three non-zero unequal vectors such that ab=ae => ab-ac=0 = a.(b-2)=0 => @ isperpendicular to (f ~2). Angle between @ and (fi ~¢)is 90° or, 17; Wie Gi peafocifon aha wecte Al na the vectoe A, where 2372} ibe tay at (CBSE 2021-22 (Term-2) (65/3/2)] Sol. projeeion “vp Gat) ow @ = & Bre) ‘Ree VAT GP apab). Cats Ty Wd Vpnswet Projection of URAC) wm: Ao t Short Answer Questions 1. If[a|=3,|b|=5,] ¢|=4 and a +b +¢=0, then find the value of (@.b +b .c +¢.a). [CBSE 2021-22 (Term-2) (65/3/2)] Sol. Tae} | te as cs Ee 4 SE a “ee aa exec ads Bae) Set a er + ha Y cae 2 1@1>y “@eyRte vee if 5 z Es qn ee (Pesta?) & a] BR). as i, — (2) Tr _ Puswel: Ob + bets -Coa = 2s ~ [Topper’s Answer 2022] 2. If @,b,¢ and d_are four non-zero verctors such that @xb=<¢ xd and a@x¢=4b xd, then show that (a ~2d) is parallel to (2b ~c) where a#2d,c#2b [CBSE 2021-22 (Term-2) (65/1/1)] 3 The scalar product of the vector a =i+j +k with a unit vector along the sum of the vectors 8 =2)+4)-5k and ¢=Ai +2] +3k is equal to 1. Find the value of A and hence find the unit vector along b +c. [CBSE 2019 (65/2/1)1 Sol. Wehave, b +0 =(2+4j—58)+(Ai+2)+38) 3 +7 =@+ni+g—2 bse | @+ni Wivedorofte— 88 _ GaN ed ak le+e] ~ Van? +36+4 = (+]+8. ((2+d)i +6j - 2k) Va+nF +40 > 24+6-2=\(24a) +40 > Rt 6=V@+A) +40 Squaring both sides, we have D2 412A 436= (2+)? +40= 4427+ 40440 > Bhedd-36=8 = deber 3 hel ot 2 Ia Be By putting the value of = 1, unit vector of b +2 = 3i+8}-2e 4. The two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are represented by 27-4) -5k and 2i+2)+3%. Find the unit vectors parallel to its diagonals. Using the diagonal vectors, find the area of the parallelogram also. (CBSE 2021-22 (Term-2) (65/1/1)) Sol. Let ABCD be a parallelogram with ‘AB = DC = 23 - 4} —5k and BC=AD=2i+2) +36 AC = AB +BC = 43 -3j - and BD =6j+8k 1 [AC |=2V6 and | BD |=10 Required unit vector d, and d, are 1 on "lo 6 8 5 | i 93j +208 | Jeet =2y101 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2022] 5. Leta, & and @ be three vectors such that la l-1, lel=2 and |e |=3. If the projection of B along @ is equal to the projection of ¢ along @ and b,< are perpendicular to each other, then find |3@ — 25 +2¢ |. [CBSE 2019 (65/3/1)] Sol. Given projection of & along a is equal to the projection of ¢ along a Sol. a Sol. Basta @ Also given BL¢ +b.2=0 alii) Now, [3a -26 +2¢P=olaP+alofealeP-2e.b-88.2+29.2 9x()?+4xQ)+4x@) 120.6 -8x04120.5 944x444 9=9416+36= 61 ly perpendicular vectors of equal magnitudes, show that the vector @ +b + is equally inclined to a,b andc - Also, find the angle which a +b +c makes with aorBore. [CBSE Delhi 2017] Let |] =| Bl=| ¢]=x(say) Cand Pade Now, |atb+cf? =@+b+c).@@+b+c) G40. b+a c+h ash B40 +6 a te.b +e 2404+0+0+27+0+04+0+27=3x" 3x Let @,, 8, and @;be the angles made by (v'+b+c)witha’,b and’ respectively. a@+0+c) _a.as2 Peace _ +040 2 cos0= 7 1 lal.