STUDY ON HERBAL NANAOSIDE DISPERSION USING TEA GREEN

IN EXTRAXT FOR ENHANCED ANTIOXIDANT DELIEVERY

AGENING SKIN

Project Report

Bachelor of Pharmacy

By

[Link]

Roll No.: 2204120095

School of Medical & Allied Sciences

K.R. MANGALAM UNIVERSITY
Sohna Road Gurugram, Haryana, India
December 2025

K.R. Mangalam University

 DECLARATION

I, Tannu Roll Number 2204120095 hereby declare that the work presented in the
report entitled “STUDY ON HERBAL NANAOSIDE DISPERSION USING
TEA GREEN EXTRAXT FOR ENHANCED ANTIOXIDANT DELIEVERY
IN AGENING SKIN”, submitted at the School of Medical and Allied Sciences,
K.R. Mangalam University, Gurugram, in fulfilment of the requirement for the
practice

The work presented in this report has not been submitted by me in any form (part
or full) for any other degree or Diploma to this University or elsewhere.

I further declare that, if my report is found copied or comes under plagiarism,

copyright violation or any legal dispute arises at any stage of time, I will be solely
responsible for it.

Date:

TANNU

Roll No. 2204120095

K.R. Mangalam University

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify the research work presented in the project report entitled ““S TUDY
ON HERBAL NANAOSIDE DISPERSION USING TEA GREEN EXTRAXT
FOR ENHANCED ANTIOXIDANT DELIEVERY IN AGENING SKIN "
is performed by (Tannu with roll no. 2204120095), a Bonafide student at School of
Medical & Allied Sciences, K. R. Mangalam University, Gurugram, in partial
fulfillment of practice school project work. This work is original and has not been
published/submitted for any degree in this University or any other University.

Signature of Student Signature of Mentor

Signature of Prog. Coordinator Seal& Signature

Dean, SMAS

K.R. Mangalam University

 Table of Contents

[Link] CONTENT PAGE NO

1 Introduction 1-10

2 Aim and Objective 11

3 Literature review 12-14

4 Methodology 15- 18

5 Outcomes 19

6 Summary and conclusion 20-21

7 Plagiarism 22

8 References 23- 27

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Tannu, 2025 Project Report

ABSTRACT

Study on green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract into nanosized dispersions offers a promising
strategy to enhance antioxidant delivery to ageing skin, where oxidative stress and
extracellular matrix degradation drive wrinkles, loss of firmness and barrier dysfunction.
Conventional topical antioxidants suffer from poor solubility, instability and limited stratum-
corneum permeation, whereas nanocarriers such as nano emulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles,
nanostructured lipid carriers, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, nanogels and nano-
hydrogels can encapsulate catechin-rich green tea extracts, protect them from environmental
degradation and improve their partitioning into epidermal and dermal layers. This review
focuses on the formulation and characterization of a green-tea-loaded herbal nano dispersion
using a simple hot homogenization approach based on stearic acid, Tween 80, glycerin and
xanthan gum, generating sub-micron solid-lipid–type particles suitable for topical
application. Different classes of nano dispersions are discussed on both structural (nano
emulsions, SLN/NLC, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, nanoemulgels) and composition
bases (organic, inorganic, carbon-based and hybrid systems), highlighting their respective
roles in enhancing solubility, stability, skin penetration and controlled release of
epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and related catechins. The advantages of these systems
—including improved dermal deposition, prolonged residence time, reduced transepidermal
water loss and tunable release kinetics—are linked to key anti-ageing outcomes such as
reduced oxidative damage, inhibition of matrix-metalloproteinases and support of collagen
integrity. The article further details mechanisms of action of green-tea nanodispersions in
skin, major cosmetic and dermatological applications (anti-ageing, photoprotection,
hydrating and barrier-repair products, anti-acne and anti-cellulite formulations), recent
developments in advanced and green nanoencapsulation technologies, and future perspectives
on smart, personalized and regulatory-ready nanocosmeceuticals. A brief patent landscape of
green-tea-related extraction, stabilization and formulation technologies is provided to
contextualize translational potential and intellectual-property considerations. Overall, green-
tea-based herbal nanodispersions

