SAN ANTONIO NHS- Senior High School
Practical Research I
Module 4
How to write Chapter I
The Introduction:
Guidelines in writing the introduction
1. Presentation of the problem. The start of the introduction is the presentation of the
problem, that is, what the problem is all about. This will indicate what will be covered by
the study.
2. The existence of an unsatisfactory condition, felt problem that needs a solution. A
problem which results has been observed to be weak. The causes must be found so that
remedial measures may be instituted.
3. Rationale of the study. The reasons why it is necessary to conduct the study must be
discussed.
4. Historical background of the problem. For a historical background of the research
problem all details mentioned in the past studies must be established necessary for the
development of the study.
5. A desire to have a deeper and clearer understanding of situation, circumstance, or
phenomenon. The researcher must also explain his earnest desire to have a deeper and
clearer understanding of the situation so that he will be in a better position to initiate
remedial measures.
6. A desire to discover something. The researcher may have desire to discover what is
wrong with the study and a desire to discover better ways or methodology used for the
study.
7. A desire to find a better way of doing something or of improving a product. The
researcher must also explain his desire to find a better way of improving the outcome.
8. Geographical conditions of the study locale. This is necessary in anthropological and
economic studies. If the subject of investigation is rice production, then the terrain, soil,
climate rainfall, etc of the study locale have to be described.
9. A link between the introduction and the statement of the problem. A sentence or two
should show the link between the introduction and the conducting of the researcher.
Statement of the Problem
There should be a general statement of the whole problem followed by the specific
questions or sub problems into which the general problem is broken up.
Assumptions and Hypothesis
Historical and descriptive investigations do not need explicit hypotheses and
assumptions. Only experimental studies need expressly written assumptions and hypotheses.
Since these are already formulated at the start of the experiment, they are just copied in this
section.
Importance or Significance of the study
1. The rationale, timeliness, and/or relevance of the study to existing conditions must be
explained or discussed.
2. Possible solutions to existing problems or improvement to unsatisfactory conditions.
3. Who are to be benefitted and how they are going to be benefitted. It must be shown who
are the individuals, groups, or communities who may be placed in a more advantageous
position on account of the study.
4. Possible contribution to the fund of knowledge.
5. Possible implications. It should be discussed here that the implications include the
possible causes of the problems discovered, the possible effects of the problems.
Implications also include the good points of a system which ought to be continued or to
be improved if possible.
Scope and Delimitations of the Study
1. A brief statement of the general purpose of the study.
2. The subject matter and topics studied and discussed.
3. The locale of the study, where the data were gathered for the entity to which the data
belong.
4. The population or universe from which the respondents were selected. This must be large
enough to make the generalizations significant.
5. The period of the study. This is the time, either months or years, during which the data
were gathered.
Limitations of the study
It includes the weaknesses of the study beyond control of the researcher. This is true in
descriptive research where the variables involved are uncountable or continuous variables such
as adequacy, effectiveness, extent, etc. the weakness spring out of the inaccuracies of the
perceptions of the respondents.
Definitions of Terms
1. Only the terms, words, or phrases which have special or unique meanings in the study are
defined.
2. Terms should be defined operationally, that is how they are used in the study.
3. The researcher may develop his own definition from the characteristics of the term
defined.
4. Definitions may be taken from encyclopedias, books, magazines and newspapers articles,
dictionaries, and other publications but the researcher must acknowledge his sources.
Definitions taken from published materials are called conceptual or theoretical
definitions.
5. Definitions should be as brief, clear, and unequivocal as possible.
6. Acronyms should always be spelled out fully especially if it is not commonly known or if
it is used for the first time.
Conceptual Framework
1. From the review of the related literature and studies, the researcher may formulate a
theoretical scheme for his problem. This scheme is a tentative explanation or theoretical
explanation of the phenomenon or problem and serves as the basis for the formulation of
research hypotheses.
2. The conceptual framework consists of the investigator’s own position on a problem after
his exposure to various theories that have bearing on the problem
3. The conceptual framework becomes the central theme, the focus, the main thrust of the
study. It serves as a guide in conducting the investigation.
Research Paradigm
1. A paradigm is a diagrammatic representation of a conceptual framework. It depicts in a
more vivid way what the conceptual framework wants to convey.