|atb+el xB vax" 1 1 similariy @,=cos"(Jz) and 8, cos( 5) = 0,=e0s" 5 ie, @+b+c) is equally inclined with a,b andc. If a=i+j+k and b=} —&, then find a vector ¢ such that axe =6 anda.c=3. ICBSE Deihi 2008, 2013] Let Ceaqi+e)-+ege .Then, Qi + G-ei + - eh & 2 GO FG-Qite-gh=j > B-G=0Gq- and ¢,-¢,=-1 afi) Also, G.0=6+)+8.@itaj+e0 = Pobgeery => 4tgtg=3 lif) > 4tetg-l 8 Sol. 9% Sol. 10. Sol. > wWrg=4 On solving ¢,—¢, = Land 24 +c, = 4, we get and oi If a+b+e=0 and|a|=3,|6|=5 and|z|=7 then show that the angle between a and b is 60°. ICBSE Delhi 2008, 2014] atbee > 3S @+H.@+HHCE = lalePeané lee > 9425428. b=49 => %.b=49-25-9 > > 30cos@ = 15 = > 0-60" 44] +28,B =3i 2) +78 and =2i-j+4k. Find a vector p which is perpendicular to both @ andb and p.c=18. {CBSE (AD) 2012] Given, T=i+4)+26 B=! 2} +7k S221 — jak vite? epapemacanre van Tana? 12,7 epaamal eer Sed Since p isparallelto axb => p=y(32i-j-146) Also, p.c=18 = 0 B2i- 7-148. 2? —j +46 => (6441-56)=18 > 9p=18 or p= * p=2(2i- 7-148 =64i- 2j- 286 Tha aR ee aoa eae is jo Eee eRe eT vectors 2/+4)—siand \i+2} +36 is equal toy/2.. Find the value of 1. [case @) 2013) Let a=f4j+k beaieg—sb Coneajeat Pea GGA j= bee 265) "Ieee Teel = b+ Ze@enieg—e loc ]= Veen? +6? + (2)? = Vat +4h+ 3644 = V+ Ad ema | 2 Pe 5 2 5 : => axecy=| 1 1 1) =C2-6F-C2-2-Nj+6-2-Wk =-87 +44} +G-AE 2+r 6 -2| 11 Sol. 2 Sol. Putting it in (), we get 8i+4+Nj+4-WI v8)? +@+d)?+ 4-2)? 7 - 7 v2 Piteruerrs VA HAA Squaring both sides, we get GA 16+N+BAF16+N-8A_, _, _9642N? Nae a eae > fe > oh Show that the points A, B, C with position vectors 2i-j+k,i-3j-5k and 3i -4j-4k respectively, are the vertices of a right-angled triangle. Hence find the area of the triangle. (CBSE (AI) 2017) Given, position vector of A =2-j+k 3} -5k position vector of C = 31 ~ 4j - 4k position vector of B => AB=-4-2of-6k; AC=i-3j-se and BC=28-j+k Now, |ag[=[Link]=1+4+36=41; ac [ = 149425 =35; [BC [ =4+14+1=6 ee [aBl=|ACT +1BCP > 4, B, Care the vertices of right triangle. fii # Now, ABxAC=|-1 -2 -6| =i(10-18)- j(S+6)+k(3 +2)=-8/ -117 +5k 13 3] [AB x AC |= (-8)?+ (11)? + 5? = 644121 +25 = /210 1 sr aoey _ V'210 ‘Area (AABC)=5|AB x AC| =~3—sq. units 2 Alternate method to find area: 210 2 Find a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of triangle ABC, where the coordinates of its vertices are AG, -1, 2), BC, -1, -3) and C44, -3, D. ICBSF Bhubaneshwar 2015] Area of AABC = ae | = pev35 x06 sq. units Here, AB=(1-3)i+(-1+1)j+3-2k =-2+0.j-st B(1,-1,-3) =-10i-2+5)j+4-0k = 101 7 + 4k Since, AB AC is perpendicular to both AB and AC. 1B. Sol. cra Sol. = AB XAC is perpendicular to the plane of triangle ABC. x Required vector = AB* ACE AB x AC | ~10i - 7] +4k . SS 104 ~ 7) + 48 Voit eniee es 1-71) =; 73, 45 viene! *ne* Find the area of a parallelogram ABCD whose side AB and the diagonal AC are given