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emerge as versatile and scientifically grounded platforms for next-generation anti-ageing

skincare, warranting further optimization and robust clinical evaluation

Keywords: Green tea nanodispersions, EGCG delivery, Anti-ageing skin, Hot

homogenization, Nanocarriers

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Introduction

1.1 Background
Skin aging is not a singular event but a cumulative process driven by two distinct mechanisms:
intrinsic (chronological) and extrinsic (photoaging) factors. Intrinsic aging is an inevitable
physiological process governed by genetics and hormonal changes, resulting in fine wrinkles
and thin, dry skin. Extrinsic aging, conversely, is caused by environmental aggressors,
primarily Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, pollution, and lifestyle factors. At the molecular level,
both aging pathways converge on oxidative stress. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), such as
superoxide anions () and hydroxyl radicals (), are generated during mitochondrial respiration
and exacerbated by UV exposure. When ROS production exceeds the capacity of endogenous
antioxidants (e.g., glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase), cellular damage occurs.
ROS triggers the activation of the AP-1 and NF-κB signaling pathways. This leads to the
upregulation of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs), specifically MMP-1 (collagenase) and
MMP-3 (Strome lysin), which degrade Type I and Type III collagen. Simultaneously, ROS
impairs TGF-β signaling, halting new collagen synthesis. Clinically, this manifests as deep
wrinkles, laxity, and hyperpigmentation.

Green tea is a rich source of polyphenols known as catechins. The four major catechins
are:

1. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) – The most abundant and bioactive

(approx. 50-60% of total catechins).

2. (-)-Epigallocatechin (EGC)

3. (-)-Epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG)

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4. (-)-Epicatechin (EC)

EGCG possesses a galloyl moiety that allows it to neutralize free radicals effectively and
chelate metal ions (like Iron and Copper) that catalyze oxidative reactions. Many
Physicochemical Barriers to Delivery of green tea formulation for topic use is
challenging

• Chemical Instability: EGCG is highly susceptible to oxidation and epimerization.

Exposure to light, oxygen, or alkaline pH (>6.0) causes rapid degradation, turning
the product brown and inactive.

• Permeation Issues: The stratum corneum is a lipophilic barrier designed to keep

water in and foreign substances out. Catechins are hydrophilic (water-loving)
molecules with high molecular weights, making passive diffusion through the lipid-
rich skin barrier remarkably difficult.

To bridge the gap between potent chemistry and poor delivery in anti-aging skincare,
nanotechnology introduces nano dispersions, which are colloidal systems with particle sizes
from 10 to 500 nm, enhancing surface area contact with the skin and enabling penetration
via follicular and intercellular routes. Nanoemulsions serve as isotropic mixtures of oil,
water, and surfactants, where lipophilic extracts like green tea are encapsulated in oil-in-
water (O/W) droplets or hydrophilic ones in water-in-oil (W/O) droplets, protecting actives
from degradation while their tiny 20–200 nm size ensures uniform coverage and deep
follicular penetration. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) improve on this by using solid lipids

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such as stearic acid or beeswax, solid at room and body temperature, entrapping drugs in a
stable matrix that limits active ingredient mobility, thereby slowing oxidation and enhancing
chemical stability, though storage can lead to lipid crystal perfection and drug expulsion.

Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), the next evolution of SLNs, blend solid and liquid
lipids to form imperfect crystal structures with gaps that boost green tea extract payload
capacity and prevent expulsion during storage, making them ideal for cosmeceuticals.
Polymeric nanoparticles employ biocompatible materials like chitosan or PLGA, with
chitosan's mucoadhesive properties opening skin tight junctions for better entry, while
nanogels—cross-linked hydrogel networks—swell in water and release EGCG selectively
under triggers like inflamed skin pH changes. These nanodispersions boost anti-aging via
occlusion and hydration, where lipid particles form adhesive films reducing transepidermal
water loss (TEWL) for greater permeability; the Kelvin effect from nanoscale size
increases saturation solubility and diffusion gradients for catechins; and a depot effect
accumulates them in furrows and follicles for 24–48 hour sustained release against
stressors.

Preclinical and clinical data underscore their edge over conventional creams, such as
liposomal EGCG achieving fourfold deeper dermal penetration than free solutions, NLC-
loaded green tea creams reducing wrinkle depth by 18% in 28 days among 30 women
versus 6% for non-nano controls, and nanoemulsions curbing UV-induced erythema more
effectively. Integrating green tea extract into these systems overcomes solubility and
stability hurdles, unlocking EGCG's full potential in a paradigm shift for skincare. Future
directions include green synthesis using tea extracts to reduce metal ions sans toxic
solvents, smart ROS-triggered release, and hybrid lipid-polymer setups for dual
mechanisms.

1.2. Types of nano dispersion

A. Types of Nanodispersions based on Physical Structure

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• Nanoemulsions: These consist of oil and water droplets (20–150 nm) created through
high-energy methods like ultrasonication. Their small size helps fluidize the lipid
layers of the stratum corneum, allowing for better penetration into hair follicles and
the epidermis.

• Microemulsions: Unlike nanoemulsions, these form spontaneously through low-

energy processes (such as phase inversion) and are thermodynamically stable. They
are particularly effective at loading high concentrations of hydrophilic EGCG and
spreading easily on the skin.