by the vectors 34+ j +4k and 4i +5k respectively. ICBSE (F) 2017] Here, BC= BA +AC =-AB+AC j-ak+ai 5k WB =8e =i jek 2. Area of parallelogram = |AB x AD | ‘ p ijk =|/3 1 4// fad =|a+9i-@-4j+(3-nil = [5+ ja (+1416 = VB sq, units Ifa 3k then express B in the from of b = b1+b2,where br is parallel to @ and ba is perpendicular to @ {CBSE (AD) 2017] 71 + 2] - 3k) - (2Ni Dj - 20k) +2] -3k-2Ai + Aj +206 =(7-2Ni+2+Nj-B-2WE Itis given that b2 is perpendicular to 7. => b..a=0 > @-2)2-2+4).14+G-M)2=0 = 4-4,-2-44 6-420 = 4+8=0 > a-% 2 Hence, bi = 4i - 2] - 4k; Braai+ajrk Now, 7i+3)-3k= Gi -2)-a) +@i+4j+bie, Bedy+b, 15. Given that vectors a,b,¢ form a triangle such that a=b+¢ Find p, q, 1, s such that area of triangle is 56 sq. units where a= pi + qj+rk,b=si+3j+4k and c=3i+j-2k. [CBSE (South) 2016] Sol. Given, @=5+2 > pltgtrkaGigj+at+@l+j-26 g => pitgj+rk=(6+3)i+4j+2% Equating the co-efficient of i, j, & from both sides, we get x 2 > s+3=p;q=4 and @ Now, area of triangle = $]ix¢ | Z . . i fiely . . . Es 5v6=5 | |s 3 4|[= 7-6-4 i-C2s-19j+ 6-94] 31-2 = FV IOP+ Qs# 12)? + (6-9)? = F100 ds" = 14H + As 5 81185 5 5ye=f/525 +552 +305 Squaring both sides = 180 = $.25+557+30s) = 600-325 = 53" + 30s > > > From (i) and (i) -11,5; p =-8,8; q =4 and r=2 16. If @and B are unit vectors, then what is the angle between @ and b for a-\/2 b tobea unit vector? ICBSE South 2016] Sol. Given, a@—/25 is an-unit vector. 2 ed —— = |a-v2b|-1 =|a-y25| (Squaring both sides) ai oe > = > > 17. The two vectors j+kand 31 -7+4K represent the two side vectors AB and AC respectively Sol. 18. Sol. of triangle ABC. Find the length of the median through A. Here, AB=j+kand AC=ai jak BC=BA+AC = -AB+AC Si+3k Longth of AD= [aD |=y/(3) +(3) = units =F anaz : 5 183 If ,B andé determine the vertices of a triangle, show that 2(6 xz [CBSE (F) 2015] A & safeai D c 42nd +d xB) gives the vector area of the triangle. Hence, deduce the condition that the three point @,5 and Z are collinear. Also, find the unit vector normal to the plane of the triangle. Since a,b and ¢ are the vertices of a AABC as shown. 2. Area of AABC = 4/AB x AC| Now, AB =b -@ and AC = -@ » Area of ABC = ${G -a)x(@ -@)] = BIG x2)-@ xa)-@x2)+@xa)| = ANG x2)+@xB)+E xa)+8] =FG <2) +@x0)+Exa)| @ For three points to be collinear, area of the AABC should be equal to zero. = MB xo+2xF+7xB)=0 > Bxe+exd+axb=0 ii) This is the required condition for collinearity of three points @, f and ¢. Let fi be the unit vector normal to the plane of the ABC. AB AC [AB x AC] _ PES laxb+bxc+exal INCERT Exemplar] la xb] 19, Show that area of the parallelogram whose diagonals are given by @ and b is “5. Also, find Sol. Sol. the area of the parallelogram, whose diagonals are 2i-j+kandi+3j-k. [NCERT Exemplar] Let ABCD be a parallelogram such that Hapata7j = Beep 6 6 By triangle law of addition, we get z Pouce Hnpe Gud [say]. Lao Similarly, ID=-7+7=5 [say] i) Fs 7 On adding equation (i) and (ii), we get 1G +5) On subtracting equation (i) from equation (i), we get i+he2g 3 je a-b=% = p-}@-3) da xB] So, area of a parallelogram ABCD = |p xq |= Now, area of a parallelogram, whose diagonals are 2i-j+kandi+3j-k =B(2i-7+8)x(i+3}-B| | = Alfa -3)-je2-1)+ 6+) | ly Sato 49 ICBSE (F) 20161 C= bd 2 ib B+ ed ed = yd =6 [By left and right distributive law] [v @xb=-Bxa] [By right distributive law] @-a) || @-2) 21. Using vectors, prove that the points (2, ~1, 3), (3, -5, 1) and (-1, 11, 9) are collinear. [CBSE 2019 (65/5/3)] [NCERT] Sol. Let A (2,-1,3), BG,-5, 1) and C(-1, 11, 9) are three points. To show that A, B, C are collinear. AB=(@-2)i+(5+j+0-9k=i-4j-26 = laBl= VP yaya and BC=(-1-3/f+C1+9)+0-Yk=-ai +1 +8h = [BC] = a+ (16)? + (8)? = 4y/21 and AC=(-1-2)7+(11+1)7+ 9-3) = Bi +13) + 6k => — [aC] = V3)? +02)? + ©? =3/0 [aC [+148 |=|3C | = A,B, Care collinear: eT elemima tla es § Objective Type Questions 1. Choose and write the correct option in each of the following questions. () If a6 = 42 |B], then the angle between a and é is [CBSE 2020 (65/4/1)) @o 30° (©) 60° @ 90° (ii) Leta and b be two unit vectors and @ is the angle between them. Then +5 is unit vector if @ is x x © on Fs OF OF oF (iif) The magnitude of the vector 6 +2) +34 is INCERT Exemplar] @s 7 (o) 12 @1 (io) Let 2= 7-2} +38. 16 B isa vector such that a.5=|é[ and|a 2 |= v7 then |i | equals [CBSE 2020 (65/4!2)) @7 (14 0% @2 pa ee Pay ©) tflaxb|=4 and |. |=2 then [af LET is equal to @2 we (8 @ 20 (vi) The value of p for which p(i+}+&) isa unit vector is CBSE 2020 (65/3/1)) 1 (ao ® Be (1 @ v3 = Conceptual Questions 2. If |a|=v3,|B|=2 and angle between @ and b is 60°, then find @.5. ICBSE (AD 2008] 3 4. 8 10. a 2. 1B. cra 15. Find the sum of the vectors @ -2j +k, b=-21+4)+5€ and ¢=i-6)-7k. (CBSE Delhi 2012) Find the angle between two vectors @ and with magnitudes 1 and 2 respectively and when laxb |= v3. [CBSE Delhi 2009) Find a vector of magnitude /171, which is perpendicular to both of the vectors a= i +2)-3% and b= 38 -j+2k. [CBSE Ajmer 2015] Write the distance of the point (3, -5, 12) form X-axis. [CBSE ) 2017) If @ a =Oanda = 0, then what can be concluded about the vector #. [CBSE ) 2011) If a= 4i -j+Kandb=2i-2)+& then find a unit vector parallel to the vector a +b. [CBSE (North) 20161 Ifa= 21+] +3kand b =3i +5) - 2K, then find| a xb] [CBSE Panchkula 2015) Ifa unit vector @ make angles-y with, with j and an acute angle @ with &, then find the value of 8. [CBSE Delhi 2013} Ina triangle OAC, if Bis the mid-point of side AC and OA =2,0B =, then what is OC. [CBSE Ajmer 2015) If|@ xB? +| @ 6) =400 and| a|=5, then write the value of |b]. [CBSE (F) 2016) If a,b and é are mutually perpendicular unit vectors, then find the value of |2@+6+é|. [CBSE Allahabad 2015] Find a unit vector in the direction of = 3i ICBSE Delhi 2008} ‘Write a vector of magnitude 9 units in the direction of vector -2/ + j + 2k. {CBSE (AT) 2010) = Very Short Answer Questions 16. 