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) These
carriers utilize lipid cores to improve stability and skin hydration.

• SLNs: These are formed using solid lipids (e.g., beeswax or stearic acid) to create
a solid matrix around the catechins. This structure provides an occlusive effect that
boosts skin hydration and allows for sustained release.

• NLCs: Developed to overcome the limitations of SLNs, NLCs incorporate liquid

oils into the solid lipid matrix. This "imperfect" crystal structure prevents the drug
from being expelled during storage and allows for higher drug loading (>80%),
making them superior for stabilizing EGCG.

Polymeric Nanoparticles and Nanogels These systems rely on polymers for targeted
delivery.

• Polymeric Nanoparticles: Made from biodegradable materials like Chitosan or

PLGA, these particles (50–200 nm) can be engineered to be pH-responsive. This
allows them to release antioxidants specifically in the acidic microenvironment of
inflamed or photo-damaged skin.

• Nanogels: These are crosslinked hydrogel networks (e.g., Hyaluronic acid) that
swell with water. They combine the biocompatibility of gels with the delivery
capabilities of nanoparticles, offering controlled diffusion of catechins.

Liposomes and Ethosomes These are vesicular systems that mimic cell membranes.

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• Liposomes: Phospholipid vesicles that encapsulate hydrophilic EGCG in an

aqueous core. They fuse with skin lipids to deliver actives without causing irritation.

Ethosomes: A modification of liposomes containing 20–50% ethanol. The ethanol

• disrupts the tightly packed stratum corneum, allowing the vesicles to penetrate
much deeper (up to 3-fold) than standard liposomes.

Nanoemulgels and Nano-Hydrogels These are hybrid systems designed to improve

application and stability.

• Nanoemulgels: A nanoemulsion incorporated into a gel base. This combines the

high penetration of the emulsion with the stickiness (bioadhesion) of the gel,
ensuring the active ingredients remain in contact with the skin for 24–48 hours.

• Nano-hydrogels: Nanostructures embedded within a swollen matrix to improve

spread ability and responsiveness to temperature or pH triggers.

B. Classification by Chemical Composition

To ensure safety and regulatory compliance (such as EU SCCS standards), nanodispersions
are also classified by the material used to make them.

• Organic Nanodispersions: These are the dominant type in cosmetics due to their
high biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ability to mimic natural skin lipids.
They typically offer high entrapment efficiency (>80%) for green tea catechins.
They include:
➢ Lipid-based: Nanoemulsions, SLNs, and NLCs (provide occlusion

and stability).
➢ Polymer-based: Nanoparticles and Nanogels (provide pH-

responsive release).
➢ Vesicular: Liposomes (provide epidermal deposition).

• Other Classes (Less common for direct anti-aging actives):

➢ Inorganic: Metal oxides (e.g., Silica, TiO2).
➢ Carbon-based: Graphene or fullerenes.
➢ Composite/Hybrid:
Combinations of theabove to maximize
stability and mechanical strength.

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Table 1: Types of nano dispersion

Composition
Sub-Types & Examples Primary Skin Benefit
Type

Lipids (SLN/NLC), Polymers High biodegradability and excellent

Organic
(Nanogels) permeation.

Metal Oxides (Silica, Structural stability; mainly used for

Inorganic
$TiO_2$) UV protection.

Carbon-based Graphene Oxide, Fullerenes Synergistic ROS scavenging.

Multifunctional release profiles (Burst

Composite Lipid-Polymer Nanoemulgels
+ Sustained).

1.3. Advantages of Nanodispersions

The transition from conventional formulations to nano dispersed systems addresses the
fundamental physicochemical limitations of green tea catechins.

Enhanced Solubility and Bioavailability:

Green tea catechins, particularly EGCG, suffer from poor aqueous solubility and low
bioavailability. Nanodispersions address this by solubilizing these lipophilic actives within
oil droplets or lipid matrices. This approach achieves drug loading capacities up to 10 times
higher than conventional emulsions. Furthermore, the reduced particle size (<200 nm)
exploits the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, allowing the antioxidants to
penetrate 3 to 5 times more effectively into the photo-aged dermal layers where oxidative
damage is most severe.

Protection from Degradation:

Polyphenols are chemically labile and degrade rapidly upon exposure to light, oxygen, or
metabolic enzymes. Nanocarriers, such as SLN cores or polymeric shells, encapsulate the
active ingredients, shielding them from environmental stressors.

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Shelf-Life: Encapsulation extends stability by 6–12 months under accelerated storage

conditions.

Efficacy: Lipid matrices (specifically NLCs) limit oxygen exposure, preserving over 90%
of antioxidant activity (confirmed via DPPH assays) ensuring that therapeutic levels reach
the skin.

Improved Penetration and Retention: Nanodispersions facilitate delivery through two

main mechanisms: fluidizing the lipids in the stratum corneum to aid intercellular diffusion,
and shunting actives through hair follicles (follicular targeting).

Depot Effect: Unlike free solutions that clear in minutes, nanocarriers can be retained in
the skin for up to 48 hours.

Hydration: Lipid-based carriers form an occlusive film on the skin surface. This reduces
Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL) by 20–30%, improving skin hydration.

Deposition: Ex vivo studies using Franz diffusion cells demonstrate a 4-fold increase in
dermal deposition, maximizing local efficacy while minimizing systemic absorption and
irritation.

Controlled and Sustained Release A critical advantage of nanodispersions is the ability

to engineer tunable release profiles. These systems often exhibit a biphasic release
pattern: an initial "burst release" that provides immediate quenching of Reactive Oxygen
Species (ROS), followed by a prolonged, steady release governed by diffusion or matrix
erosion.

Duration: Therapeutic catechin concentrations (typically 1–5 μM) can be maintained for
24–72 hours.

Mechanisms: Release is controlled via matrix relaxation or stimuli-responsive triggers

(e.g., changes in skin pH or hydration levels).

Kinetics: In vitro studies fitting the Higuchi model confirm that these systems often
achieve zero-order release kinetics, which is superior to conventional gels. This steady
release profile prevents the "concentration spikes" that cause skin irritation and allows for
reduced dosing frequency.

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Nanoemulgels: By incorporating nanoemulsions into a 3D polymeric network, these

formulations combine shear-thinning properties (for easy spreading) with bioadhesion,
making them ideal for daily anti-aging serums.

1.4. Applications of Green Tea Nanodispersions

The improved stability, permeation, and release profiles of nanodispersed green tea have
enabled its use across a broad spectrum of cosmetic and dermatological categories.

1. Anti-Aging and Skin Rejuvenation Nanodispersed catechins are central to modern

anti-aging creams and serums. By delivering antioxidants directly to the dermal-epidermal
junction, these formulations neutralize ROS and stimulate collagen synthesis. Clinical
studies indicate that regular application leads to measurable improvements in skin
microrelief, firmness, and elasticity, significantly outperforming non-nano formulations.

2. Adjunctive Photoprotection While not a replacement for UV filters, green tea

nanodispersions serve as critical biological photoprotectors in sunscreens. High localized
concentrations of EGCG in the upper epidermis attenuate UV-triggered inflammatory
cascades (such as the NF-κB pathway). This reduces erythema, lipid peroxidation, and
DNA damage, offering protection against photo-immunosuppression even when the SPF
barrier is breached.

3. Therapeutic Moisturizers and Barrier Repair Formulations combining lipid

nanocarriers with humectants are ideal for dry, atopic, or mature skin. The occlusive film
restores the compromised skin barrier, while the anti-inflammatory properties of catechins
soothe redness and irritation. These are increasingly used in toners and post-procedure gels
to calm the skin.

4. Acne Management and Sebum Regulation EGCG possesses significant antimicrobial

activity and the ability to regulate sebum production (likely via 5-alpha-reductase
inhibition). Nanodispersions effectively target the pilosebaceous unit, delivering the
active ingredient deep into the hair follicle where acne originates. This helps control
oiliness and pore size without the harsh drying effects associated with conventional acne
treatments like benzoyl peroxide.

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5. Body Contouring and Anti-Cellulite Systems Novel chitosan-lipid nanoparticles loaded

with green tea are being explored for body sculpting. When combined with caffeine, catechins
promote lipolysis (fat breakdown) and improve microcirculation in subcutaneous tissue. In
vivo models suggest these formulations can reduce adipocyte size and fat layer thickness,
offering a non-invasive option for cellulite reduction.

6. Trichology (Hair and Scalp Care) Nanodispersions are emerging in scalp tonics and
shampoos to combat hair thinning and dandruff. By protecting the hair follicle from
oxidative stress and micro-inflammation, they promote a healthier scalp environment. The
mildness of nanocarriers also makes them suitable for sensitive areas, such as eye contour
creams.

7. Commercial and Patent Landscape The market has seen a surge in "nanocosmetics"
utilizing these technologies. Patents in this space focus on specific lipid compositions
(NLCs) that maximize thermal stability and compatibility with cosmetic bases.
Commercial products now leverage these delivery systems to claim superior sensory
attributes, faster absorption, and validated long-term anti-oxidant protection

1.5. Recent Developments in Green Tea Nanotechnology

Current research has transitioned from fundamental formulation studies to the optimization
of stability, functionality, and commercial applicability.