7. 18, 19. 21. Find a vector of magnitude § units and parallel to resultant of the vectorsa = 2/ +3/-kand Bai-2j+k. [CBSE Allahabad 2015) For any three vectors a,b and ¢, find the value of ax (B+ ¢) + Bx(¢+a)+ cx (a+b). [CBSE (F) 2073) Find | |, if for a unit vector a (& -a).@+a)=15. [CBSE (F) 2010) If@ and& are twounit vectors such that @ +5. isalsoa unit vector, then find the angle between @andb. ICBSE (AD 2014] Find a vector 7 equally inclined to the three axes and whose magnitude is 33 units [CBSE 2020 (65/2/1)1 Find the angle between unit vectors @ and so that /3 a -B is also a unit vector. [CBSE 2020 (65/2/1)1 22, Find |a [andi | if|a |= 2b land (2+5).(a -b) = 12 [CBSE 2020 (65/4/1)] 23. Find the unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors d= 4i +3] +k and b= 2i —j+2k. [CBSE 2020 (65/4/1)] = Short Answer Questions 24, Find a unit vector perpendicular to both of the vectors a+b anda -b where a=i+j+k, Bai+2j+3k [CBSE (F) 2014) 25. If p=5i+)j—3kandq =i+3j-5k then find the value of X, so that p+qandp-q are perpendicular vectors. ICBSE (AD 20131 26. Let a=i+4j +2k, =3)-2]+7k and ¢=2/ -j +4. Finda vector d’ which is perpendicular to both @ and b and ¢.d =27. [CBSE Ajmer 2015) 27. For three vectors @,B and ¢ if axB = ¢ and ax mutually perpendicular vectors, |. BR. The two edjeccnt sides of e pasellclogren are 214) —56 and 240) ea0 Find the two unit vectors parallel to its diagonals. Using the diagonal vectors, find the area of the parallelogram ICBSE (Central) 2016] = 5, then prove that a,b and @are Jand |a|=1 CBSE Sample Paper 2015] 29. Find the angle between the vectors @+B and @—B if a~2i—j+3k and b= 3i+j—2¢ andhence find a vector perpendicular toboth a+b and a-B. [CBSE (East) 2016} 30. Ifa =2'+j-kb=4i-7) +, finda vectore such thata xe =b and a@.c= [CBSE () 20171 31. If @=2+2)+3k and b= 2/ +47-5k represent two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, find unit ‘vectors parallel to the diagonals of the parallelogram. [CBSE 2020 (65/5/11 32. Using vectors, find the area of the triangle ABC with vertices A(1, 2,3), B(2,-1, 4) and C(4, 5, -1). [CBSE 2020 (65/5/1), Dethi 2017) 33. If @ and & are two vectors, then prove that |a —B| i+2)+h b= 3i+2)-7k and o: 34. Given that @ See oe) wey tra ax (bxe) = (a.c)b - @. bye. 35. Find a vector whose magnitude is 3 units and which is perpendicular to the following two vectors: a=3i+j—4& B=6i +5) -26 Answers LOO @ @ (i) (b) MO O® @) 23 i 5, i-11j-7k 6. 13 units 7. B may be any vector 8. F(6i—3)+ 28) 9. (507 1. ni mb-2 [bl=4 14. HGi-2) +68) 15, -61 +3) +66

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