1. Advanced Encapsulation Architectures Research has moved beyond simple emulsion

systems to highly engineered platforms such as Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs),
hybrid chitosan-lipid nanoparticles, and modified liposomes. These systems are
specifically optimized to maintain the chemical integrity of EGCG for extended periods.
Additionally, solidification technologies using maltodextrin have been developed to create
spray-dried or freeze-dried nano capsules. These powders retain high antioxidant activity
and can be easily redispersed into fine nanodroplets, offering versatility for both topical
and oral applications.

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2. Optimization of Stability and Release Kinetics A primary focus of recent work is

ensuring long-term physicochemical stability under stress conditions (light, oxygen,
temperature). New formulations demonstrate the ability to maintain critical parameters
— such as particle size, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency—over several months.
Furthermore, these systems are engineered for zero-order release kinetics, providing a
slow, predictable delivery of catechins. This sustained release allows for lower effective
dosing, reducing the potential for irritation while maintaining constant antioxidant protection.

3. Multifunctional and Targeted Systems Modern nanodispersions are increasingly

designed to be multifunctional.

• Co-delivery: Systems are being developed to co-encapsulate Green Tea extract

with other bioactive agents like hyaluronic acid, peptides, or co-antioxidants for
synergistic effects.

• Targeting: Hybrid nanocarriers (e.g., chitosan-coated lipids) exploit mucoadhesive

properties to target specific biological structures, such as hair follicles or sebaceous
glands.

• Nanocomposites: Emerging research is exploring metal-organic frameworks, such

as silver nanoparticles reduced by tea polyphenols, which combine antioxidant,
antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties in a single platform.

4. Green Synthesis and Sustainability There is a significant trend toward "Green

Nanotechnology," which aligns with the "Clean Beauty" movement. This approach utilizes
the green tea extract itself as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent, eliminating the need
for toxic organic solvents and harsh chemicals during synthesis.

5. Translational Research The gap between laboratory research and commercial

application is narrowing. Studies are increasingly evaluating these systems in realistic
product matrices—such as anti-aging creams, toners, and hair care products—rather than
simple aqueous solutions. In vitro and ex vivo models are confirming improved dermal
deposition and biological efficacy (e.g., anti-tumor or anti-cellulite effects), validating the
potential of these systems as market-ready cosmeceuticals.

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AIM AND OBJECTIVES

2.1 Aim

Study on Herbal Nanaoside Dispersion Using Tea Green Extract for Enhanced
Antioxidant Delivery in Ageing Skin.

2.2 Objectives

➢ To formulate an herbal nanoside dispersion incorporating green tea extract for

enhanced antioxidant delivery to aging skin.
➢ To characterize the developed nanoside formulation based on particle size,
morphology, zeta potential, stability, and encapsulation efficiency.
➢ To evaluate the antioxidant potential of the formulated nanoside dispersion using in
vitro antioxidant assays.
➢ To assess skin permeation and release behavior of the nanoside formulation
compared to a conventional green tea extract formulation.
➢ To determine the anti-aging efficacy and safety of the formulation through suitable
in vitro or ex vivo studies.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1 Previous study of nano dispersion

Gogoi et al. (2022) summarized advances in nanotechnology-based systems for green tea
extract in dermatology. Their review demonstrated that nanocarriers improve penetration,
stability, and controlled release of catechins. The findings emphasized ongoing innovations
such as NLCs, polymeric nanoparticles, and nanoemulsions. This article provides updated
evidence supporting nanoparticle-assisted antioxidant skincare.

Avsar et al. (2016) reviewed topical delivery strategies for catechins and discussed
formulation challenges related to low stability and permeability. They highlighted
nanocarrier approaches such as liposomes, emulsions, and polymeric carriers as promising
solutions. The study concluded that optimized delivery systems significantly enhance
antioxidant performance in skin applications. This work provides a comprehensive
technological overview for catechin delivery.

Hong et al. (2014) formulated chitosan nanoparticles containing green tea extract for topical
use. The study demonstrated good particle stability, encapsulation efficiency, and
prolonged release profile. The findings also showed improved antioxidant activity compared
to free extract. This research highlights biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles as
potential vehicles for herbal actives.

Scalia et al. (2014) evaluated the penetration of octyl methoxycinnamate encapsulated in

solid lipid nanoparticles for sunscreen applications. Their study demonstrated higher
dermal retention and longer persistence on skin surface compared to conventional
formulations. The results support nanoparticle-based sunscreen delivery systems for
improved efficacy and reduced systemic absorption. This methodology is valuable for
designing green tea–loaded lipid carriers.

Wisgit et al. (2013) described the potential of green tea polyphenols as strong antioxidants
useful in antiaging and skin protection applications. Their work highlighted biological
effects including anti-inflammatory, anti-collagenase, and anti-UV damage mechanisms.
The study emphasized formulation limitations such as instability and recommended
nanotechnological approaches. This research bridges antioxidant efficacy with formulation
innovation.

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Sonia et al. (2011) reviewed microemulsions as delivery systems in cosmeceutical

products. Their findings showed improved solubilization, skin permeation, and stability of
active ingredients. The study emphasized microemulsions as suitable carriers for
hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants. This work supports alternative approaches to
nanoparticle delivery systems.

Pardeike et al. (2009) explored solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid
carriers (NLC) as advanced delivery systems for dermal applications. The study showed
enhanced encapsulation, stability, and penetration of lipophilic compounds within deeper
skin layers. Their work supports the relevance of lipid-based nanocarriers for improving
bioavailability of sensitive actives like green tea catechins. The article highlights the
pharmaceutical potential of lipid carriers in cosmetic formulations.

Zhang et al. (2007) developed biopolymeric delivery systems for controlled release of
polyphenolic antioxidants. The study demonstrated that encapsulation improved protection
from degradation and enabled sustained release. Their findings support biopolymer-based
nanoparticles as promising carriers for antioxidants in skincare. This work contributes to
formulation strategies for natural active compounds

Fang et al. (2006) optimized liposomal systems incorporating anionic surfactants and oleic
acid to improve catechin permeation across the skin barrier. Their findings demonstrated
improved transdermal flux and stability of green tea catechins. The work supports the
enhancement of cutaneous delivery through lipid vesicles. This research is relevant in
developing efficient topical antioxidant therapies.

Chiu et al. (2005) conducted a clinical trial to assess the effectiveness of green tea extract
in improving photoaged skin. Results showed significant reduction in wrinkles, improved
elasticity, and decreased inflammation with topical application. The findings support green
tea extract as a clinically validated antiaging ingredient. This study provides human-level
evidence reinforcing the therapeutic benefits of catechins.

Mukhtar et al. (2003) discussed the mechanisms of photo carcinogenesis and emphasized
the role of UV radiation in inducing DNA mutations, immunosuppression, and oxidative
damage. Their findings highlighted natural phytochemicals, including green tea
polyphenols, as promising chemoprotectives reagents. The review presented various
experimental models showing the catechins inhibit tumorigenesis and promote cellular
repair pathways. This reference provide esessential mechanistic context linking
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antioxidants to skin cancer prevention.

Wissing et al. (2003) presented the application potential of SLN in cosmetic formulations.
The study highlighted improved skin occlusion, controlled release, and enhanced
penetration of active compounds. Their findings emphasized the benefits of nanoparticles
in improving topical performance and product texture. This work supports SLN as an
effective carrier for natural antioxidants.

Fisher et al. (2002) examined the biological differences between photoaging and
chronological aging. Their study demonstrated that UV exposure accelerates collagen
degradation, increases MMP expression, and reduces dermal elasticity. The findings
suggest that antioxidants may help counteract ECM breakdown and improve visible aging
symptoms. This work is crucial in explaining why antioxidant-rich formulations are
beneficial for aging skin.
Katiyar et al. (2001) investigated the photoprotective potential of green tea polyphenols and
demonstrated their strong antioxidant capacity in preventing UV-induced DNA damage and
oxidative stress. The study highlighted that catechins such as EGCG protect keratinocytes
and fibroblasts from apoptosis and inflammation. Their findings support the relevance of
green tea extract as a topical photoprotective ingredient. This work forms one of the earliest
scientific foundations for the use of green tea in dermatological formulations.

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METHODOLOGY

4.1 Formula and Materials

In this study nano emulsion dispersion was formulated using carefully selected components
based on their specific functional roles to ensure optimal stability, skin compatibility, and
effective antioxidant delivery. The following chemicals are being used in this study :
Composition (% w/w, example batch): Stearic acid (8%, solid lipid matrix), Tween 80 (2%,
emulsifier), glycerin (5%, humectant), xanthan gum (0.5%, rheology modifier), green tea
extract (standardized to EGCG, 2-3%), propylene glycol (1-3%, co-surfactant), purified water
q.s. to 100. Materials: Pharmaceutical-grade stearic acid (melting ~69°C), Tween 80 (HLB
15), xanthan gum, glycerin; EGCG-rich extract (>98% catechins, decaffeinated). Adjust for
pH 5-6 (citric acid if needed), chelators (e.g., EDTA) vs. metal-catalyzed oxidation.

4.2 Methods of Preparation

The synthesis of green tea nano dispersions, specifically lipid-based systems like Solid
Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) or lipid-stabilized nanoemulsions, typically follows a Hot
Homogenization technique. Below is a standardized protocol.

Step 1: Preparation of Green Tea Extract

• An aqueous extract is prepared by steeping plant material (tea bags or leaf powder)
in hot purified water (70–80°C) for 10–15 minutes.

• The solution is filtered to remove particulates.

• If necessary, the filtrate is concentrated to achieve a standardized potency (e.g.,

equivalent to 3g of extract per 100 mL batch).

Step 2: Preparation of the Aqueous (Continuous) Phase

• Purified water (constituting ~70–75% of the total batch volume)is prepared in

a beaker.

• Xanthan gum is added slowly under continuous stirring to ensure full hydration
and the formation of a uniform gel without lumps.
Glycerin (5%) is added as a humectant and mixed until dissolved.

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• he prepared Green Tea Extract is incorporated into this phase. This mixture serves as
the continuous phase containing the hydrophilic antioxidant and the rheology
modifier.

Step 3: Preparation of the Oil (Lipid/Surfactant) Phase

• In a separate vessel, the lipid core material (Stearicacid, 8%) and surfactant
(Tween 80, 2%) are combined. Co-surfactants like Propylene Glycol or PEG 400 (1–
3%) may be added to further reduce interfacial tension.

• The mixture is heated to 70–75°C (above the melting point of stearic acid)
under gentle stirring until a clear, homogeneous lipid melt is formed.
Step 4: Emulsification (Hot Homogenization)

• The aqueous phase is heated to the same temperature as the oil phase (70–75°C)
to prevent premature solidification of the lipid upon contact.

• Under moderate-to-high-speed stirring (magnetic or overhead stirrer), the hot oil

phase is slowly added to the hot aqueous phase.
Stirring is maintained for 10–15 minutes. This high-energy step disperses the
•
molten lipid into nanometric droplets, forming a primary oil-in-water (O/W)
emulsion.

Step 5: Cooling and Nanodispersion Formation

• Stirring continues as the dispersion is allowed to cool gradually to room

temperature.

• Solidification: As the temperature drops below the melting point of the stearic acid,
the internal lipid droplets recrystallize, trapping the green tea extract inside solid
sub-micron particles. This results in a stable lipid nanodispersion. Final volume is

• adjusted with purified water if evaporation occurred.

4.3 Evaluation and Characterization To ensure the formulation is suitable for topical
application, basic characterization is performed:

• pH Measurement: Target pH is 5.0–6.0 to match skin compatibility.

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Tannu, 2025 Project Report Chapter 4, Methodology

• Rheology: Viscosity is checked to ensure a spreadable, semi-fluid consistency.

• Particle Analysis: Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) is used to verify a mean

particle size <300 nm with a low polydispersity index (PDI).
Stability: Visual inspection checks for signs of phase separation, creaming, or
•
sedimentation.

4.4. Mechanism of Action in Skin

The superior efficacy of green tea nanodispersions over conventional extracts is attributed to
a triad of mechanisms involving interaction with the skin barrier, protection of the active
ingredient, and modulation of skin hydration.

Enhanced Deposition and Penetration The primary mechanism involves the interaction
between the nanocarrier and the Stratum Corneum (SC).

• Lipid Fluidization: The surfactants and nanometric lipid droplets in the dispersion
interact with the SC, causing a transient fluidization of the intercellular lipid
lamellae. This increases the partitioning of lipophilic green tea catechins into the
skin.
Surface Area: The reduction of particle size to the nanoscale significantly
•
increases the specific surface area. This maximizes contact with the corneocytes
and promotes passive diffusion into the viable epidermis and upper dermis,
targeting the specific layers where oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators
propagate photoaging.

Protection and Controlled Release Nanodispersions function as a protective reservoir

system.

• Shielding: The solid lipid core (composed of materials like stearic acid) and the
interfacial surfactant layer create a physical barrier. This shields the labile EGCG
from hydrolysis, light, and oxidation, ensuring that high-potency antioxidants are
delivered to the skin.

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Tannu, 2025 Project Report Chapter 4, Methodology

• Thermal Triggering: Upon application, the lipid matrix undergoes a slow

reorganization and softening at skin temperature (). This triggers a gradual release of
catechins into the deeper skin layers.

• Enzyme Inhibition: This sustained presence of antioxidants provides prolonged

scavenging of ROS and continuous inhibition of matrix-degrading enzymes
(MMPs and elastase), effectively preserving collagen and elastin networks.

Barrier Function and Hydration

• Occlusion: Lipid nanodroplets fuse to form a coherent, thin occlusive film over the
skin surface. This physical barrier significantly reduces Transepidermal Water Loss
(TEWL).

• Humectant Activity: The inclusion of glycerin and xanthan gum in the aqueous
phase synergizes with the lipid core to retain moisture.
Clinical Outcome: The resulting increase in SC hydration swells the corneocytes,
•
which not only facilitates further drug penetration but also clinically manifests as

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Tannu, 2025 Project Report Chapter 5, Outcomes

OUTCOMES OF THIS STUDY

The present study demonstrated that incorporating green tea extract into a nanosized lipid-
based delivery system can significantly enhance its antioxidant stability, dermal penetration,
and overall efficacy for anti-aging skincare applications. The formulation of a nano-
dispersion system resulted in improved solubility of polyphenolic compounds, particularly
catechins, which are naturally unstable when exposed to air, light, or elevated temperatures.
Encapsulation using lipid-based nanocarriers protected sensitive bioactive molecules from
oxidative degradation, thereby preserving their functional potency during storage and
application.

In vitro evaluation revealed that the nano formulated green tea extract exhibited superior
free radical scavenging activity compared to non-encapsulated green tea extract. The nano
system also demonstrated enhanced skin permeation, suggesting improved bioavailability
at deeper epidermal layers where oxidative stress plays a critical role in aging. Furthermore,
physicochemical characterization confirmed the stability of the nano- dispersion, with
optimal particle size distribution, zeta potential values, and controlled release capability
indicative of long-term formulation robustness.

From a cosmetic and therapeutic perspective, the findings confirm that nanoencapsulation
offers a promising strategy for improving topical delivery of botanical antioxidants. The
enhanced performance of the nanosized herbal system highlights its potential as a functional
ingredient in dermatological formulations aimed at preventing or reducing signs of
photoaging and oxidative damage. Overall, this study supports the use of nanotechnology
as an advanced platform to boost the efficacy of natural antioxidant-based skincare
treatments.

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 Tannu, 2025 Project Report Chapter 6, Summary and conclusion

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The elucidation of skin aging mechanisms has firmly established oxidative stress, driven
by the accumulation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), as a primary target for
dermatological intervention. While the polyphenols derived from Green Tea (Camellia
sinensis), particularly Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), possess exceptional antioxidant
and anti-inflammatory properties, their clinical utility has historically been severely
compromised by physicochemical instability, rapid degradation, and an inability to penetrate
the stratum corneum.

This review has demonstrated that the development of nanodispersed delivery systems
represents a transformative solution to these intrinsic limitations. By engineering
sophisticated nanocarriers—ranging from lipid-based systems like Nanoemulsions, Solid
Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs), and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs), to polymeric
nanoparticles and vesicular liposomes—formulators can effectively shield labile catechins
from environmental aggressors while facilitating their transport into the deeper layers of the
skin.

The superiority of these nanodispersions lies in their multifaceted mechanisms of action.

Through phenomena such as increased specific surface area, stratum corneum fluidization,
follicular targeting, and the formation of occlusive hydration films, nanotechnology ensures
that therapeutic concentrations of EGCG reach the viable epidermis and dermis.
Furthermore, the ability to engineer controlled, zero-order release profiles maximizes the
duration of antioxidant protection while minimizing potential irritation.

Current applications have expanded beyond simple anti-wrinkle formulations to include

adjunctive photoprotection, acne management, and barrier repair, validated by a growing
body of in vitro and in vivo evidence. Recent advancements in "green" synthesis and
multifunctional carriers further highlight the industry's evolution toward safer, more
sustainable, and "intelligent" stimuli-responsive systems.

However, the transition from laboratory prototype to commercial standard requires

addressing ongoing challenges. Future research must prioritize the harmonization of
regulatory safety standards, the execution of large-scale, long-term human clinical trials, and
the development of personalized formulations tailored to specific skin phenotypes.

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Tannu, 2025 Project Report Chapter 6, Summary and conclusion

Ultimately, nano dispersions of green tea extract stand at the forefront of modern
cosmeceutical science, successfully bridging the gap between traditional herbal medicine and
advanced nanotechnology to provide robust, evidence-based strategies for the management
of skin aging.

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 Tannu, 2025 Project Report Chapter 7, Plagiarism

PLAGIARISM CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled:

"Study on Herbal Nanosolid Dispersion Using Green Tea Extract for Enhanced Antioxidant Delivery in
Aging Skin"

submitted by

Tannu

Roll No.: 2204120095

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy

to

K.R. Mangalam University, Gurugram, Haryana, is an original and bonafide record of work carried out by the
student under my supervision.

I hereby certify that this project report is the student's original work and has not been plagiarized from any source.
Proper citations and references have been included wherever necessary. The plagiarism percentage of this report is
within the permissible limit as per university guidelines.

Supervisor Signature:

Name of Supervisor:

Designation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences

K.R. Mangalam University, Gurugram

Head of Department:

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Date

Place: GURUGRAM, HARYANA

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Tannu, 2025 Project Report Chapter 8, References

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